Concrete is the most widely used building material due to its low cost, fireproof and weatherproof properties, and ability to be molded into any shape. It is a composite material made of cement, water, and aggregates. Reinforced concrete is concrete strengthened with steel bars. Brick is made from fired clay and is cheap and strong in compression. Cast iron is strong but weaker than steel. Steel is one of the strongest materials and is used widely in construction. Aluminum is lightweight but expensive. Wood is cheap and moderately strong but can rot and burn easily. Plastic is flexible, lightweight, and strong in compression and tension but is expensive.

1. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF
BUILDING MATERIALSBUILDING MATERIALS

2. CONCRETE
Ingredient – cement, water, small
stones
Strength – cheap, fireproof &
weatherproof, molds any shape,
strong in compression
Weaknesses – cracks with
temperature changes weak intemperature changes, weak in
tension
Applications – early arch bridges &
domes

3. REINFORCED CONCRETE
Type – fine-grained concrete withType – fine-grained concrete with
high-strength steel
Ingredient – steel bars hidden in
concrete
Strength – low-cost, fireproof &
th f ld hweatherproof, molds any shape,
strong in compression & tension
Weaknesses – can crack as it cools
& hardens
Applications – bridges, dams,g
domes, buildings

4. BRICK
Type ordinary brickType – ordinary brick
Ingredient – burned clay
Strength – cheap, strong in
compressionp
Weaknesses – heavy weak inWeaknesses – heavy, weak in
tension
Applications – walls of early
skyscrapers and tunnelsskyscrapers and tunnels,
domes

5. CAST IRON
Type – cast ironType – cast iron
Ingredient – iron with lots of carbonIngredient iron with lots of carbon
Strength – molds to any shape,Strength molds to any shape,
strong in compression
Weaknesses – weaker than steel in
tension, breaks without warning
Applications – arch bridges,
cannons domescannons, domes

6. STEEL
Type – high-strength steelType – high-strength steel
Ingredient – iron with a touch ofIngredient iron with a touch of
carbon
Strength – one of the strongest
materials used in construction,
t i i & t istrong in compression & tension
Weaknesses rusts loses strengthWeaknesses – rusts, loses strength
in extremely high temperature
Applications – cables in
suspension bridges, buildingsg g

7. ALUMINUM
Type – aluminum alloyyp y
Ingredients – aluminum w/Ingredients – aluminum w/
magnesium & copper
Strength – lightweight,
d ’t t t idoesn’t rust, strong in
compression & tension
Weaknesses – expensive
Applications – airplane wings,Applications airplane wings,
boats, skyscrapers “skin”

8. WOOD
Strength cheapStrength – cheap,
lightweight, moderately
strong in compression &strong in compression &
tension
Weaknesses – rots, swells
and burn easilyand burn easily
Applications – bridges,
houses, 2 or 3-story
bldbldgs

9. PLASTIC
Type – high-strength plasticyp g g p
fabric
Ingredients – long chain of
moleculesmolecules
St th fl ibl li ht i htStrength – flexible, lightweight,
long lasting, strong in
compression & tensioncompression & tension
Weaknesses – expensive
Applications – tent structures,
inflatable roofs

10. Introduction to ConcreteIntroduction to Concrete

11. Concrete As A Material
• Concrete, literally, forms the basis of our
modern life:modern life:
– Roadways/transportation systems
– Infrastructure (bridges, dams, buildings)Infrastructure (bridges, dams, buildings)
– Harbor protection (flood walls)
– Water distribution (pipes & conduit)
– Any type of buildingsAny type of buildings

12. G d C l DGrand Coulee Dam

13. ConcreteConcrete
• The word “concrete” originates from the
Latin verb “concretus” which means toLatin verb concretus , which means to
grow together.
• It is a mixture of portland cement, water,
aggregates (Fine & Coarse) and in someaggregates (Fine & Coarse) and in some
cases admixtures.
• The cement and water form a paste that
hardens and bonds the aggregates togetherhardens and bonds the aggregates together.
• Concrete is often looked upon as “manp
made rock”.

14. REASONS WHY CONCRETE IS THE MOST
WIDELY USED MATERIAL:
• Concrete is one of
the cheapest and
most readilymost readily
available materials
Concrete can be• Concrete can be
formed into a
variety of shapes
and sizes
• Concrete possesses
excellent resistance
to water

15. Advantage of Concreteg
• We ha e the abilit to cast desired shapes• We have the ability to cast desired shapes
– Arches, piers, columns, shells, slabs, beams, etc…
• Properties can be tailored according to need
(strength, durability, etc.)( g y )
• Ability to resist high temperatures
– Will maintain structural integrity far longer thanWill maintain structural integrity far longer than
structural steel
• Does not require protective coatings• Does not require protective coatings
• Can be an architectural & structural member at the
tisame time

16. Properties of Quality Concrete
• Workability (ease of placement; resistance
to segregation; homogenous mass)to segregation; homogenous mass)
• Consistency (ability to flow)
• Durability
S h• Strength
• Chloride Penetration ResistanceChloride Penetration Resistance
• Abrasion Resistance

17. W k biliWorkability
• Workability is the property that determines the ease with
hi h f hl i d b l d d fi i h dwhich freshly mixed concrete can be placed and finished
without segregation.
• Workability is difficult to measure but redi-mix
companies usually have experience in determining thecompanies usually have experience in determining the
proper mix.
• Therefore, it is important to accurately describe what the
concrete is to be used for, and how it will be placed.

18. Durability
f bl i l d h i f
y
• If acceptable materials are used, the properties of
concrete, such as durability, wear resistance, and
strength depend on the cement mixture.
• A mixture with a sufficiently low ratio of water to• A mixture with a sufficiently low ratio of water to
cement plus entrained air, if specified, is the most
d i bldesirable.
• These properties--and thus the desired concrete
quality--can only be fully achieved through proper
placement and finishing, followed by prompt andplacement and finishing, followed by prompt and
effective curing.

19. Th N f CThe Nature of Concrete
• It is a composite material
• Aggregates are 65% - 80% of the volumeAggregates are 65% - 80% of the volume
– Fine aggregate: sand
Coarse aggregate: stone– Coarse aggregate: stone
C G l & li bi d• Cement: General term & applies to any binder
– Portland cement
– fly ash
W t• Water

20. Th P Of Th A tThe Purpose Of The Aggregates
• Large aggregates:
– provide density (fill space: cheap filler)provide density (fill space: cheap filler)
– provide strength (hard material)
• Fine aggregates:
fill small voids between large– fill small voids between large
aggregates (reduce volume changes)
– Increases strength of the cement binder

21. The Cement Matrix
• Cement:Cement:
– produces a crystalline
structurestructure
– binds aggregates together
Uses for cement:
Mortar = cement + sand + water
Plaster = cement + lime + sand + waterPlaster cement + lime + sand + water
Grout = cement + sand + considerable amount of water
Paste = cement + water

22. Water
• needed for two purposes:
– chemical reaction with cement
– workabilityworkability
• only 1/3 of the water is needed for chemical reaction
i i d h l• extra water remains in pores and holes
• results in porosity
• Good for preventing plastic shrinkage cracking and
workabilityworkability
• Bad for permeability, strength, durability.

23. CONSTRUCTION
STONES

24. TOPICSTOPICS
– Stone as a Construction MaterialStone as a Construction Material
– Classification of Stone
– Cutting and Dressing of Stones
– Construction of Stone Masonry– Construction of Stone Masonry
– Comparison between Brick and Stone
masonrymasonry

25. StoneStone
a natural, hard substance formed from
minerals and earth material which are
present in rocks.present in rocks.
Rock
the portion of the earth’s crust having no
definite shape and structuredefinite shape and structure

26. To qualify as a construction material, stoneTo qualify as a construction material, stone
should have the following qualities:should have the following qualities:should have the following qualities:should have the following qualities:
StrengthStrength:: MostMost typestypes ofof
stonestone havehave moremore thanthan
adequateadequate compressivecompressiveqq pp
strengthstrength.. TheThe shearshear
strengthstrength ofof stone,stone,st e gtst e gt oo sto e,sto e,
however,however, isis usuallyusually
aboutabout 11//1010 ofof itsitsaboutabout 11//1010 ofof itsits
compressivecompressive strengthstrength

27. HardnessHardness:: hardnesshardness isis importantimportant whenwhen stonestonepp
isis usedused forfor flooring,flooring, paving,paving, andand stairstair treadstreads..

28. D bilitD bilit R i tR i tDurabilityDurability:: ResistanceResistance
toto thethe weatheringweathering
effectseffects ofof rain,rain, wind,wind,
heat,heat, andand frostfrost
actionaction isis necessarynecessary
forfor exteriorexterior
stoneworkstonework

29. W k bilitW k bilit AA t ’t ’WorkabilityWorkability:: AA stone’sstone’s
hardnesshardness andand graingrain
texturetexture mustmust allowallow itit
toto bebe quarried,quarried, cutcut
andand shapedshaped

30. D itD it AA t ’t ’DensityDensity:: AA stone’sstone’s
porosityporosity affectsaffects itsits
abilityability toto withstandwithstand
frostfrost actionaction andand
stainingstaining

31. AppearanceAppearance: Appearance factors include: Appearance factors include
color, grain, and texturecolor, grain, and texture

32. CLASSIFICATION OF STONESCLASSIFICATION OF STONES
(according to geological origin):(according to geological origin):
Igneous rockIgneous rock
Sedimentary rockSedimentary rockyy
Metamorphic rocksMetamorphic rocksMetamorphic rocksMetamorphic rocks

33. IgneousIgneous rockrock isis formedformed asas aa resultresult ofof coolingcooling ofof thethe
moltenmolten rockrock toto solidsolid statestate -- ItIt isis nonporous,nonporous, hard,hard,
strongstrong andand durabledurable
IgneousIgneous rockrock alsoalso knownknown asas
primary,primary, unun--stratifiedstratified oror eruptiveeruptiveprimary,primary, unun stratifiedstratified oror eruptiveeruptive
rocksrocks

34. GraniteGranite:: Consists mainly ofConsists mainly of
quartz feldspar mica and otherquartz feldspar mica and otherquartz, feldspar, mica, and otherquartz, feldspar, mica, and other
colored minerals; colors includecolored minerals; colors include
black gray red pink brownblack gray red pink brownblack, gray, red, pink, brown,black, gray, red, pink, brown,
buff, and greenbuff, and green
Serpentine:Serpentine: Main ingredient isMain ingredient is
serpentine; color ranges fromserpentine; color ranges from
olive green to greenish black, isolive green to greenish black, is
fine grained and densefine grained and dense
BasaltBasalt:: Color ranges from grayColor ranges from gray
t bl k d i l f it bl k d i l f ito black; used mainly for pavingto black; used mainly for paving
stones and retaining wallsstones and retaining walls

35. GraniteGraniteGraniteGranite
NonNon--porous, hard,porous, hard,
strong, durablestrong, durable
C l RC l RColor RangeColor Range
Surface TexturesSurface TexturesSurface TexturesSurface Textures
SourcesSourcesSourcesSources
Primary UsesPrimary Uses
3535

36. Polished Surface
Rough Texture
3636

37. ShShape
Flat to Round
3737

38. TYPES OF BUILDING STONESTYPES OF BUILDING STONES
SerpentineSerpentine –– igneous withigneous withpp gg
mineral serpentine.mineral serpentine.
Typically olive green toTypically olive green toyp y gyp y g
greenish black butgreenish black but
impurities may color theimpurities may color thep yp y
rock.rock.
Used only for interiors due toUsed only for interiors due to
weatheringweathering

39. Sedimentary rockSedimentary rock is formed by the deposition ofis formed by the deposition of
sediment by water, wind or glacier, results insediment by water, wind or glacier, results in
sandstone, limestone and shalesandstone, limestone and shale

40. Sedimentary rocksSedimentary rocks are also known as aqueous orare also known as aqueous or
stratified rocksstratified rocks
Sandstone: Sedimentary rock composed of sand sized grainsSandstone: Sedimentary rock composed of sand sized grains
made of silica, iron oxide and clay - Colors include gray,
brown light brown buff russet red copper and purplebrown, light brown, buff, russet, red, copper, and purple
Limestone: Sedimentary rock composed of calcite andLimestone: Sedimentary rock composed of calcite and
dolomite - Three types: oolitic, dolomitic and crystalline -
Has high compressive strength - Used for building stones andHas high compressive strength Used for building stones and
for paneling
Shale: Derived from clays and silts; weak along planes and is
in thin laminations - High in limestone and color varies fromin thin laminations High in limestone and color varies from
black to red, yellow, and blue

41. TYPES OF BUILDING STONESTYPES OF BUILDING STONES
SandstoneSandstone –– class of rockclass of rock
of cemented silica grainsof cemented silica grains
with texture ranging fromwith texture ranging from
fifivery fine to very coarse.very fine to very coarse.
Colors vary from buff,Colors vary from buff,
d d li h bd d li h bred and light brown.red and light brown.
Porous where as 30% ofPorous where as 30% of
l d fl d fvolume composed of poresvolume composed of pores

42. TYPES OF BUILDING STONESTYPES OF BUILDING STONES
LimestoneLimestone –– sedimentarysedimentary
rock likerock like dolomitedolomite, no, no
cleavage lines, low incleavage lines, low in
absorption, smooth, uniformabsorption, smooth, uniform
in structure & composition.in structure & composition.
High compressive & tensileHigh compressive & tensile
strengthstrength
Used for:Used for:
wall & floor surfaceswall & floor surfaces

43. Limestone with Granite
4343

44. TYPES OF BUILDING STONESTYPES OF BUILDING STONES
TravertineTravertine –– sedimentarysedimentary
rockrock pleasingpleasing texturetexture withwithrock,rock, pleasingpleasing texturetexture withwith
smallsmall naturalnatural pocketspockets onon aa
cutcut surfacesurfacecutcut surfacesurface..
UsedUsed forfor::UsedUsed forfor::
interiorinterior decorativedecorative
stonestone

45. Metamorphic rocksMetamorphic rocks has undergone a change inhas undergone a change in
structure, texture, or composition due to thestructure, texture, or composition due to the
natural agencies, as heat and pressure,natural agencies, as heat and pressure,gg
especially when the rock becomes harderespecially when the rock becomes harder
and more crystalline, as marble and slateand more crystalline, as marble and slatey ,y ,

46. Metamorphic RockMetamorphic RockMetamorphic RockMetamorphic Rock
MarbleMarble
SlSlate

47. TYPES OF BUILDING STONESTYPES OF BUILDING STONES
MarbleMarble –– metamorphicmetamorphic
rock,rock, aa rere crystallizedcrystallized
limestonelimestone formingforming intointo
carraracarrara,, parianparian,, onyxonyx andand
vermontvermont..
UsedUsed forfor::
flooringflooring
llll && ll f if iwallwall && columncolumn facingfacing

48. Marble - Exterior Application
4848

49. TYPES OF BUILDING STONESTYPES OF BUILDING STONES
Slate RockSlate Rock ––
metamorphosis of claysmetamorphosis of claysmetamorphosis of claysmetamorphosis of clays
and shale's deposited inand shale's deposited in
layers. May be separatedlayers. May be separatedlayers. May be separatedlayers. May be separated
into thin, tough sheetsinto thin, tough sheets
calledcalled slatesslates . Colors are. Colors arecalledcalled slatesslates . Colors are. Colors are
black, green red, grey, orblack, green red, grey, or
purple.purple.purple.purple.
Used for:Used for:
flooringflooring
window sillswindow sills
stair treads & facingstair treads & facing

50. Slate Flooring
5050

51. Other Metamorphic Rocks Used InOther Metamorphic Rocks Used InOther Metamorphic Rocks Used InOther Metamorphic Rocks Used In
Stone MasonryStone Masonry
QuartziteQuartzite:: It is a variety ofIt is a variety of stonestone composed ofcomposed of
mainly granular quartz cemented by silica, colormainly granular quartz cemented by silica, color
varies from brown, buff, tan, ivory, red through grayvaries from brown, buff, tan, ivory, red through gray
SchistSchist:: Made of silica with smaller amounts of ironMade of silica with smaller amounts of iron
oxide and magnesium oxideoxide and magnesium oxide -- Color varies fromColor varies fromoxide and magnesium oxideoxide and magnesium oxide Color varies fromColor varies from
blue, green, brown, gold, white, gray, andblue, green, brown, gold, white, gray, and redred

52. STONE CONSTRUCTIONSTONE CONSTRUCTION
Largely used asLargely used as facingfacing for building material with steel and concrete frames.for building material with steel and concrete frames.
5252

53. Application Categories :Application Categories :Application Categories :Application Categories :
11 PanelingPaneling1.1. PanelingPaneling
2.2. AshlarsAshlars
3.3. RubbleworkRubblework
4.4. TrimTrim4.4. TrimTrim

54. PanelingPaneling –– thinthin slabsslabs ofof stonestone cutcut toto dimensiondimension
dd thi kthi k tt b kb k llll ddandand thicknessthickness toto covercover backback upup wallswalls andand
provideprovide finishedfinished exteriorexterior
RunningRunning BondBond -- aa masonrymasonry bondbond formedformed whenwhen allall unitsunits
areare laidlaid inin stretcherstretcher positionposition withwith aa halfhalf--unitunit overlapoverlapareare laidlaid inin stretcherstretcher position,position, withwith aa halfhalf unitunit overlapoverlap

55. Stack BondStack Bond -- aa masonry bond formed when there is nomasonry bond formed when there is no
overlapping of all units and all horizontal & verticaloverlapping of all units and all horizontal & vertical
joints are alignedjoints are aligned

56. Ashlar MasonryAshlar MasonryAshlar MasonryAshlar Masonry
In this type properly dressed stones areIn this type properly dressed stones are
used.used.
1.1. Ashlar fine or courseAshlar fine or course ashlarashlar masonrymasonry
R d dR d d hlhl2.2. Random coursedRandom coursed ashlarashlar masonrymasonry
3.3. Rough tooledRough tooled ashlarashlar masonrymasonry3.3. Rough tooledRough tooled ashlarashlar masonrymasonry
4.4. Rock or quarry facedRock or quarry faced ashlarashlar masonrymasonry
5.5. ChamferedChamfered ashlarashlar masonrymasonry
66 Block in course masonryBlock in course masonry6.6. Block in course masonryBlock in course masonry
7.7. Ashlar facingAshlar facing

57. AshlarsAshlars –– work requires the use of cut stonework requires the use of cut stone
that includes broken ashlars regularly /that includes broken ashlars regularly /that includes broken ashlars, regularly /that includes broken ashlars, regularly /
irregularly coursed.irregularly coursed.
CoursedCoursed AshlarAshlar --
AshlarAshlar masonrymasonryyy
laidlaid outout inin coursescourses
ofof equalequal heightheight;;
bl kbl k ff iiblocksblocks ofof variousvarious
sizessizes maymay bebe
combinedcombined toto makemakecombinedcombined toto makemake
upup thethe heightheight ofof
thethe coursecourse

58. RandomRandom AshlarAshlar -- AshlarAshlar
masonrymasonry laidlaid withoutwithoutyy
regularregular coursescourses butbut withwith
anan overalloverall effecteffect ofof
h i t lh i t l i t tii t tihorizontalhorizontal orientationorientation

59. DimensionDimension stonestone -- isis quarriedquarried andand squaredsquared stonestone
ii ii dd ff ifi difi d thi kthi k ddinin properproper sizesize andand ofof specifiedspecified thickness,thickness, usedused
commonlycommonly forfor wallwall panels,panels, cornices,cornices, copings,copings,
lintelslintels andand flooringflooringlintelslintels andand flooringflooring..

60. Rubble MasonryRubble MasonryRubble MasonryRubble Masonry
In this type undressed or roughly dressedIn this type undressed or roughly dressed
t dt dstones are usedstones are used
1.1. UnUn--coarsedcoarsed Rubble MasonryRubble Masonry
2.2. Random Rubble MasonryRandom Rubble Masonry
33 Coursed Rubble MasonryCoursed Rubble Masonry3.3. Coursed Rubble MasonryCoursed Rubble Masonry
4.4. Dry Rubble MasonryDry Rubble Masonry

61. RubbleRubble consistsconsists ofofRubbleRubble -- consistsconsists ofof
roughrough fragmentsfragments ofof
brokenbroken stonestone thatthatbrokenbroken stonestone thatthat
havehave atat leastleast oneone
goodgood faceface forforgoodgood faceface forfor
exposureexposure inin aa wallwall..

62. RubbleworkRubblework –– randomrandom && nono attemptattempt toto
producedproduced anan orderlyorderly coursecourse eithereitherproducedproduced anan orderlyorderly coursecourse eithereither
horizontalhorizontal oror verticalvertical.... SmallSmall spacesspaces areare
fill dfill d ithith llll ttfilledfilled withwith smallersmaller stonesstones..
CoursedCoursed RubbleRubble -- FieldstoneFieldstone oror
roughlyroughly dresseddressed stone,stone, withwith oror
withoutwithout mortar,mortar, assembledassembled toto givegive
aa effecteffect ofof coursescourses

63. FieldstoneFieldstone -- StoneStone foundfound onon thethe groundground (i(i..ee..,, notnot
quarriedquarried)) thatthat isis aa suitablesuitable sizesize andand shapeshape forfor useuse asasquarriedquarried)) thatthat isis aa suitablesuitable sizesize andand shapeshape forfor useuse asas
drywalldrywall oror rubblerubble masonrymasonry