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Building stones
This document discusses building stones used in civil engineering. It defines building stone as a construction material derived from rocks in the earth's crust. Some key historical structures that used building stones are mentioned, such as the pyramids of Egypt and the Taj Mahal. The document also discusses the classification, characteristics, quarrying and uses of different types of building stones including igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks. Good building stones are described as having properties like uniform appearance, strength, hardness, porosity and weathering resistance.
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Building stones
- 1. Department of CivilEngineering Iqra National University Peshawar BUILDING STONES Civil Engineering Materials (CE-116) Lecture 4 Engr .Muhammad Farhan Khattak
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- 3. Building Stone • Stone:A construction material derived from rocks in the earth’s crust and mixture of two or more minerals. • Mineral is a substance which is formed by the natural inorganic process and possesses a definite chemical composition and molecular structure. 3
- 4. Building Stones • Stonesused in most historical places – Pyramids of Egypt – Taj Mahal of Agra, India – Great wall of China – Greek and Roman structures – Quaid’s tomb in Karachi – Shahi mosque in Lahore – Forts at Rohtas, Lahore – Lloyd’s Barrage at Sukkur 4
- 5. History Taj Mehal ?? TheGreat Pyramids ?? 5
- 6. Civil Engineering Uses •Construction of residential and public buildings • Construction of dams, weirs, harbors, bridge abutments, etc • Face work of structures for appearance and ornamental value • Road metal and railway ballast • Aggregate for concrete • Stone dust as substitute for sand • Thin slabs for roofing, flooring and pavements • Limestone for manufacture of lime, cement, etc 6
- 7. Building Stones • Stoneas building material lost its importance due to – Advent of cement and steel – – Structural strength can not be rationally analyzed – Transportation difficulties – Dressing problems 7
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- 9. Classification of Rocks Rocks GeologicalPhysical Chemical Igneous Sedimentary Metamorphic Stratified Un-Stratified Foliated Argillaceous Siliceous Calcareous Practical Granite, Basalts Marble Limestone, Sandstone, Slate 9
- 10. Classification of Rocks •Geological classification – Igneous rocks (primary, un-stratified, eruptive) – cooled down molten volcanic lava (magma). Basalts and granites. – Sedimentary rocks (aqueous, stratified) – gradually deposited disintegrated rocks. Sand stones and lime stones – Metamorphic rocks – transformed due to great heat and pressure. lime stone to marble, shale to slate(Shale is a fine-grained, clastic sedimentary rock composed of mud that is a mix of flakes of clay minerals and tiny fragments (silt-sized particles) of other minerals, especially quartz) 10
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- 14. Classification of Rocks •Physical classification – Stratified rocks – separable distinct layers. Cleavage(Cleavage is the tendency of crystalline materials to split along definite crystallographic structural planes) plane of split visible. Slate, sandstone, lime stone – Un-stratified rocks – no sign of strata, cannot be easily split into slabs. Granite, basalt, trap – Foliated rocks – having tendency to split up only in a definite direction 14
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- 18. Classification of Rocks •Chemical Classification – Siliceous rocks – containing silica SiO2 (sand) and silicates. Granite, basalt, quartzite, etc – Argillaceous rocks – containing clay or alumina Al2O3. Slate, laterite, etc – Calcareous rocks – containing calcium carbonate or lime. Limestone, marble, etc 18
- 19. Characteristics of Good BuildingStones • Appearance & color – uniform color, lighter shades preferred, free from clay holes, bands or spots • Structure – Not dull in appearance, crystalline homogenous close grained is good, stratification should not be visible. • Weight – heavier are compact, less porous, good for hydraulic structures • Strength – generally compressive strength needed, igneous rock stones are stronger • Hardness– resistance to abrasion, friction and wear. Hardness scale 1 to 10 • Toughness – Withstand impact, vibrations, moving loads • Dressing – uniform texture and softness for fine surface finish 19
- 20. Characteristics of Good BuildingStones • Porosity and Absorption – exposed surface absorbs rain water forming acids causing crumbling action. Cyclic freezing and thawing of pore water • Seasoning – hardening and weathering affect due to evaporation of quarry sap and formation of crystalline film. 6 to 12 months for proper seasoning • Weathering – resistance to action of weather • Resistance to fire – free from calcium carbonate or oxides of iron • Durability – compact, homogenous and less absorptive is more durable • Cost – quarrying, transportation, dressing and installation 20
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- 22. Quarrying and Dressing •Quarrying: An art of extracting stones from the rock beds of different varieties used for general building work and broken stones for roads and concrete work, etc • Quarry: The place from which stone is obtained by digging or blasting etc 22
- 23. Selection of Stones •Heavy engineering works bridges, piers, abutments, break waters, docks, light houses – granite • Buildings facing the sea – granite, fine grained sandstone • Buildings in industrial area – granite, compact sandstone • Arches – fine grained sandstone • Building face work – marble, close grained sandstone • Fire resisting structure – compact sandstone • Road metal and aggregate for concrete – granite, basalt, quartzite • Railway ballast – coarse grained sandstone, quartzite • Electrical switch board – slate, marble 23