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CARBOHYDRATE CHEMISTRY
BY Dr.Shamim Akram
AP Biochemistry AIMC
DEFINITION
• Carbohydrates, or saccharides (saccharo is Greek for
―sugar) are polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones, or substances
that yield such compounds on hydrolysis.
• Carbohydrates include not only sugar, but also the starches
that we find in foods, such as bread, pasta, and rice.
• The term ―carbohydrate comes from the observation that
when you heat sugars, you get carbon and water (hence,
hydrate of carbon.
Carbohydrates Biochemistry
•Carbohydrates are compounds of tremendous
biological importance:
–they provide energy through oxidation
–they supply carbon for the synthesis of cell
components
–they serve as a form of stored chemical energy
–they form part of the structures of some cells and
tissues
•Carbohydrates, along with lipids, proteins, nucleic
acids, and other compounds are known as
biomolecules because they are closely associated with
living organisms.
BIOCHEMICAL FUNCTIONS OF CHO
• Nutritional Importance
• Oligosaccharides are part of :
• Cell Membrane with integral proteins
• Antibodies, blood clotting factors.
• Lectins bind cho on cell surface for
recognition, signaling and adhesion
processes
6
• Glycosaminoglycans (GAGS) are part of extra
cellular matrix(ground substance).
• Ribose and deoxyribose (nucleic acids).
• Ribose is essential part of high energy phosphate
compounds (ATP,GTP,UTP) and second messengers
(cAMP,cGMP) and co enzymes (FMN,FAD,NAD).
• ABO blood group system Antigen.
• Apo B part of lipoproteins
• Heparin anticoagulant
• Glucose oxidized to Glucoronic acid needed for
conjugation of Billirubin(new born).
7
Glucose (a monosaccharide)
Plants:
photosynthesis
chlorophyll
6 CO2 + 6 H2O C6H12O6 + 6 O2
sunlight (+)-glucose
(+)-glucose starch or cellulose
respiration
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy
Animals
plant starch (+)-glucose
(+)-glucose glycogen
glycogen (+)-glucose
(+)-glucose fats or aminoacids
respiration
(+)-glucose + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy
CLASSIFICATION:
1- Monosaccharides (simple sugars):
They can not be hydrolyzed into simpler units. E.g.
glucose, galactose,ribose
2- Oligosaccharides (oligo = few): contain from two to
ten monosaccharide units joined in glycosidic bonds.
e.g.
• disaccharides (2 units) e.g. maltose and sucrose and
lactose.
• Maltotriose(3 units)
α-Dextrins(8 units).
3-Polysaccharides (poly = many): Also known as glycans.
They are composed of more than ten monosaccharide
units.
Homopolysacharides:on hydrolysis give only one type of
monomers (starch,glycogen,cellulose) Inulin:
Homopolysacharide of Fructose.
Heteropolysacharides: contain more than two or
more different typep of monosacharides.
GAGs(Mucopolysacharides):Hyaluronic acid
Chondroitin sulfates,Heparin,ABO bg,s.mucoid
Glyco-congugates:Proteoglycans,glycopro.gly.lipid
Mucilages:Agar,Gums,pectins.
.
4-Derived CHO: produced by chemical reactions,
Oxidation products:(glucoronic acid)
Reductionproducts:(Alcoholsorbitol,manitol,glycerol)
11
Monosaccharides
CLASSIFICATION OF MONOSACCHARIDES
1- According to the number of carbon atoms:
.Trioses, contain 3 carbon atoms.
• Tetroses, contain 4 carbon atoms.
• Pentoses, contain 5 carbon atoms.
• Hexoses, contain 6 carbon atoms.
• Heptoses, contain 7 carbon atoms.
• Octoses. contain 8 carbon atoms.
2- According to the characteristic carbonyl
group (aldehyde or ketone group):
- Aldo sugars: aldoses:
Contain aldehyde group e.g. glucose, ribose,
erythrose and glyceraldehydes.
- Keto sugars: ketoses:
Contain ketone group e.g. fructose, ribulose and
dihydroxy acetone.
Forms of Monosaccharides:
Trioses:
D- glyceraldehyde Dihydroxyacetone
Tetroses:
D - erythrose
Ketose
CH2OH
C = O
H -C – OH
CH2 OH
D - erythrulose
Pentoses:
Hexoses:
Heptoses: is a ketose sugar
D - sedoheptulose
It is aptly said that
Glyceraldehyde is the
‘Reference Carbohydrate’

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carbohydartes introduction

  • 1.
  • 2. CARBOHYDRATE CHEMISTRY BY Dr.Shamim Akram AP Biochemistry AIMC
  • 3.
  • 4. DEFINITION • Carbohydrates, or saccharides (saccharo is Greek for ―sugar) are polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones, or substances that yield such compounds on hydrolysis. • Carbohydrates include not only sugar, but also the starches that we find in foods, such as bread, pasta, and rice. • The term ―carbohydrate comes from the observation that when you heat sugars, you get carbon and water (hence, hydrate of carbon.
  • 5. Carbohydrates Biochemistry •Carbohydrates are compounds of tremendous biological importance: –they provide energy through oxidation –they supply carbon for the synthesis of cell components –they serve as a form of stored chemical energy –they form part of the structures of some cells and tissues •Carbohydrates, along with lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, and other compounds are known as biomolecules because they are closely associated with living organisms.
  • 6. BIOCHEMICAL FUNCTIONS OF CHO • Nutritional Importance • Oligosaccharides are part of : • Cell Membrane with integral proteins • Antibodies, blood clotting factors. • Lectins bind cho on cell surface for recognition, signaling and adhesion processes 6
  • 7. • Glycosaminoglycans (GAGS) are part of extra cellular matrix(ground substance). • Ribose and deoxyribose (nucleic acids). • Ribose is essential part of high energy phosphate compounds (ATP,GTP,UTP) and second messengers (cAMP,cGMP) and co enzymes (FMN,FAD,NAD). • ABO blood group system Antigen. • Apo B part of lipoproteins • Heparin anticoagulant • Glucose oxidized to Glucoronic acid needed for conjugation of Billirubin(new born). 7
  • 8. Glucose (a monosaccharide) Plants: photosynthesis chlorophyll 6 CO2 + 6 H2O C6H12O6 + 6 O2 sunlight (+)-glucose (+)-glucose starch or cellulose respiration C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy
  • 9. Animals plant starch (+)-glucose (+)-glucose glycogen glycogen (+)-glucose (+)-glucose fats or aminoacids respiration (+)-glucose + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy
  • 10. CLASSIFICATION: 1- Monosaccharides (simple sugars): They can not be hydrolyzed into simpler units. E.g. glucose, galactose,ribose 2- Oligosaccharides (oligo = few): contain from two to ten monosaccharide units joined in glycosidic bonds. e.g. • disaccharides (2 units) e.g. maltose and sucrose and lactose. • Maltotriose(3 units) α-Dextrins(8 units).
  • 11. 3-Polysaccharides (poly = many): Also known as glycans. They are composed of more than ten monosaccharide units. Homopolysacharides:on hydrolysis give only one type of monomers (starch,glycogen,cellulose) Inulin: Homopolysacharide of Fructose. Heteropolysacharides: contain more than two or more different typep of monosacharides. GAGs(Mucopolysacharides):Hyaluronic acid Chondroitin sulfates,Heparin,ABO bg,s.mucoid Glyco-congugates:Proteoglycans,glycopro.gly.lipid Mucilages:Agar,Gums,pectins. . 4-Derived CHO: produced by chemical reactions, Oxidation products:(glucoronic acid) Reductionproducts:(Alcoholsorbitol,manitol,glycerol) 11
  • 12. Monosaccharides CLASSIFICATION OF MONOSACCHARIDES 1- According to the number of carbon atoms: .Trioses, contain 3 carbon atoms. • Tetroses, contain 4 carbon atoms. • Pentoses, contain 5 carbon atoms. • Hexoses, contain 6 carbon atoms. • Heptoses, contain 7 carbon atoms. • Octoses. contain 8 carbon atoms.
  • 13. 2- According to the characteristic carbonyl group (aldehyde or ketone group): - Aldo sugars: aldoses: Contain aldehyde group e.g. glucose, ribose, erythrose and glyceraldehydes. - Keto sugars: ketoses: Contain ketone group e.g. fructose, ribulose and dihydroxy acetone.
  • 16. Tetroses: D - erythrose Ketose CH2OH C = O H -C – OH CH2 OH D - erythrulose
  • 19. Heptoses: is a ketose sugar D - sedoheptulose
  • 20. It is aptly said that Glyceraldehyde is the ‘Reference Carbohydrate’