It is used as a mould for a structure in which fresh concrete is poured only to harden subsequently.
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Joints are easy to maintain and are less detrimental than uncontrolled or uneven cracks. Concrete expands & shrinks with variations in moisture and temp. The overall affinity is to shrink and this can cause cracking at an early age. Uneven cracks are unpleasant and difficult to maintain but usually do not affect the integrity of concrete.
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Joints are easy to maintain and are less detrimental than uncontrolled or uneven cracks. Concrete expands & shrinks with variations in moisture and temp. The overall affinity is to shrink and this can cause cracking at an early age. Uneven cracks are unpleasant and difficult to maintain but usually do not affect the integrity of concrete.
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Definition,
functions,
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selection criteria for foundations based on soil conditions,
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settlement of foundations,
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Definition,
functions,
types of foundations,
foundation loads,
selection criteria for foundations based on soil conditions,
bearing capacity of soil,
methods of testing,
method of improving bearing capacity of soil,
settlement of foundations,
precautions against settlement,
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Formwork(Shuttering), Importance, Qualities of Formwork,types,Major objectives considered in formwork, Requirements of formwork,Formwork for Wall,Formwork for Column,Formwork for Slabs & beams ,Lintel or Beam Formwork, FORMWORK FOR SLAB,FORMWORK FOR STAIRS,FORMWORK FOR SPIRAL STAIRS,FORMWORK FOR CHIMNEYS,Removal of formwork,Time of Removal of formwork,Comparison between Steel and Timber Formwork,Cantilever slab,Maintenance of formwork,Cost of formwork,Advantages of steel form work,LOADS ON FORMWORK
FERROCRETE - MATERIAL AND CONSTRUCTION METHODSjagrutib22
Ferrocrete - introduction, ferrocement, history, difference between rcc and ferrocrete, applications, advantages and disadvantages, construction methods, use of ferrocrete technology and other information.
Modern construction formworks:-
1. Aluminium formwork
2. Precast system
3.Modular formwork
4.Tunnel formwork
5.Fiberglass shuttering
Description of each formwork with their advantages and disadvantages
Underground Construction provides construction, technical and management services to its customers. The company specializes in power, communications, airport fueling and heavy engineering. Since laying its first pipe in 1936, Underground Construction has completed thousands of projects throughout the United States.
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Self-curing concrete is achieved by means of replacing a part of aggregate by lightweight aggregate or adding chemical admixtures. The self-curing process of concrete takes place from inside to outside, thus reducing the autogenous shrinkage and self-desiccation, especially for the high-performance concrete with relatively low water/binder ratio.
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Trenchless construction. Trenchless construction includes such construction methods as tunneling, microtunneling (MTM), horizontal directional drilling (HDD) also known as directional boring, pipe ramming (PR), pipe jacking (PJ), moling, horizontal auger boring (HAB) and other methods for the installation of pipelines and cables below the ground with minimal excavation.
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A stressed ribbon bridge (also stress-ribbon bridge or catenary bridge) is a tension structure (similar in many ways to a simple suspension bridge). The suspension cables are embedded in the deck which follows a catenary arc between supports. Unlike the simple span, the ribbon is stressed in traction, which adds to the stiffness of the structure (simple suspension spans tend to sway and bounce).
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The process of self-healing of cracks or self-filling up of cracks by the help of bacterial reaction in the concrete after hardening is known as Self-Healing Concrete. It can be observed that small cracks that occur in a structure of width in the range of 0.05 to 0.1mm gets completely sealed in repetitive dry and wet cycles.
The typical deflection diagrams shown in figures 1 and 2 indicate that all the high strength concrete beams had adequate ductility and Structural Behaviour of High Strength Concrete Beams 135 showed substantial deflections at failure. The ulti- mate deflections shown in Table 3 were measured prior to failure as near to collapse as possible.
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Autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) is a lightweight, precast, foam concrete building material suitable for producing concrete masonry unit (CMU) like blocks. Composed of quartz sand , calcined gypsum , lime , cement , water and aluminum powder , AAC products are cured under heat and pressure in an autoclave .
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A submerged floating tunnel, also known as submerged floating tube bridge, suspended tunnel, or Archimedes bridge, is a proposed design for a tunnel that floats in water, supported by its buoyancy. The tube would be placed underwater, deep enough to avoid water traffic and weather, but not so deep that high water pressure needs to be dealt with—usually 20–50 m is sufficient. Cables either anchored to the Earth or to pontoons at the surface would prevent it from floating to the surface or ...
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The bundled tube structure meant that "buildings no longer need be boxlike in appearance: they could become sculpture." Hybrids. Hybrids include a varied category of structures where the basic concept of tube is used, and supplemented by other structural support(s).
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Computer Ethics: Ethics is a set of moral principles that govern the behavior of a group or individual. Therefore, computer ethics is set of moral principles that regulate the use of computers. Some common issues of computer ethics include intellectual property rights (such as copyrighted electronic content), privacy concerns, and how ...
CIVIL SEMINAR REPORT :USE OF GEOGRIDS IN FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT. Geogrids can also prevent aggregate penetration into the subgrade, depending on the ability of the geogrid to confine and prevent lateral displacement of the base/sub-base. However, the geogrid does not prevent intrusion of subgrade soils up into the base/sub-base course,...
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Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
2. Formwork
• It is used as a mould for a structure in which fresh concrete is
poured only to harden subsequently.
• Types of concrete formwork construction depends on
formwork material and type of structural element.
• Formworks can also be named based on the type of structural
member construction such as slab formwork for use in slab,
beam formwork, column formwork for use in beams and
columns respectively etc.
• The construction of formwork takes time and involves
expenditure upto 20 to 25% of the cost of the structure or
even more.
3. • Design of these temporary structures are made to economic
expenditure.
• The operation of removing the formwork is known as stripping.
Stripped formwork can be reused.
• Reusable forms are known as panel forms and non-usable are
called stationary forms.
4. Requirements of a formwork
• It should be strong enough to withstand all types of dead and
live loads.
• It should be rigidly constructed and efficiently propped and
braced both horizontally and vertically, so as to retain its shape.
• The joints in the formwork should be tight against leakage of
cement grout.
• Construction of formwork should permit removal of various
parts in desired sequences without damage to the concrete.
• The material of the formwork should be cheap, easily available
and should be suitable for reuse.
5. • The formwork should be set accurately to the desired line and
levels should have plane surface.
• It should be as light as possible.
• The material of the formwork should not warp or get distorted
when exposed to the elements.
• It should rest on firm base.
7. Timber Formwork
• It should be
1. well seasoned
2. light in weight
3. easily workable with nails without splitting
4. free from loose knots
• Timber used for shuttering for exposed concrete work
should have smooth and even surface on all faces which
come in contact with concrete.
8.
9. Advantages
• Easy handling because it’s
light weight.
• Easy to disassemble.
• Damaged parts can be
replaced with new one.
• Very flexible.
Disadvantages
• Can’t be used for long.
• If the timber is dry, it will
absorb moisture from wet
concrete which could
weaken the resultant
concrete member.
• Timber with high moisture
content ,wet concrete will
shrink & cup leading to
open joints & leakage of
grout.
10. Plywood Formwork
• Resin bonded plywood sheets are attached to timber
frames to make up panels of required sizes.
• The cost of plywood formwork compares favourably with
that of timber shuttering and it may even prove cheaper in
certain cases in view of the following considerations:
• It is possible to have smooth finish in which case on cost in
surface finishing is there.
• By use of large size panels it is possible to effect saving in
the labour cost of fixing and dismantling.
• Number of reuses are more as compared with timber
shuttering. For estimation purpose, number of reuses can
be taken as 20 to 25.
11. Advantages
• Plywood can also be cut into
required size easily.
• Plywood Strong, durable and
light in weight.
• Provides smooth finish on the
surface.
• Very Large size plywood sheets
are available which makes the
construction of formwork
quicker and easier.
• Curved formworks can also be
prepared using plywood.
• When compared to timber, it
gives more number of reuses.
Disadvantages
• When compared to timber
it is costly.
• Thin plywood sheets cannot
sustain the weight of
concrete they may bow out
if proper thickness is not
provided.
12.
13. Steel Formwork
• This consist of panels fabricated out of thin steel plates
stiffened along the edges by small steel angles.
• The panel units can be held together through the use of
suitable clamps or bolts and nuts.
• The panels can be fabricated in large number in any
desired modular shape or size.
• Steel forms are largely used in large projects or in situation
where large number reuses of the shuttering is possible.
• This type of shuttering is considered most suitable for
circular or curved structures.
14. Advantages
• Very strong and able to
carry heavy load.
• Easy to be fixed.
• Uniform size and surface.
• Can be used for a very long
time.
Disadvantages
• Limited size or shape.
• Excessive loss of heat.
• A very smooth surface will
be produced which would
give problems for finishing
process.
15.
16. Steel forms compared with timber
formwork
• Steel forms are stronger, durable and have longer life than
timber formwork and their reuses are more in number.
• Steel forms can be installed and dismantled with greater
ease and speed.
• The quality of exposed concrete surface by using steel forms
is good and such surfaces need no further treatment.
• Steel formwork does not absorb moisture from concrete.
• Steel formwork does not shrink or warp.
17. Aluminum Formwork
• It is used often for pre-fabricated formworks.
• It is getting more popular because of its light weight and
good strength.
• It requires fewer supports and ties.
18. Advantages
• Easy to fix and easy to
dismantle.
• It can be handled easily
because of its light weight.
• It can be re-used for many
times.
• The walls and slabs of
structures can be casted
simultaneously.
• Monolithic crack free
structures can be built using
aluminum formwork.
Disadvantages
• When the load reaches its
maximum limit, the lighter
sections may deflect.
• Architectural modifications
are not possible when
aluminum formwork is
used.
19. Plastics Formwork
• Plastic is another type of formwork material which is used for
small concrete structures or for complex portions of the
structure.
• It is light in weight and durable for long periods. For
complicated concrete structures, Glass reinforced plastics (GRP)
and vacuum formed plastics are used.
20. Advantages
• Plastic is light in weight and
can be easily handled.
• Formwork for complex
shaped structures can be
prepared easily.
• Good resistant against
water.
• The damaged plastic sheets
can be recycled and useful
to make new sheets.
• Good quality plastic has
great re-usability.
Disadvantages
• Plastic is weak against heat.
• It is costly material.
• It does not take much load
when compared with
others.
21. Magnesium Formwork
• Magnesium is another metal element which is used for
formwork.
• Magnesium is not directly used for formwork and is used
with the combination of oxygen atoms which forms
magnesium oxide, usually called magnesia or MgO.
• Magnesium oxide boards or MgO boards are famous in
some countries because of their multiple applications.
• MgO boards are available in required sizes and grades.
22. Advantages
• Mgo boards are light in
weight and easy to handle.
• They are fire proof and
waterproof.
• Bio friendly boards cause no
harm to the environment.
• They are strong to resist
heavy loads.
Disadvantages
• When Mgo boards meet wet
concrete, the magnesium
chloride present in MgO
boards may dissolve and cause
corrosion to the
reinforcement.
• Skilled supervision is required
for installation.
• MgO boards cannot sustain in
humid conditions.
23.
24. Fabric Formwork
• Fabric formwork is the modern technology in construction
sector.
• Fabric can be mold into any required shapes which makes
it more famous formwork for architectural purposes.
25. Order and Method of Removing
Formwork:
• The sequence of orders and method of removal of
formwork are as follows:
• Shuttering forming the vertical faces of walls, beams and
column sides should be removed first as they bear no load
but only retain the concrete.
• Shuttering forming soffit of slabs should be removed next.
• Shuttering forming soffit of beams, girders or other heavily
loaded shuttering should be removed in the end.
• Rapid hardening cement, warm weather and light loading
conditions allow early removal of formwork.
26. • The formwork should under no circumstances be allowed
to be removed until all the concrete reaches strength of at
least twice the stresses to which the concrete may be
subjected at the time of removal of formwork.
• All formworks should be eased gradually and carefully in
order to prevent the load being suddenly transferred to
concrete.