Biology Reporting

1. Carbohydrat

2. Hydrates of Carbon
Chemical Composition : (CH2O)n
Polyhydroxy aldehydes and ketones
- most abundant class of organic
compounds found in living
organisms
- major source of metabolic energy

3. Classes
• Monosaccharides
mono – ‘one’ saccharide – ‘sugar’
simplest units of carbohydrates
simplest form of sugar
composed of C, H, O in ratios of 1:2:1
respectively
 are formed by only one polyhydroxy
aldehydeidic or ketonic unit

4. • Monosaccharides
Glucose: the main sugar metabolized by the body for energy
an important energy source
sources: starch, the major storage form of carbohydrate in plants
Fructose is a structural isomer of glucose
it has the same chemical formula but a completely
different 3-dimensional structure
sources: fructose include fruit, honey and high-fructose corn syrup
Ribose is a water-soluble pentose sugar (5 C atoms)
primarily seen as D-ribose that is an important component
of nucleic acid, nucleotides , the vitamin riboflavin, and various co-
enzymes
Ribose

5. • Disaccharides
 "two sugars“
commonly found in nature as sucrose, lactose
and maltose
 formed by a condensation reaction where one
molecule of water condenses or is released
during the joining of two monosaccharides
glycosidic bond - bond that is formed between the two
sugars

6. • Disaccharides

7. • Polysaccharides
 glycan
complex carbohydrates
 consists of more than 2 monosaccharides
linked together covalently by glycosidic
linkages in a condensation reaction
 monomers which consist of thousands of
repeating glucose units

8. • Polysaccharides

9. Providing energy and regulating blood
glucose
Function
s
glucose is the only sugar used by the body to
provide energy for its tissues
 all digestible polysaccharides, disaccharides, and
monosaccharides must eventually be converted into
glucose or a metabolite of glucose by various liver
enzymes
Because of its significant importance to proper cellular
function, blood glucose levels must be kept relatively
constant
 hormones of importance in glucose regulation:
-epinephrine mimics the effects of glucagon while;
-cortisol mobilizes glucose during periods of
emotional stress or exercise

10. Sparing the use of proteins for energy
provides energy for working muscles
provides fuel for the central nervous system,
enabling fat metabolism, and preventing protein
from being used as energy
source of energy or fuel for muscle contraction
and biologic work
body uses carbohydrates for energy instead of
proteins
 carbohydrates break down into
glucose(cell’s energy source) in your
body
 protein breakdown may result in an
increased stress on the kidneys, where
protein byproducts are excreted into the
urine

11. Breakdown of fatty acids and preventing
ketosis
Glucagons vs. Insulin
Gluconeogenesis vs. Glycolysis
What is ketosis? and how does it happen
 Detection and Prevention
Urine analysis
 Prevention
Keeping track of sugar
Eating regularly

12. Flavor and Sweeteners
 provides sweetness to foods
nutritive sweeteners
not only impart flavor to the food,
but can also be metabolized for energy
(sucrose, glucose, fructose, high fructose corn
syrup, and lactose)
alternative sweeteners
provide no food energy
(saccharin, cyclamate, aspartame, and acesulfame)

13. Dietary fiber
 vital for intestinal health
 eases waste elimination
 prevents intestinal diseases (eg. colon cancer)
 absorption of glucose is slowed
 Serum cholesterol levels are controlled

15. 1. What is the general chemical equation for the
production of carbohydrates from water and carbon
dioxide?
2. What is the most abundant class of organic
compounds found in living organisms?
3. What is the simplest form of sugar?
Assessment

16. Assessment
4. Draw the chemical structure of glucose.
5. What is the only sugar used by the body to
provide energy for its tissues?
6. What is broken down to make glucose if you
burn through your stored carbohydrates?

17. 7&8. What are the two kinds of sweeteners?
9&10. what are the two hormones of importance
in glucose regulation?
Assessment