The document discusses various types of rocks and stones that can be used for building, including their properties and classifications. It provides information on igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks. It also discusses factors such as the strength, hardness, durability, workability, density, and resistance to fire that make certain rocks and stones suitable for use as building materials. Classification of rocks is described based on their geological, physical, and chemical characteristics.

1. Juderiasen, Cloene Mae G
Lobusta, John Benidick
Mendoza, Ma. Yzah D.
Perez, Julienne Ana Bianca S.
BUILDING STONES

3. Til all times and in all countries when man would
raise a great and enduring work, stone has been
employed whenever it could be obtained, and in
our time and country if we would erect a great
public building, a noble university or a stately
church, we rightly choose the same material.

4. A mass of matter composed of one or
more simple minerals having usually· a
variable chemical composition, with no
necessarily symmetrical external form, and
ranging in cohesion from loose debris
up to the most compact stone.
ROCKS

5. the hard, solid, nonmetallic
mineral matter of which rock is
made, especially as a building
material.
a large piece of rock that has become detached
from a cliff or mountain; a boulder.

6. Monomineralic rock
monomineralic Applied to rocks composed of
one mineral type only. Examples would include
the igneous rock anorthosite (composed
entirely of plagioclase feldspar) and the
metamorphic rock marble(composed entirely
of calcite).
Polymineralic rock
Rocks that composed of two or more minerals.
SOURCES OF STONES

7. -alternate wetness and drying
-Frost
-Impurities in atmosphere
-Living organisms
-Movement of chemicals
-Nature of mortar
-Rain water
-Temperature variations
-Vegetable growth
-wind
DETERIORATION OF STONES

8. -Compact siliceous stones
-External renderings
-Joints
-Natural beds
-Qualities of stones
-Seasoned stones
-Size of stones
-Washing with water
RETARDATION OF DECAY OF STONES
(FOLLOWING PRECAUTIONS TO BE TAKEN
TO RETARD THE DECAYING ACTION OF
WEATHERING AGENCIES ON STONES)

9. Stones vary greatly in their properties. Some are strong
while others are weak. Hard and soft varieties are found.
Their composition also varies.
As stones are not all alike it follows that all stones are
not equally adapted to use for building purposes. A
given bed. May produce excellent material for lime or
cement, and yet the stone may be of no value at all when
cut and laid in the wall .

11. (1) strength,
(2) Hardness,
(3) durability,
(4) color,
(5) workability,
(6) Density,
(7) availability.
(8) Resistance to fire,
(9) Specific gravity,

12. Strength.
. In common with all building materials, the value of stone for. building
purposes is very largely dependent upon its strength. Indeed, this factor is in
stone most fundamental, as the material is the one invariably chosen where the
demands upon it are to be most severe.
Strength maybe defined as the power of resistance to strain; the latter being
any change of form or dimensions due to stress. There are in all five kinds of
strain to which bodies maybe subjected; tensile; .crushing, shearing, transverse
and torsional. .For present purposes the latter may be entirely neglected
STRENGTH

13. A stone must be hard
enough especially when
it will be used for
floorings of a
structure.
HARDNESS

14. 1 Talc Graphite Can be scratched with a fingernail and by any stone rated 2+
2 Gypsum Bismuth Lepidolite Chlorite Can be scratched with a fingernail and any stone rated 3+
3 Calcite Celestite Barite Can be scratched with a knife and any stone rated 4+
4 Flourite Malachite Platinum Can be scratched with a knife and any stone rated 5+. Will scratch any
stone rated 3-.
5 Apatite Dioptase Can be scratched with a knife and any stone rated 6+. Will scratch any stone rated
4-
6 Feldspar Pyrite Amazonite Hematite Can be scratched with a knife and any stone rated 7+. Will
scratch any stone rated 5-.
7 Quartz Tourmaline Will scratch glass and any stone rated 6-. Can be scratched by stones 8+.
8 Topaz Spinel Will scratch glass and any stone rated 7-. Can be scratched by stones 9-10.
9 Corundum (ruby, sapphire) Will scratch glass and any stone rated 8-. Can be scratched by diamond.
10 Diamond Will scratch glass and all stones 1-9
MOHS SCALE

15. Durability.
A property of stone which is equally important with strength, and which is
more difficult to estimate, is that of durability. Remembering that stone is
rarely used except in buildings
where permanence is an important desideratum, it will be at once apparent
that whatever properties a building stone may
lack, it must be durable. A stone may be ever so accessible,
may be easily worked, may have a pleasing color and even a high degree of
strength, and yet if it will not last when put
in the wall it has no value as a building stone.
Or in other words, the ability to withstand natural phenomenon
DURABILITY

16. The stone to be used for face work must
have a uniform and pleasing color. It
must be free from cavities , cracks , flaws
and patches of loose and soft material
etc.
COLOR / APPEARANCE

17. The stone to be used for ornamental
carving and architectural appearance ,
should be easily and economically dressed.
The ability of a stone to be formed to any
shape desired.
WORKABILITY

18. A good building stone should be less
porous ((of a rock or other material) having
minute spaces or holes through which liquid
or air may pass.) . It should not absorb more
then 5% of water .Any stone absorbing
10% of water should be rejected.
DENSITY

19. Andesite 2.5 - 2.8
Basalt 2.8 - 3.0
Coal 1.1 - 1.4
Diabase2.6 - 3.0
Diorite2.8 - 3.0
Dolomite2.8 - 2.9
Gabbro2.7 - 3.3
Gneiss2.6 - 2.9
Granite2.6 - 2.7
Gypsum2.3 - 2.8
Limestone2.3 - 2.7
Marble2.4 - 2.7
Mica schist2.5 - 2.9
Peridotite3.1 - 3.4
Quartzite2.6 - 2.8
Rhyolite2.4 - 2.6
Rock salt2.5 - 2.6
Sandstone2.2 - 2.8
Shale2.4 - 2.8
Slate2.7 - 2.8 note: 1- very sparse 2- sparse 3- moderate 4- dense

20. Being available of materials in a given place.
AVAILABILITY

21. A good building stone should be able to resist high temperature . Its mineral
constitutes should have equal co-efficient of expansion .
The material used in building should be of such nature that it does not
disintegrate under the effect of heat produced during fire.
The material should not expand due to heat also and should ensure stability of
structure.
The nature of material used in building should have minimum contraction due to
sudden cooling with water after the material is heated at high temperature.
The nature of material used in the building should be such that it does not catch
fire easily.
RESISTANCE TO FIRE

22. Stone:
It is a bad conductor of heat. Sand stone with fine grains can moderate fire
successfully without having serious cracks. Granite is disintegrated when it
receives heat from fire. Lime stone is easily crumbled by ordinary fire. Most
of stones are disintegrated into small pieces when heated during fire and
cooled afterwards.
Brick:
Bricks are bad conductor of heat. They have no serious effect of heat until
the temperature during fire rises above 1200 degrees to 1300 degrees. At the
time of construction if good quality mortar is used and brick work
constructed by skilled mason, brick masonry offers good resistance to fire.
FIRE RESISTANT PROPERTIES OF
BUILDING

23. The stone to be used on heavy
engineering works ,docks ,harbours,
gravity dams etc. must have high
specific gravity . It varies from 2.4
to 2.8.
SPECIFIC GRAVITY

24. -Geological classification (igneous,
metamorphic, sedimentary rocks)
-Physical classification (stratified rocks,
non-stratified rocks, foliated rocks)
-Chemical classification (siliceous
rocks, argillaceous rocks, calcareous
rocks)
CLASSIFICATIO
N OF ROCK

26. IGNEOUS ROCKS form by crystallization from molten or partially material,
called MAGMA. Magma comes mainly from two places where it is formed, (1) in
the asthenosphere and (2) in the base of the crust above subducting lithosphere at
a convergent plate boundary. There are two subclasses of igneous
rock, VOLCANIC (sometime called EXTRUSIVE),
and PLUTONIC (sometimes called INTRUSIVE).
VOLCANIC ROCKS form at the Earth's surface. They cool and crystallized
from magma which has spilled out onto the surface at a volcano. At the surface,
the magma is more familiarly known as LAVA.PLUTONIC ROCKS form from
magma that cools and crystallizes beneath the Earth's surface. In a sense, this is
the portion of the magma that never makes it to the surface. For the plutonic
rock to become exposed at the surface, it must be tectonically uplifted and the
overlying material must be removed by erosion.
IGNEOUS ROCKS

28. SEDIMENTARY ROCKS form from material that has accumulated on the
Earth's surface. The general term for the process of accumulation
is DEPOSITION. The material consists of the products of weathering and
erosion, and other materials available at the surface of the Earth, such as organic
material. The process by which this otherwise unconsolidated material becomes
solidified into rock is variously referred to LITHIFICATION (literally turned
into rock), DIAGENESIS or CEMENTATION. Like volcanic rocks, some
sedimentary rocks are "lithified" right at the surface, for instance by direct
precipitation from sea water. Other sedimentary rocks, like plutonic igneous
rocks, are "lithified" below the surface, when they are buried under the weight of
overlying sediment. And like the plutonic rocks, sedimentary rocks which were
lithified below the surface only become exposed at the surface by tectonic uplift
and erosion of the overlying material .
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

30. METAMORPHIC ROCKS form when a sedimentary or igneous rock is
exposed to high pressure, high temperature, or both, deep below the surface
of the Earth. The process,METAMORPHISM, produces fundamental
changes in the mineralogy and texture of the rock. The original rock, prior to
metamorphism, is referred to as the PROTOLITH. The protolith can be
either an igneous rock or a sedimentary rock, as just indicated. The protolith
could also be a previously metamorphosed rock. Ultimately however, if you
go far enough back into the history of a metamorphic rock you would find
that the first protolith was either a sedimentary or igneous rock. Because all
metamorphic rocks form below the surface, for them to become exposed at
the surface, they must undergo tectonic uplift and removal of the overlying
material by erosion.
METAMORPHIC ROCKS

32. TRANSFORMATION

33. -Rubble
-Dimension stone
-Flagstone
-Crushed stone
STONE CONSTRUCTION FORMS

34. Rubble stone is irregularly-sized, rough stone which can be used for a variety of
purposes, including rubble walls, fill, and stepping stones. People have been
building with this type of stone for thousands of years, and it continues to be a
popular building material in regions where there are ample supplies of rough
stone.
This stone is essentially the scrap left over from quarrying and processing. Rubble
stone may be roughly shaped into blocks, but it is not finished, and it has a rough
texture and appearance. The development of uses for rubble undoubtedly
stemmed from a desire to use as much stone as possible, rather than simply
discarding waste materials. Many different kinds of stone are available in the form
of rubble, including granite, shale, and sandstone.
Rough fragments of rubble can be stacked together to create a wall, with or
without masonry, depending on the taste of the builder. Sometimes, rubble stone
is used to create a decorative facing of rough stone when a builder wants a more
rustic, rough look. It is also used to fill masonry walls, with the rubble being
covered by a facing of smoother, more even stone.
RUBBLE

36. is natural stone or rock that has been selected and fabricated (i.e., trimmed,
cut, drilled, ground, or other) to specific sizes or shapes. Color, texture and
pattern, and surface finish of the stone are also normal requirements.
With 2 feet or more in length and of specified thickness. Commonly used for
floorings, panels, and lintels, etc.
DIMENSION STONE

37. is a generic flat stone, usually used for paving slabs or walkways, patios, fences
and roofing. It may be used for memorials, headstones, facades and other
constructions.
FLAGSTONE

38. angular rock is a form of construction aggregate, typically produced by
mining a suitable rock deposit and breaking the removed rock down to the
desired size using crushers. It is distinct from gravel which is produced by
natural processes of weathering and erosion, and typically has a more rounded
shape.
CRUSHED STONE

39. TYPES OF BUILDING STONES

40. Granite
Granite contains three main minerals – quartz, alkali feldspar, and plagioclase
feldspar. These minerals make granite white, pink, or light grey. Granite also
contains small amounts of dark brown, dark-green, or black minerals, such as
hornblende and biotite mica.
Granite is one of the oldest, most durable and most respected of building
materials. It is typically the hardest of the dimensional stones and withstands
the elements very well. It is best for kitchen countertops because it is scratch,
stain and heat resistant. It is also suitable for flooring or paving, wall cladding
and all other types of countertops. Granite is suitable for either exterior or
interior applications.
GRANITE

41. Slate
Slate consists mainly of grains of mica and quartz, plus small amounts of
chlorite, hematite, and other minerals. Most slate is grey to black in colour, but
the rock may be red or purple, depending on its mineral content.
Slate is one of the world’s oldest natural products. The building industry uses
slate for roofing and flagstone because the rock is weatherproof and long
lasting. It is also used to trim the fronts and lobbies of buildings. Slates are
typically used for flooring, roofing, and countertops. Most slates are suitable
for interior and exterior applications.
SLATE

42. Limestone
Limestone is a type of rock made up mostly of calcite, a mineral form of
calcium carbonate. Most limestone is grey, but all colours of limestone from
white to black have been found.
Limestone makes an excellent building stone because it can be carved easily. It
is typically used for flooring, wall cladding, vanity tops, furniture or ornate
stonework.
LIMESTONE

43. Sandstone
Sandstone commonly consists of sand sized grains of quartz, feldspar, and
other minerals. It may also include organic matter or rock fragments. The
minerals that cement the grains include quartz, pyrite, or calcite. The colour
of sandstone ranges from cream, grey, red, brown to green, depending on the
cements and impurities in the sand. Brownstone, reddish-brown sandstone,
was once widely used to build houses.
It is typically used as flooring or paving materials. Most sandstones are
suitable for both interior and exterior applications.
SANDSTONE

44. Marble
Marble consists chiefly of calcite or dolomite, or a combination of these
carbonate minerals. Marbles are basically metamorphosed limestones. It has
similar characteristics to limestones and is typically used on the same
applications. However, marbles are almost always more aesthetically valuable
and available in much wider ranges of colours.
Marble has long been highly valued for its beauty, strength, and resistance to
fire and erosion. It is a rock widely used in buildings, monuments, and
sculptures. Large blocks of coloured marble are used for columns, floors, and
other parts of buildings. It is suitable for wall-cladding, roofing, flooring and
all other interior and exterior applications.
MARBLE

45. Quartz
Quartzite is a stone composed of grains of quartz cemented together by silica.
It is a firm and compact stone with a body harder than marble. Its color is a
blend of light and dark greys and silver with flecks of quartz lending a
sparkle.
Quartzite is a durable stone which is primarily used for interior and exterior
floors; however, it may be used for wall-cladding, roofing and other types of
interior and exterior applications as well.
QUARTZ

46. Travertine
Travertine is limestone that has been formed over a long period of time. The
product is porous with many visible holes. It is available in colours ranging
from ivory to golden brown. The holes and cavities may be filled with
matching portland cement, coloured epoxy, or polyester resins or left unfilled
for a more rustic appearance.
It is normally used for flooring, wall cladding, vanity tops, fireplace surrounds
and furniture.
TRAVERTINE

47. -Paneling
-Ashlars
-Rubblework
-Trim
STONE CONSTRUCTIONS

48. Slab of stone cut to dimension and thickness, thin enough to cover up walls
and give a finished exteriors.
Running bond
-slabs arrange in a stretched position and overlaps by a half.
Stack bond
-slabs arrange in a stacked position and no overlapping of units, vertical and
horizontal joints are aligned.
PANELING

50. finely dressed (cut, worked) masonry, either an individual stone that has been
worked until squared or the masonry built of such stone. It is the finest stone
masonry unit, generally cuboid or less frequently trapezoidal.
Coursed ashlars
-laid out in courses of equal height, blocks various sizes may be combined to
make up the height of the course.
Random ashlars
-in a horizontal manner but with no regular courses.
ASHLARS

52. Random and no order of courses. Small spaces were filled with small stones.
Coursed rubble
-roughly dressed stones, combined and arrange to give an effect to courses.
Fieldstone
-not quarried stones found on the ground used as drywall or rubble masonry.
RUBBLEWORK

54. Stones cut for specific purposes
TRIM

55. -Rusticated – recessed cut margins
-Sand finish- granular and moderately smooth
-Sawn face – marks left after sawing the stone
-Rock face – rough natural look on stones
-Split face -texture from splitting stone
STONE FINISH

56. -cobble stone – naturally sounded or rectangular in shape.
-durex blocks – commonly made of granite and roughly cube.
STONE PAVERS