Bricks
Definition of bricks
properties of bricks
types of bricks
features of bricks
How bricks are made
Preparation of brick earth
Moulding of bricks
Drying of bricks
Burning of bricks
PREPARATION OF BRICK EARTH
Removal of loose soil:
About 30 cm depth contains a lot of impurities
like organic matter and hence
it should be taken out and thrown away.
Digging, spreading and cleaning:
The earth is then dug out from the ground.
This earth is spread into heaps
about 50 to 150 cm height.
Weathering:
The earth is then exposed to atmosphere for softening.
The period may be Of
few weeks to a season.
Hand moulding
When moulding is done with hand it is called hand moulding.
A wooden rectangular mould made in the shape of a brick is normally used for this purpose.
Machine moulding
The clay is placed in the machine, it comes out through the opening Under pressure.
It is cut to bricks by steel wires fixed into frames.
These bricks are also called wire cut bricks.
DRYING OF BRICKS
contain 7 to 30 percent moisture, depending upon the
forming method.
most of this water is evaporated in dryer chambers
temperatures about 100 ºF to 400 ºF (38 ºC to 204 ºC).
time, is between 24 to 48 hours.
Heat and humidity must be carefully regulated to avoid cracking in the brick.
BURNING OF BRICKS
INTERMITTENT KILN
Highly inefficient & labor-intensive.
Use coal + scavenged fuels
Most common, most primitive, most polluting
Temporary Structures
High Alumina BricksHigh alumina bricks from 50% up to 90% alumina
Various selected superior grade aggregates to meet the various service conditions of various types of furnaces like laddie, blast furnace, cement and sponge iron rotary kiln.
Concrete Bricks
These bricks have either pale green or gray color.
these are prepared from a small, dry aggregate concrete which is formed in steel molds by using vibration and compaction.
Fire Brick
A Fire brick is a block of ceramic material
used in masonry construction and sized to be layer with one hand using mortar.
bricks may be made from type of material .
these are built primarily to withstand high heat and also find applications in extreme mechanical, chemical, or thermal stresses.
the brick is widely used as refractory insulating bricks for maintaining insistent temperature.
Light Weight Hollow Blocks
This blocks are used in construction of houses in earthquake prone areas.
These bricks are made of fly ash, cement, lime, gypsum, stone dust etc.
available in different sizes.
hollow concrete blocks is used as substitute for conventional bricks or stones used in construction of buildings. and the blocks' importmant feature
Autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) block is a building material made of Portland cement, fine aggregates (fly ash or sand), water and an expansion agent in an autoclaving process heated under pressure which results in the production of air voids in the material, making it less dense, easy to cut/mould and better insulating
Classification, properties and extraction of AggregatesZeeshan Afzal
Aggregate:
Aggregates are defined as inert, granular, and inorganic material that normally consist of stone or stone like solids.
Aggregates are used :
In road bases as Asphalt Aggregates.
With ordinary Portland cement(OPC) as normal aggregates as fills in foundations and as aggregate accordingly to project specific studies.
About three-fourth (75%) of the volume of Portland cement concrete is occupied by aggregates. Other 25% include cementing materials like cement, sand and synthetic admixtures.Asphalt cement concrete occupy 90% or more of the total volume. The remaining portion is mainly sand and Bitumen which acts as cementing material in is Asphalt Aggregates.
Road Aggregate
Road aggregate are the non-active inert material used to provide mass to the base and sub-base courses.
Road aggregate should have high strength to bear the traffic load.
Road aggregates must have higher impact value to withstand the Tyre impact phenomenon.
By volume, aggregate generally account for 92 to 96% of bituminous concrete.
Road aggregates should have relatively:
High strength
High resistance to impact & abrasion
Impermeable
Chemically inert
Low coefficient of expansion
Concrete Aggregate:
Portland cement concrete occupy volume of about 70-80% of aggregates.
Fine aggregates are used in making thin concrete slabs where a smooth surface is required. Fine aggregate is commonly known as Pan.
Coarse aggregate is used for more massive members.
Fine aggregates are used in making thin concrete slabs where a smooth surface is required. Fine aggregate is commonly known as Pan.
Coarse aggregate is used for more massive members.
Fine aggregates are used in making thin concrete slabs where a smooth surface is required. Fine aggregate is commonly known as Pan.
Coarse aggregate is used for more massive members.
Siliceous material in aggregates
The siliceous materials are Opal, Chalcedony, Flint & Volcanic Glass.
These siliceous materials have Deleterious reaction, if high alkali-cement is used.
This can be avoided by using low alkali-cement and also by adding Pozzolana to the Mix.
Alkali-aggregate reaction can also occur
The percentage of strained Quartz in the aggregate also have deleterious reaction.
If Percentage of Strained Quartz is >40%, were highly reative.
Between 30-35% were moderate reative.
Argillaceous dolostones ( containing clay minerals) may expand when used with high alkali-cement.
The expansion is due to uptake moisture by the clay minerals.
Autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) block is a building material made of Portland cement, fine aggregates (fly ash or sand), water and an expansion agent in an autoclaving process heated under pressure which results in the production of air voids in the material, making it less dense, easy to cut/mould and better insulating
Classification, properties and extraction of AggregatesZeeshan Afzal
Aggregate:
Aggregates are defined as inert, granular, and inorganic material that normally consist of stone or stone like solids.
Aggregates are used :
In road bases as Asphalt Aggregates.
With ordinary Portland cement(OPC) as normal aggregates as fills in foundations and as aggregate accordingly to project specific studies.
About three-fourth (75%) of the volume of Portland cement concrete is occupied by aggregates. Other 25% include cementing materials like cement, sand and synthetic admixtures.Asphalt cement concrete occupy 90% or more of the total volume. The remaining portion is mainly sand and Bitumen which acts as cementing material in is Asphalt Aggregates.
Road Aggregate
Road aggregate are the non-active inert material used to provide mass to the base and sub-base courses.
Road aggregate should have high strength to bear the traffic load.
Road aggregates must have higher impact value to withstand the Tyre impact phenomenon.
By volume, aggregate generally account for 92 to 96% of bituminous concrete.
Road aggregates should have relatively:
High strength
High resistance to impact & abrasion
Impermeable
Chemically inert
Low coefficient of expansion
Concrete Aggregate:
Portland cement concrete occupy volume of about 70-80% of aggregates.
Fine aggregates are used in making thin concrete slabs where a smooth surface is required. Fine aggregate is commonly known as Pan.
Coarse aggregate is used for more massive members.
Fine aggregates are used in making thin concrete slabs where a smooth surface is required. Fine aggregate is commonly known as Pan.
Coarse aggregate is used for more massive members.
Fine aggregates are used in making thin concrete slabs where a smooth surface is required. Fine aggregate is commonly known as Pan.
Coarse aggregate is used for more massive members.
Siliceous material in aggregates
The siliceous materials are Opal, Chalcedony, Flint & Volcanic Glass.
These siliceous materials have Deleterious reaction, if high alkali-cement is used.
This can be avoided by using low alkali-cement and also by adding Pozzolana to the Mix.
Alkali-aggregate reaction can also occur
The percentage of strained Quartz in the aggregate also have deleterious reaction.
If Percentage of Strained Quartz is >40%, were highly reative.
Between 30-35% were moderate reative.
Argillaceous dolostones ( containing clay minerals) may expand when used with high alkali-cement.
The expansion is due to uptake moisture by the clay minerals.
Types,manufacturing and behaviour of Dimension or decorative stoneZeeshan Afzal
Dimension stone
Definition:
Dimension stones are naturally occurring rocks of igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary origin which are sufficiently consolidated to enable them to be cut or shaped into blocks or slabs for use as wailing, paving and roofing material in the construction of building and other structures.
Rock Types:
Principally limestone (including marbles), sandstone, slates and granite are used as dimension stone.
Texture, Minerology and Colour:
Dimension Stone shows a wide variety of texture and minerology depending on their origin. Colour is an important aspect but does not follow agreed and standard colour scheme.
Types:
Igneous Dimension Stone.
Sedimentary Dimension Stone.
Metamorphic Dimension Stone.
Miscellaneous Dimension Stone.
Igneous Dimension Stone:
These are hard and crystalline and widely used as dimension stones but commonly termed as granite by trade.
Igneous rocks show a range from pale coloured, coarsely crystalline, quartzo feldspathic varieties to dark coloured, fine grained, basaltic rock type.
Sedimentary Dimension Stone:
Sedimentary rocks include our most common dimension stones. Sandstone and Limestone are most common in them.
These are formed by cementing of pre-existing igneous rocks and high quartz content in them makes them hard and durable building stone.
Metamorphic Dimension Stone:
These are not widely used commercially as dimension stone but are fine grained.
Cleaved slates are the principal source of roofing stone worldwide.
Included in the metamorphic rocks are the true marbles.
Miscellaneous Dimension Stone:
Some texturally and minerologically distinctive rocks are used for decorative building purposes include ironstone, flint, tufa, etc.
Extraction Method and Processing:
Extraction Method and Processing:Stone Processing:
Processing of stone is begins at the quarry or following transportation to centralized cutting sheds depending on the requirement of the contract.
Softer stones such as limestone can be shaped and dressed using hand or cut using hand saws.
Harder stones may need to be sawn using frame saws, gang saws, diamond rotary blades, high pressure water jets, etc.
Surface finishing of some stones can involve polishing using abrasive and flamejet texturing.
Classification and Uses
Concrete and its types and properties and admixtures used in concreteZeeshan Afzal
Its free..use it and like it and share it if you think its best:
Concrete
Introduction.
2. Ingredients.
3.Manufacturing.
4. Classification On Installation Bases.
5.Terminologies.
6.Admixtures And Their Types.
7.Types Of Concrete.
8.Properties Of Concrete.
9.Uses Of Concrete.
Objective:
To know more about “concrete”.
How you can prevent corrosion?
How you can give strength to your structure using concrete?
What kind of admixtures you can use to get the required result?
What are the terminologies that are associated with concrete?
What are the tests that can be performed to check the quality?
Who Invented The Concrete ?
A “composite material” that consists essentially of a binding medium, such as a mixture of Portland cement and water, within which are embedded particles or fragments of aggregate, usually a combination of fine and coarse aggregate.
Cement
In concrete, the most commonly used is
Portland cement, a hydraulic cement which
sets and hardens by chemical reaction with
water and is capable of doing so under water.
Cement is the “glue” that binds the
concrete ingredients together & instrumental
for the strength of the composite
Aggregate
The Aggregate is a granular material, such as sand, gravel, crushed stone, or in iron-blast furnace slag. The aggregate constitutes typically 75% of the concrete volume, or more, and therefore its properties largely determine the properties of the concrete.
Proportion of ingredients
A mix is about 10 to 15 percent cement, 60 to 75 percent aggregate and 15 to 20 percent water. Entrained air in many concrete mixes may also take up another 5 to 8 percent.
Classification of concrete on basis of
installation method
Types
4.1 Ready-Mix Concrete.
4.2 Reinforced Concrete.
4.3 Fresh Concrete.
4.4 Pre-cast Concrete.
4.5 Shrink-Mix Concrete.
Ready/Pre Mix Concrete
Reinforced Concrete
Fresh Concrete
pre cast Concrete
properties of fresh concrete
properties of harden concrete
green concrete
mineral admixture
retarding admixture
accelarating admixture
color admixture
pozolon
water reducing admixture
air entraining admixture
chemical admixture
pigments
cement
cement paste
aggregates
terminologies in concrete
Cement is topic;like and give credit for my free work
cement
cement and its types
Manufacturing of cement
uses of cement
wet process
dry process
portland cement
raw materials used in cement
field tests for cement
A small hard block of backed clay that is used to build structure
such as houses and sometimes to make streets ,paths ,etc
Another definition
Molded rectangular block of clay backed by sun or in a kiln until hard and use as a buildings and paving material.
A brick is a block or a single unit of a ceramic material used in masonry construction. Typically bricks are stacked together or laid as brickwork using various kinds of mortar to hold the bricks together and make a permanent structure.
Bricks are typically produced in common or standard sizes in bulk quantities. They have been regarded as one of the longest lasting and strongest building materials used throughout history.
A detailed presentation on the components, parts , types , usage and application of bricks in brick masonry structures useful for civil engineering students
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdf
properties,Manufacturing, types and features of bricks
1.
2. DEFINITION
A small hard block of backed clay that is used to build structure
such as houses and sometimes to make streets ,paths ,etc
Another definition
Molded rectangular block of clay backed by sun or in a kiln until hard
and use as a buildings and paving material.
3. Bricks are one of the oldest known building materials dating back to 7000bc
They were first found in southern turkey.
The first bricks were sun dried mud bricks.
Fired bricks were found to be more resistant to harsher weather conditions,
Thy made them a much more reliable brick for use in permanent buildings,
where mud bricks would not have been sufficient.
HISTORY
4. Bricks now
Bricks are more commonly used in the construction of buildings.
Brick architecture is dominant within its field
Manufacture of many different types of bricks of all shapes and colors.
Modern machinery, earth moving equipment, powerful electric motors
and modern tunnel kilns,making bricks has become much more
productive and efficient.
Bricks can be made from variety of materials the most common being
clay but also calcium silicate and concrete.
With clay bricks being the more popular, they are now manufactured
using three processes soft mud, dry press and extruded.
8. PREPARATION OF BRICK EARTH
Removal of loose soil:
About 30 cm depth contains a lot of impurities
like organic matter and hence
it should be taken out and thrown away.
Digging, spreading and cleaning:
The earth is then dug out from the ground.
This earth is spread into heaps
about 50 to 150 cm height.
Weathering:
The earth is then exposed to atmosphere for softening.
The period may be Of
few weeks to a season.
10. MOULDING
HAND MOULDING
• WHEN MOULDING IS DONE WITH HAND IT IS CALLED HAND MOULDING.
• A WOODEN RECTANGULAR MOULD MADE IN THE SHAPE OF A BRICK IS
NORMALLY USED FOR THIS PURPOSE.
MACHINE MOULDING
• THE CLAY IS PLACED IN THE MACHINE, IT COMES OUT THROUGH THE
OPENING UNDER PRESSURE.
• IT IS CUT TO BRICKS BY STEEL WIRES FIXED INTO FRAMES.
THESE BRICKS ARE ALSO CALLED WIRE CUT BRICKS.
14. DRYING OF BRICKS
CONTAIN 7 TO 30 PERCENT MOISTURE, DEPENDING UPON THE
FORMING METHOD.
MOST OF THIS WATER IS EVAPORATED IN DRYER CHAMBERS
TEMPERATURES ABOUT 100 ºF TO 400 ºF (38 ºC TO 204 ºC).
TIME, IS BETWEEN 24 TO 48 HOURS.
HEAT AND HUMIDITY MUST BE CAREFULLY REGULATED TO AVOID CRACKING
IN THE BRICK.
15. BURNING OF BRICKS
INTERMITTENT KILN
HIGHLY INEFFICIENT & LABOR-INTENSIVE.
USE COAL + SCAVENGED FUELS
MOST COMMON, MOST PRIMITIVE, MOST POLLUTING
TEMPORARY STRUCTURES
A typical old kiln.
A typical tunnel kiln.
16.
17. CONCRETE BRICKS
• These bricks have either pale green or gray color.
• these are prepared from a small, dry aggregate concrete which is formed in
steel molds by using vibration and compaction.
High Alumina Bricks
High alumina bricks from 50% up to 90% alumina
• Various selected superior grade aggregates to meet the various service
conditions of various types of furnaces like laddie, blast furnace, cement
and sponge iron rotary kiln.
18. •FIRE BRICK
• A Fire brick is a block of ceramic material
• used in masonry construction and sized to be layer with one hand using mortar.
• bricks may be made from type of material .
• these are built primarily to withstand high heat and also find applications in extreme
mechanical, chemical, or thermal stresses.
• the brick is widely used as refractory insulating bricks for maintaining insistent
temperature.
•LIGHT WEIGHT HOLLOW BLOCKS
• This blocks are used in construction of houses in earthquake prone areas.
• These bricks are made of fly ash, cement, lime, gypsum, stone dust etc.
• available in different sizes.
• hollow concrete blocks is used as substitute for conventional bricks or stones used in
construction of buildings. and the blocks' importmant feature
19.
20.
21. •COLOR AND TEXTURE
BRICKS OFFER NATURAL AND A VARIETY OF COLORS, INCLUDING VARIOUS
TEXTURES.
•STRENGTH
BRICKS OFFER EXCELLENT HIGH COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH.
•POROSITY
THE ABILITY TO RELEASE AND ABSORB MOISTURE IS ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT
AND USEFUL PROPERTIES OF BRICKS, REGULATING TEMPERATURES AND HUMIDITY
INSIDE STRUCTURES.
• FIRE RESISTANCE
WHEN PREPARED PROPERLY A BRICK STRUCTURE CAN GIVE A FIRE
PROTECTION MAXIMUM RATING OF 6 HOURS.
22.
23. • the format of brick is 90mm x 90mm x 90mm and 190mm x190mm x
190mm .
• with mortar joints ,the size of these bricks are taken as 200mm x
100mm x 100mm and 200 mm x 100 mm x 50 mm .
• the most common brick size is the ‘imperial brick’, which measures
222mm long x 106mm wide x 73mm high with a mass of between
3.0kg.
• there are also other sizes and formats available.
24.
25. THE BRICKS USED IN CONSTRUCTION
ARE CLASSIFIED AS:
BRUNT BRICKS :
•FIRST CLASS BRICKS
•SECOND CLASS BRICKS
•THIRD CLASS BRICKS
•FOURTH CLASS BRICKS
26. UNBURNT OR SUN DRIED BRICKS
• THESE ARE DRIED UNDER SUNLIGHT.
• THESE ARE USED FOR TEMPORARY AND CHEAP CONSTRUCTION.
• IT IS ALSO USED FOR FILLING WORKS.
27. FIRST CLASS BRICKS
MADE OF GOOD EARTH WHICH IS FREE FROM SALINE DEPOSITS AND ARE
SAND MOLDED.
BURNT THOROUGHLY WITHOUT BEING VITRIFIED AND HAVE DEEP RED,
CHERRY AND COPPER COLOR.
SECOND CLASS BRICKS
They shall be well burnt or slightly over burnt.
They must give clear ringing sound when
struck.
The may have slight irregularities in size, shape
and color.
The minimum crushing strength of second class
brick should be 70 kg per sq cm
28. THIRD CLASS BRICKS
THESE BRICKS ARE SLIGHTLY UNDER BURNT OR OVER BURNT.
THEY ARE NOT UNIFORM IN SHAPE, SIZE AND EDGES.
THEY SHALL NOT OBSERVE WATER MORE THAN 25% OF THEIR OWN
DRY WEIGHT AFTER 24 HOURS, IMMERSION IN COLD WATER.
THEY HAVE SOME SIGNS OF EFFLORESCENCE
FOURTH CLASS BRICKS
These are over burnt bricks which are dark in colour and are
irregular in size and shape.
These are used as aggregate in concrete and for flooring.
Over burnt bricks are not used for building construction
31. • structural uses: such as foundations walls and floors.
• decorative/ornamental uses: may be cast to from moldings and
other decorative features may be carved also may be used in
a variety of colors, textures, bonds and joints.
• may be concealed by other finish materials such as stucco,
plaster or paint, or may be exposed both on the interior and exterior.
• bricks are also used in the metallurgy and glass industries for lining furnaces.
• they have various uses, especially refractory bricks such as silica, magnesia,
chamotte andneutral (chromomagnesite) refractory
bricks. this type of brick must have good thermal shock resistance, under
load, high melting point, and satisfactory porosity.
• bricks are used for building and pavement . earlier brick pavement was
found incapable of withstanding heavy traffic,but it is coming back into use
as a method of traffic calming or as adecorative surface in pedestrian
precincts.
32.
33. • the use of materials such as brick and stone can increase the thermal
mass of building, giving increased comfort in the heat of summer
and cold of winter and can be ideal for passive solar applications.
• brick typically will not require painting and so can provide a structure with
reduced life cycle costs, although sealing appropriately will reduce
potential spalling due to frost damage. concrete block of the non
decorative variety generally is painted or stuccoed if exposed.
• the appearance especially when well crafted, can impart an impression of
solidity and permanence.
• brick is very heat resistant material and thus will provide good
fire protection.
• being much more resistant to cold and moist weather conditions, brick
enabled the construction of permanent buildings in regions where the
harsher climate precluded the use of mud bricks.