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TO MY 
PRESENTATION 
BY 
MOhAMMEd fAhIMuddIN 
M PhARMAcY(PhARMAcEuTIcS) 
MAllA REddY cOllEgE Of PhARMAcY
TOPIc 
CAPSULES
hISTORY 
• In 1730, the Pharmacist De PAULI from Vienna 
developed oval shaped capsules for covering up the unpleasant taste of the 
pure turpentine used for the treatment of gout 
• In 1834, the Pharmacist JOSEPH DUPLANC from FRONCOIS MOTHES 
were granted Patent which covered a method for the producing , single piece , 
olive shaped , gelatin capsules which were closed after filling by a drop of 
concentrated warm gelatin solution 
• In 1846, the Frenchman JULES LEHUBY 
first to suggest Tow- Piece Capsule produced by dipping silver coated metal 
pins into a gelatin solution and then drying them quickly 
• In 1931, the author COLTON 
Designed a machine to manufacture bodies and caps and fitted them to form 
hard gelatin capsule.
WhAT ARE 
cAPSulES
cAPSulES 
• These are solid dosage forms in which the 
medication is enclosed within a gelatin 
shells. 
• The medication may be a powder, a liquid 
or a semisolid mass. 
• Capsules are usually intended to be 
administered orally by swallowing them 
whole. Occasionally, capsules may be 
administered rectally or vaginally.
RAW MATERIAlS
RARAWW M MAATTEERRIAIAlSlS 
1. Gelatin 
2. FD & C and D & C colorant 
3. Sugar 
4. Water - 12 to 16 % (may vary depending on the storage condition ) 
5. Sulfur dioxide (15%) - prevent decomposition during manufacture 
6. Colorants / Opacifying agent : There are two types 
A) water soluble dyes – e.g. erythrosine 
B) pigments – e.g. iron oxides , titanium dioxide 
(make the capsule opaque to provide protection against light) 
7. Preservatives: To prevent microbial growth 
during manufacture
RAW MATERIAlS 
• Diluents: lactose, mannitol, sorbitol, starch etc 
• Lubricants and Glidants : talc, magnesium 
stearate & calcium stearate 
• Wetting agents: sodium laurial sulphate 
• Disintegrants 
• Anti – dusting agent : inert edible oils
RAW MATERIAlS 
GELATIN 
• It is a protein substance derived from collagen, a natural protein 
present in the tendons, ligaments, and tissues of mammals. 
It is produced by boiling the connective tissues, bones and skins of 
animals, usually cows and pigs. 
• It is the major component of the capsule. The reason for this is that 
gelatin possesses five basic properties: 
A- Non-toxic. 
B- Soluble in biological fluids at body temperature. 
C- It is a good film-forming material. 
D- Solutions of high concentration, 40% w/v, are mobile at 50°C. 
E- A solution in water changes from a sol to a gel at 
temperatures only a few degrees above ambient 
(Others require volatile solvents or large quantities of heat).
gElATIN 
Type A Type B 
- Obtained from bone - Obtained pork skin 
- Derived from acid treated - Derived from alkali treated 
precursor precursor 
- Isoelectric point in the - Isoelectric point in the 
region of pH 9 region of pH 4.7
PROcESS Of gElATIN PROducTION 
TYPE 
A 
TYPE 
B
MAJOR SuPPlIERS Of EMPTY gElATIN 
• Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN ; 
• Capsugel, Greenwood, SC ; 
• R.P. Scherer Corporation, Troy, MI 
INdIAN SuPPlIERS 
•Karishma Pharma Machines, Mumbai 
•Healthy Life Pharma Private Limited, Mumbai 
•Akhil Healthcare Private Limited, Vadodara 
•Caps & Chemicals, Indore 
•Asoj Soft Caps Private Limited, Halol 
• Austro Labs, New Delhi etc etc etc ….
SOFT 
capsules 
GELATIN 
CAPSULES 
( ONE PIECE ) 
HARD 
GELATIN 
CAPSULES 
( TOW PIECE )
Hard gelatin capsules
Hard gelatin capsules 
• It consists of two pieces in the form of cylinders which is closed 
at one end and open from the other: 
- the shorter piece “cap” and 
- the longer piece “body”. 
• The shells consist largely of gelatin, sugar and 
water. 
CAP 
BODY 
Capsule shell filling: 
- typically filled with dry solids (powders, granules, pellets, tablets) and 
semisolids. 
- Fixed oils and other liquids that do not dissolve gelatin may be filled 
into hard gelatin capsules with a pipette or calibrated dropper, then 
capsules are sealed by moisturizing the lower part of the caps with 
water. 
- Liquids may often be sorbed onto inert carrier powders to form dry 
powders suitable for capsule filling.
Hard gelatin capsules 
00 0 1 2 3 4 5 
1.01mL 0.68mL 0.49mL 0.37mL 0.28mL 0.21mL 0.13mL
general cHaracteristics OF gelatin 
1 Bloom value 
- is a measurement of the gelling power and the strength of the resulting gel. 
- Gelatin generally falls between 50 and 300 bloom strength. 
2 Gelling power 
- the key function of gelatin. 
- The gelling power varies depending on the grade of gelatin 
- its measured in terms of bloom value. The higher the bloom value, the greater the 
ability to form gels & the stronger the gel strength. 
3 Viscosity 
- In general the higher the bloom, the greater the viscosity 
- Beef bone grades tend to have higher viscosity. 
- Viscosity is determined by measuring the flow time of a 6.67% solution of gelatin 
through a U-tube viscometer at 60 °C. Viscosity measurement is given in millipoise 
units and varies between 20 and 70 mps. 
4. Foamability 
- In general pigskin grades tend to have better foaming properties 
- Gelatin lowers the surface tension, allowing for the incorporation of air, and stabilizes 
the foam once aerated 
- Gelatin will also prevent crystal formation of sugars in the foam and maintain smoothness 
in texture.
general cHaracteristics OF gelatin 
5. Melting point 
- Lower melting point gelatins dissolve faster in the mouth, therefore 
releasing the flavors more quickly for an instant taste sensation. 
-Lower bloom grades tend to have lower melting points. 
6. Color and odor 
-The gelatin should be as clear as possible in solution. 
- Clarity is measured using a turbidimeter . 
-The gelatin should be without odor. 
7. Conductivity 
- is a key parameter in photographic applications and grades of the highest purity 
with minimal or no conductivity are required. De-ionized grades have an 
advantage because of their low conductivity. 
8. pH 
-. pH is measured using a pH meter on a 1% solution and typically for gelatin 
solutions falls between ph 4.5 and 6.5.
manuFacture
emptY capsule sHell prOductiOn 
The process of capsule shell production with the pin method: 
Dipping→ Drying → Stripping→ Trimming→ Joining → Polishing
capsules Filling
Hard gelatin capsules 
Filling macHines
Filling eQuipments 
cOmpanies manuFacturing Filling eQuipments 
•Eli lilly and company, indianapolis 
•Farmatic snc, bologna, italy 
•Hoflinger and karg, germany 
•Mg2 s.p.a, bologna ,italy 
•Osaka, japan 
•Parke davis and copany, detroit 
•Perry industries, green bay 
•Zanasi nigris, bologna ,italy
Hard capsule Filling 
1) Bench scale filling 
•For small scale filling 
•Manual filling machine 
2) Industrial scale-filling 
•Comes in varying shapes and sizes 
- semi automatic machine 
- fully automatic machine
Bench scale filling 
Pin plate with 200-300 holes 
Bed – 200-300 holes 
Powder tray 
Sealing plate with rubber top 
loading tray lever 
with 200-300 
scraper 
holes 
Cam handle
industrial scale filling 
Semi auto mated capsule filling machine
semi automated capsule filling machine 
FEATURES: 
•Suitable for filling capsules of all sizes with powder, granules and 
pellets. 
•minimizes operator attention and ensures maximum production. 
•Choice of four auger speed with variable speed of filling table 
•Auto drug hopper in feed mechanism, reduces weight variation and 
improves productivity. 
•easy to maintain and clean. 
•Quality and precision manufacturing meets the requirement of CGMP. 
•Both, PLC controlled panel or digital controlled panel, with auto capsule 
loader closing system available to meet customers requirement.
fullY automated capsule 
filling machine 
1. Empty Capsule hopper 
2. Rectifying roller 
3. Magazine 
4. Cap Segment 
5. Body disc 
6. Powder filling hopper 
7. Unopened Capsules rejection 
unit 
8. Joining station 
9. Discharge chute 
10.Segment cleaning 
11.Weight Control unit 
12.Control station 
13.Auger Motor 
14.Auxiliary powder hopper
soft gelatin capsules
soft gelatin capsules 
DEFINITION 
•Soft Gelatin capsules are one piece, hermetically sealed, soft gelatin 
shells containing a liquid, a suspension, or a semisolid. 
•They have long been preferred dosage form for those, taking Health & 
Nutritional supplements 
ADVANTAGES
soft gelatin capsules 
composition 
• A typical gel mass formula for making soft 
gelatine capsules would be: 
• Gelatine 35-45% 
• Plasticizer 15-25% (glycerine or sorbitol) 
• Water ~40% 
• Dye / Pigment as needed 
• Opacifier as needed 
• Other (flavour, sugar,) as needed
shapes and siZes of soft 
gelatin capsule
soft gelatin capsules siZes
production process of 
soft gelatin capsule
Stage of capSuleS production 
Preparing of gelatin solutions. 
Preparing and filling of soft-gelatin capsules. 
Packing and labeling.
Soft gelatin capSule 
production MacHine
Soft gelatin capSule production MacHine 
ROTARY DIE PROCESS
eValuation 
of 
capSuleS
eValuation of capSuleS 
1.UNIFORMITY OF WEIGHT 
2.CONTENT OF THE API IN CAPSULES 
3.DISINTEGRATION TEST 
4.DISSOLUTION TEST
DISINTIGRATION 
•T PElaSceT one capsule in each basket 
• Set the temperature of water to 37 +/- 2 
•Use disc if HGC floats whereas for soft gelatin use the disc 
•Operate the apparatus for 30 min for HGC and 60 min for SGC 
• The test is said to pass if no residue is left on the screen of the 
apparatus 
•Repeat the test for 12 capsules if more than 1 or 2 capsules fails 
to disintegrate 
•The test passes if 16 out of 18 capsules disintegrate or else fail
DISSOLUTION TEST 
• Place 1000ml of watr free from disolevied air having temp. of 
36.5 to 37.5 
•Place specified no. of capsules in each basket 
•Start motor and adjust speed 100 rpm as per monograph 
•Withdraw the required volume of solution after 45 min or as 
specified in the monograph. 
•Filter and weigh the amt of active ingredient by the method 
specified in the mongraph 
•Repeat four times 
• The test is said to pass ifthe amt of actve ingredient is not less 
than 70% of the stated amt given in the monograph
Capsules

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Capsules

  • 1. TO MY PRESENTATION BY MOhAMMEd fAhIMuddIN M PhARMAcY(PhARMAcEuTIcS) MAllA REddY cOllEgE Of PhARMAcY
  • 3. hISTORY • In 1730, the Pharmacist De PAULI from Vienna developed oval shaped capsules for covering up the unpleasant taste of the pure turpentine used for the treatment of gout • In 1834, the Pharmacist JOSEPH DUPLANC from FRONCOIS MOTHES were granted Patent which covered a method for the producing , single piece , olive shaped , gelatin capsules which were closed after filling by a drop of concentrated warm gelatin solution • In 1846, the Frenchman JULES LEHUBY first to suggest Tow- Piece Capsule produced by dipping silver coated metal pins into a gelatin solution and then drying them quickly • In 1931, the author COLTON Designed a machine to manufacture bodies and caps and fitted them to form hard gelatin capsule.
  • 5. cAPSulES • These are solid dosage forms in which the medication is enclosed within a gelatin shells. • The medication may be a powder, a liquid or a semisolid mass. • Capsules are usually intended to be administered orally by swallowing them whole. Occasionally, capsules may be administered rectally or vaginally.
  • 7. RARAWW M MAATTEERRIAIAlSlS 1. Gelatin 2. FD & C and D & C colorant 3. Sugar 4. Water - 12 to 16 % (may vary depending on the storage condition ) 5. Sulfur dioxide (15%) - prevent decomposition during manufacture 6. Colorants / Opacifying agent : There are two types A) water soluble dyes – e.g. erythrosine B) pigments – e.g. iron oxides , titanium dioxide (make the capsule opaque to provide protection against light) 7. Preservatives: To prevent microbial growth during manufacture
  • 8. RAW MATERIAlS • Diluents: lactose, mannitol, sorbitol, starch etc • Lubricants and Glidants : talc, magnesium stearate & calcium stearate • Wetting agents: sodium laurial sulphate • Disintegrants • Anti – dusting agent : inert edible oils
  • 9. RAW MATERIAlS GELATIN • It is a protein substance derived from collagen, a natural protein present in the tendons, ligaments, and tissues of mammals. It is produced by boiling the connective tissues, bones and skins of animals, usually cows and pigs. • It is the major component of the capsule. The reason for this is that gelatin possesses five basic properties: A- Non-toxic. B- Soluble in biological fluids at body temperature. C- It is a good film-forming material. D- Solutions of high concentration, 40% w/v, are mobile at 50°C. E- A solution in water changes from a sol to a gel at temperatures only a few degrees above ambient (Others require volatile solvents or large quantities of heat).
  • 10. gElATIN Type A Type B - Obtained from bone - Obtained pork skin - Derived from acid treated - Derived from alkali treated precursor precursor - Isoelectric point in the - Isoelectric point in the region of pH 9 region of pH 4.7
  • 11. PROcESS Of gElATIN PROducTION TYPE A TYPE B
  • 12. MAJOR SuPPlIERS Of EMPTY gElATIN • Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN ; • Capsugel, Greenwood, SC ; • R.P. Scherer Corporation, Troy, MI INdIAN SuPPlIERS •Karishma Pharma Machines, Mumbai •Healthy Life Pharma Private Limited, Mumbai •Akhil Healthcare Private Limited, Vadodara •Caps & Chemicals, Indore •Asoj Soft Caps Private Limited, Halol • Austro Labs, New Delhi etc etc etc ….
  • 13. SOFT capsules GELATIN CAPSULES ( ONE PIECE ) HARD GELATIN CAPSULES ( TOW PIECE )
  • 15. Hard gelatin capsules • It consists of two pieces in the form of cylinders which is closed at one end and open from the other: - the shorter piece “cap” and - the longer piece “body”. • The shells consist largely of gelatin, sugar and water. CAP BODY Capsule shell filling: - typically filled with dry solids (powders, granules, pellets, tablets) and semisolids. - Fixed oils and other liquids that do not dissolve gelatin may be filled into hard gelatin capsules with a pipette or calibrated dropper, then capsules are sealed by moisturizing the lower part of the caps with water. - Liquids may often be sorbed onto inert carrier powders to form dry powders suitable for capsule filling.
  • 16. Hard gelatin capsules 00 0 1 2 3 4 5 1.01mL 0.68mL 0.49mL 0.37mL 0.28mL 0.21mL 0.13mL
  • 17. general cHaracteristics OF gelatin 1 Bloom value - is a measurement of the gelling power and the strength of the resulting gel. - Gelatin generally falls between 50 and 300 bloom strength. 2 Gelling power - the key function of gelatin. - The gelling power varies depending on the grade of gelatin - its measured in terms of bloom value. The higher the bloom value, the greater the ability to form gels & the stronger the gel strength. 3 Viscosity - In general the higher the bloom, the greater the viscosity - Beef bone grades tend to have higher viscosity. - Viscosity is determined by measuring the flow time of a 6.67% solution of gelatin through a U-tube viscometer at 60 °C. Viscosity measurement is given in millipoise units and varies between 20 and 70 mps. 4. Foamability - In general pigskin grades tend to have better foaming properties - Gelatin lowers the surface tension, allowing for the incorporation of air, and stabilizes the foam once aerated - Gelatin will also prevent crystal formation of sugars in the foam and maintain smoothness in texture.
  • 18. general cHaracteristics OF gelatin 5. Melting point - Lower melting point gelatins dissolve faster in the mouth, therefore releasing the flavors more quickly for an instant taste sensation. -Lower bloom grades tend to have lower melting points. 6. Color and odor -The gelatin should be as clear as possible in solution. - Clarity is measured using a turbidimeter . -The gelatin should be without odor. 7. Conductivity - is a key parameter in photographic applications and grades of the highest purity with minimal or no conductivity are required. De-ionized grades have an advantage because of their low conductivity. 8. pH -. pH is measured using a pH meter on a 1% solution and typically for gelatin solutions falls between ph 4.5 and 6.5.
  • 20. emptY capsule sHell prOductiOn The process of capsule shell production with the pin method: Dipping→ Drying → Stripping→ Trimming→ Joining → Polishing
  • 22. Hard gelatin capsules Filling macHines
  • 23. Filling eQuipments cOmpanies manuFacturing Filling eQuipments •Eli lilly and company, indianapolis •Farmatic snc, bologna, italy •Hoflinger and karg, germany •Mg2 s.p.a, bologna ,italy •Osaka, japan •Parke davis and copany, detroit •Perry industries, green bay •Zanasi nigris, bologna ,italy
  • 24. Hard capsule Filling 1) Bench scale filling •For small scale filling •Manual filling machine 2) Industrial scale-filling •Comes in varying shapes and sizes - semi automatic machine - fully automatic machine
  • 25. Bench scale filling Pin plate with 200-300 holes Bed – 200-300 holes Powder tray Sealing plate with rubber top loading tray lever with 200-300 scraper holes Cam handle
  • 26. industrial scale filling Semi auto mated capsule filling machine
  • 27. semi automated capsule filling machine FEATURES: •Suitable for filling capsules of all sizes with powder, granules and pellets. •minimizes operator attention and ensures maximum production. •Choice of four auger speed with variable speed of filling table •Auto drug hopper in feed mechanism, reduces weight variation and improves productivity. •easy to maintain and clean. •Quality and precision manufacturing meets the requirement of CGMP. •Both, PLC controlled panel or digital controlled panel, with auto capsule loader closing system available to meet customers requirement.
  • 28. fullY automated capsule filling machine 1. Empty Capsule hopper 2. Rectifying roller 3. Magazine 4. Cap Segment 5. Body disc 6. Powder filling hopper 7. Unopened Capsules rejection unit 8. Joining station 9. Discharge chute 10.Segment cleaning 11.Weight Control unit 12.Control station 13.Auger Motor 14.Auxiliary powder hopper
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  • 32. soft gelatin capsules DEFINITION •Soft Gelatin capsules are one piece, hermetically sealed, soft gelatin shells containing a liquid, a suspension, or a semisolid. •They have long been preferred dosage form for those, taking Health & Nutritional supplements ADVANTAGES
  • 33. soft gelatin capsules composition • A typical gel mass formula for making soft gelatine capsules would be: • Gelatine 35-45% • Plasticizer 15-25% (glycerine or sorbitol) • Water ~40% • Dye / Pigment as needed • Opacifier as needed • Other (flavour, sugar,) as needed
  • 34. shapes and siZes of soft gelatin capsule
  • 36. production process of soft gelatin capsule
  • 37. Stage of capSuleS production Preparing of gelatin solutions. Preparing and filling of soft-gelatin capsules. Packing and labeling.
  • 38. Soft gelatin capSule production MacHine
  • 39. Soft gelatin capSule production MacHine ROTARY DIE PROCESS
  • 41. eValuation of capSuleS 1.UNIFORMITY OF WEIGHT 2.CONTENT OF THE API IN CAPSULES 3.DISINTEGRATION TEST 4.DISSOLUTION TEST
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  • 44. DISINTIGRATION •T PElaSceT one capsule in each basket • Set the temperature of water to 37 +/- 2 •Use disc if HGC floats whereas for soft gelatin use the disc •Operate the apparatus for 30 min for HGC and 60 min for SGC • The test is said to pass if no residue is left on the screen of the apparatus •Repeat the test for 12 capsules if more than 1 or 2 capsules fails to disintegrate •The test passes if 16 out of 18 capsules disintegrate or else fail
  • 45. DISSOLUTION TEST • Place 1000ml of watr free from disolevied air having temp. of 36.5 to 37.5 •Place specified no. of capsules in each basket •Start motor and adjust speed 100 rpm as per monograph •Withdraw the required volume of solution after 45 min or as specified in the monograph. •Filter and weigh the amt of active ingredient by the method specified in the mongraph •Repeat four times • The test is said to pass ifthe amt of actve ingredient is not less than 70% of the stated amt given in the monograph