This document outlines the topics covered in the Engineering Geology and Seismology course. The course will discuss engineering geology, the role of geology in civil engineering, building stones, their characteristics and uses, and stone finishes. Key topics include how geology aids in foundation engineering, construction materials, and disaster mitigation. The course will also cover various building stone types like granite, sandstone, slate and marble.
Geological surveys are normally undertaken by private agencies, state government departs of mines and geology, and national geological survey organizations. They maintain the geological inventory of various formations, mineral deposits and resources. They keep all records for the advancement of knowledge of geosciences for the benefit of the nation. Geological mapping are parts of a geological survey. It involves certain procedures. This lesson highlights the methods and procedures of geological mapping.
Engineering geology is the application of the science of geology to the technology of ground engineering. The subject requires a comprehensive knowledge of geology, as well as an understanding of engineering properties and behaviour of the geological materials. The practice involves site investigation and site characterization specific to the needs of the engineering project. The geotechnical engineer plays a key role in most civil engineering projects as most structures are built on or in the ground. Geotechnical engineers assess the properties and behaviour of soil and rock formations.
Geological surveys are normally undertaken by private agencies, state government departs of mines and geology, and national geological survey organizations. They maintain the geological inventory of various formations, mineral deposits and resources. They keep all records for the advancement of knowledge of geosciences for the benefit of the nation. Geological mapping are parts of a geological survey. It involves certain procedures. This lesson highlights the methods and procedures of geological mapping.
Engineering geology is the application of the science of geology to the technology of ground engineering. The subject requires a comprehensive knowledge of geology, as well as an understanding of engineering properties and behaviour of the geological materials. The practice involves site investigation and site characterization specific to the needs of the engineering project. The geotechnical engineer plays a key role in most civil engineering projects as most structures are built on or in the ground. Geotechnical engineers assess the properties and behaviour of soil and rock formations.
Rock Mass Classification and also a brief description of Rock Mass Rating (RMR), Rock Structure Rating (RSR), Q valves and New Austrian Tunneling method(NATM)
The mineral reserves & reserves estimation using triangular methods Numan Hossain
It includes the introduction about mineral reserves. It also introducing triangular method to estimate the mineral reserves. Here after solving related problems some relevant problems are introduced for practice.Hope, it will be helpful who wants to estimate ore reserves using triangular methods. Here, the differences between probable and proven reserves also displayed.
The presentation comprises the Gravity Method, It's anomaly, reduction, and its applications. The Gravity method is commonly used in Geology specifically in Geophysics.
Tunnelling is a serious engineering project.
In addition to large investment cost, the challenges related to long and deep tunnels are considerable.
Important aspects which needs to be considered are related to the construction works, geology, environment and operation. his module highlights all these aspects.
Highway engineering is an engineering discipline branching out from civil engineering. This subject involves the planning, design, construction, operation, and maintenance of roads, bridges, and tunnels to ensure safe and effective transportation of people and goods. There are certain geological conditions which should be considered while laying the highways. This module give those details in general.
Rock Mass Classification and also a brief description of Rock Mass Rating (RMR), Rock Structure Rating (RSR), Q valves and New Austrian Tunneling method(NATM)
The mineral reserves & reserves estimation using triangular methods Numan Hossain
It includes the introduction about mineral reserves. It also introducing triangular method to estimate the mineral reserves. Here after solving related problems some relevant problems are introduced for practice.Hope, it will be helpful who wants to estimate ore reserves using triangular methods. Here, the differences between probable and proven reserves also displayed.
The presentation comprises the Gravity Method, It's anomaly, reduction, and its applications. The Gravity method is commonly used in Geology specifically in Geophysics.
Tunnelling is a serious engineering project.
In addition to large investment cost, the challenges related to long and deep tunnels are considerable.
Important aspects which needs to be considered are related to the construction works, geology, environment and operation. his module highlights all these aspects.
Highway engineering is an engineering discipline branching out from civil engineering. This subject involves the planning, design, construction, operation, and maintenance of roads, bridges, and tunnels to ensure safe and effective transportation of people and goods. There are certain geological conditions which should be considered while laying the highways. This module give those details in general.
Indian construction industry is growing at a rate of 9.2% as against the world average of 5.5%.
Construction by nature is not an eco-friendly activity. Construction, renovation and demolition activities lead to the formation of waste.
Growth in construction activities generates construction waste which is fast becoming a serious environmental problem with deadly
consequences. Most of the construction and demolition, waste in our country are not recycled but end up in landfills occupying valuable
land.
The promotion of environmental management and the mission of sustainable development have exerted the pressure demanding for
the adoption of proper methods to protect the environment across all industries including construction.
Construction waste recycling reduces the demand up on new resources. Cuts down the cost and effort of transport and production. Use
waste which would otherwise be lost to land fill sites.
Various field of civil engineering concerned with geology,
Summery of applications,
FAQ’s,
Suggested Readings,
Standard References for Indian Students,Geology in Civil Engineering ,Geo technical Investigation, Site Selection, Geology in Mega projects, Geology in Ground water, Geology in Hydrology, Geology in Foundation of Structures, Geology- References, Geology for Construction Engineering
Types,manufacturing and behaviour of Dimension or decorative stoneZeeshan Afzal
Dimension stone
Definition:
Dimension stones are naturally occurring rocks of igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary origin which are sufficiently consolidated to enable them to be cut or shaped into blocks or slabs for use as wailing, paving and roofing material in the construction of building and other structures.
Rock Types:
Principally limestone (including marbles), sandstone, slates and granite are used as dimension stone.
Texture, Minerology and Colour:
Dimension Stone shows a wide variety of texture and minerology depending on their origin. Colour is an important aspect but does not follow agreed and standard colour scheme.
Types:
Igneous Dimension Stone.
Sedimentary Dimension Stone.
Metamorphic Dimension Stone.
Miscellaneous Dimension Stone.
Igneous Dimension Stone:
These are hard and crystalline and widely used as dimension stones but commonly termed as granite by trade.
Igneous rocks show a range from pale coloured, coarsely crystalline, quartzo feldspathic varieties to dark coloured, fine grained, basaltic rock type.
Sedimentary Dimension Stone:
Sedimentary rocks include our most common dimension stones. Sandstone and Limestone are most common in them.
These are formed by cementing of pre-existing igneous rocks and high quartz content in them makes them hard and durable building stone.
Metamorphic Dimension Stone:
These are not widely used commercially as dimension stone but are fine grained.
Cleaved slates are the principal source of roofing stone worldwide.
Included in the metamorphic rocks are the true marbles.
Miscellaneous Dimension Stone:
Some texturally and minerologically distinctive rocks are used for decorative building purposes include ironstone, flint, tufa, etc.
Extraction Method and Processing:
Extraction Method and Processing:Stone Processing:
Processing of stone is begins at the quarry or following transportation to centralized cutting sheds depending on the requirement of the contract.
Softer stones such as limestone can be shaped and dressed using hand or cut using hand saws.
Harder stones may need to be sawn using frame saws, gang saws, diamond rotary blades, high pressure water jets, etc.
Surface finishing of some stones can involve polishing using abrasive and flamejet texturing.
Classification and Uses
Dimension stones are naturally occurring rocks of igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary origin which are sufficiently consolidated to enable them to be cut or shaped into blocks or slabs for use as walling, paving and roofing material in the construction of building and other structures.
The process of extracting or taking out stones from natural rocks bed is known as the Quarrying of Stones. The term ‘Quarry’ is used to indicate the exposed surface of the natural rock. The place or site from where stones are taken out is called ‘Quarry Site’.
Building stones quarrying – properties – structural requirements
A STUDY ON EFFECTS OF GEOSYNTHETIC ENCASEMENT ON FLOATING STONE COLUMNIAEME Publication
There is tremendouseffort required to treat the soft soil for laying foundation over it. In recentera researchers found little success to treat such a heterogeneous soft soil.The Geosynthetically encased stone column for improving such soft soil is nowproven to be most effective one. Many researchers worked and proven theeffectiveness of this method. Plenty of researchers worked on soft soilimprovement using Geosynthetically encased stone column. Most of the researchwork done on unit cell idealization basis and the stone column rested overrigid bottom base of unit cell. However it is not necessary to have firm layeralways available during actual field condition. So the present research work isall about treating the soft soil with Geosynthetically reinforced floatingstone column. The bottom of the stone columns is rested over soft soil itself.Four types of Geosynthetic materials are used as an encasement. The loadsettlement responses were measured to know the effects of types ofreinforcement on load settlement behaviour of floating stone column.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
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This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
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1. LECTURE-05
CE-312
ENGINEERING GEOLOGY & SEISMOLOGY
(03 Credit Hours)
Instructor:
Engr. Muhammad Adeel Arshad
Department of Civil Engineering
University of Engineering & Technology Peshawar
2. Outlines of the Presentation
1.What is Engineering Geology?
2.Role of Geology in Civil Engineering
3.Building Stones
4.Characteristics of Building Stones
5.Use of Building Stones
6.Types of Building Stones
7.Stone Finish
Courtesy: Dr. Irshad Ahmad
Engg. Geology & Seismology (CE-312) Instructor: Engr. Muhammad Adeel Arshad 2
3. What is Engineering Geology
Engineering geology is the application of geological data, techniques and
principles to the study of rock and soil surficial materials, and ground water.
This is essential for the proper location, planning, design, construction,
operation and maintenance of engineering structures. Engineering geology
complements environmental geology, or hydrogeology.
Civil engineers design structures that are built on or in the ground. As such
an understanding of how the ground behaves is fundamental to civil
engineering design. Earth materials can pose significant problems that need
to be predicted, planned and designed for.
Courtesy: Dr. Irshad Ahmad
Engg. Geology & Seismology (CE-312) Instructor: Engr. Muhammad Adeel Arshad 3
4. Role of Geology in Civil Engineering
Geology is applicable in:
Foundation engineering - assessment of soil conditions
Construction materials engineering - quality of stones, lime,
cement etc.
Infrastructure engineering - location of bridges, tunnels, river
meandering zones
Disaster mitigation - seismic resistant structural design, flood control,
river training, waterway of bridges
Land-use engineering - soil erosion control, natural drainage
Water Resources engineering - hydrogeology (reservoir capacity
for e.g.), source and quality of aquifer and water, desilting of
reservoirs and navigation channels
Environmental engineering - ecological balance, solid waste
management by landfill
Economical design in advanced
Courtesy: Dr. Irshad Ahmad
Engg. Geology & Seismology (CE-312) Instructor: Engr. Muhammad Adeel Arshad 4
5. Role of Geology in Civil Engineering
A Civil Engineer should be able to address the following issues.
– Where to site a civil engineering facility or industrial plant being geological
secure and economically feasible.
– How to avoid unfavourable geological conditions.
– How to design foundations under acceptable geological and geotechnical
conditions.
– How to excavate a slope to be stable and economically feasible.
– How to excavate a tunnel or underground facility to be stable.
– Availability of geological materials to built dams, embankments, roads, etc.
– Ground treatments to prevent or correct seepages, subsidence, settlements,
landslides.
– Under what geological conditions and materials can be stored toxic, urban or
radioactive wastes.
– How to control, prevent or mitigate geological hazards (earthquakes,
landslides, etc.)
– What geologic and geotechnical criteria must be taken into account in land
use and urban planning and to mitigate environmental impacts.
Courtesy: Dr. Irshad Ahmad
Engg. Geology & Seismology (CE-312) Instructor: Engr. Muhammad Adeel Arshad 5
6. Building Stones
Building stone is rock that is used in the
construction of buildings, retaining walls,
bridges, and other structures and
includes building components such as
walls, foundations, sills, chimneys, and
steps. The most desirable building
stones have a combination of strength;
durability; beauty; and ease of quarrying,
cutting, and carving.
Courtesy: Dr. Irshad Ahmad
Engg. Geology & Seismology (CE-312) Instructor: Engr. Muhammad Adeel Arshad 6
7. Characteristics of Building Stones
To qualify as a construction material, stone should have the following
qualities:
Strength
Most types of stone have more than adequate compressive strength. The
shear strength of stone, however, is usually about 1/10 of its compressive
strength.
Courtesy: Dr. Irshad Ahmad
Engg. Geology & Seismology (CE-312) Instructor: Engr. Muhammad Adeel Arshad 7
8. Characteristics of Building Stones
Hardness
Hardness is important when stone is used for flooring, paving, and stair
treads.
Courtesy: Dr. Irshad Ahmad
Engg. Geology & Seismology (CE-312) Instructor: Engr. Muhammad Adeel Arshad 8
9. Characteristics of Building Stones
Hardness
Talc, easily scratched with the thumb-nail: 1
Gypsum, scratched by the thumb-nail: 2
Calcite, not scratched by thumb-nail but easily cut by knife: 3
Fluorite, can be cut by knife with greater difficulty than calcite: 4
Apatite, can be cut only with difficulty by knife: 5
Orthoclase, can be cut w/ knife w/ great difficulty on thin edges: 6
Quartz, not scratched by steel, scratches glass: 7
Topaz: 8
Sapphire: 9
Diamond: 10
Courtesy: Dr. Irshad Ahmad
Engg. Geology & Seismology (CE-312) Instructor: Engr. Muhammad Adeel Arshad 9
10. Characteristics of Building Stones
Durability
Exfoliation, hydration, slaking, solution, oxidation & abrasion all lower rock
quality. Resistance to the weathering effects of rain, wind, heat, and frost
action is necessary for exterior stonework.
Courtesy: Dr. Irshad Ahmad
Engg. Geology & Seismology (CE-312) Instructor: Engr. Muhammad Adeel Arshad 10
11. Characteristics of Building Stones
Workability
A stone’s hardness and grain texture must allow it to be quarried, cut and
shaped.
Courtesy: Dr. Irshad Ahmad
Engg. Geology & Seismology (CE-312) Instructor: Engr. Muhammad Adeel Arshad 11
12. Characteristics of Building Stones
Density
Rocks exhibit a greater range in density
than soils. Knowledge of the rock
density is important to engineering
practice. A concrete aggregate with
higher than average density can mean a
smaller volume of concrete required for
a gravity retaining wall or dam. It is
expressed as weight per unit volume.
Courtesy: Dr. Irshad Ahmad
Engg. Geology & Seismology (CE-312) Instructor: Engr. Muhammad Adeel Arshad 12
13. Characteristics of Building Stones
Porosity
A stone’s porosity affects its ability to withstand frost action and staining.
Porosity is expressed in percentage as the ratio of volume of voids to the
total volume. Typical values for sandstones are around 15%. In Igneous and
Metamorphic rocks, a large proportion of the pore space (usually < 1-2%)
occurs as planar “fissures”.
Courtesy: Dr. Irshad Ahmad
Engg. Geology & Seismology (CE-312) Instructor: Engr. Muhammad Adeel Arshad 13
14. Characteristics of Building Stones
Permeability
As well as the degree of interconnection between pores / fissures, its
variation with change in normal stress assesses the degree of fissuring of a
rock. Dense rocks like granite, basalt, schist and crystalline limestone
possess very low permeability as lab specimens, but field tests can show
significant permeability due to open joints and fractures.
24-hours Water Absorption of Stones by Volume
Courtesy: Dr. Irshad Ahmad
Engg. Geology & Seismology (CE-312) Instructor: Engr. Muhammad Adeel Arshad 14
15. Characteristics of Building Stones
Appearance
Appearance factors include color, grain, and texture.
Courtesy: Dr. Irshad Ahmad
Engg. Geology & Seismology (CE-312) Instructor: Engr. Muhammad Adeel Arshad 15
16. Use of Building Stones
Stone is used in construction in the following forms:
Rubble
Dimension stone
Flagstone
Crushed stone
Courtesy: Dr. Irshad Ahmad
Engg. Geology & Seismology (CE-312) Instructor: Engr. Muhammad Adeel Arshad 16
17. Use of Building Stones
Rubble
Rubble consists of rough
fragments of broken stone that
have at least one good face for
exposure in a wall. It can also be
used for a variety of purposes,
including rubble stone walls, fill,
and stepping stones.
Courtesy: Dr. Irshad Ahmad
Engg. Geology & Seismology (CE-312) Instructor: Engr. Muhammad Adeel Arshad 17
18. Use of Building Stones
Dimension Stone
Dimension Stone is natural stone or rock that has
been selected and fabricated (i.e., trimmed, cut,
drilled, ground, or other) to specific sizes or shapes,
used commonly for wall panels, cornices, copings,
lintels and flooring.
Courtesy: Dr. Irshad Ahmad
Engg. Geology & Seismology (CE-312) Instructor: Engr. Muhammad Adeel Arshad 18
19. Use of Building Stones
Flagstone
Flagstone refers to flat stone slabs used
for flooring and horizontal surfacing.
Courtesy: Dr. Irshad Ahmad
Engg. Geology & Seismology (CE-312) Instructor: Engr. Muhammad Adeel Arshad 19
20. Use of Building Stones
Crushed Stone
Crushed stone is used as aggregate in concrete products, typically
produced by mining a suitable rock deposit and breaking the removed
rock down to the desired size using crushers.
Courtesy: Dr. Irshad Ahmad
Engg. Geology & Seismology (CE-312) Instructor: Engr. Muhammad Adeel Arshad 20
21. Types of Building Stones
Granite
Its of igneous origin, hard, strong, durable
and capable of taking high pressure.
They can be polished to red, pink, yellow,
green, blue, white and brown.
Used for:
flooring
wall paneling
column
facing
stair treads
flagstone
Courtesy: Dr. Irshad Ahmad
Engg. Geology & Seismology (CE-312) Instructor: Engr. Muhammad Adeel Arshad 21
22. Types of Building Stones
Sandstone
It’s a class of rock of cemented
silica grains with texture ranging
from very fine to very coarse.
Colors vary from buff, red and
light brown. They are porous, 30%
of volume is composed of pores.
Used for:
paneling
rubblework
copings
cornices
lintels
arch stone
Courtesy: Dr. Irshad Ahmad
Engg. Geology & Seismology (CE-312) Instructor: Engr. Muhammad Adeel Arshad 22
23. Types of Building Stones
Slate
Slate Rock comes from the
metamorphosis of clays and
shale's deposited in layers. May be
separated into thin, tough sheets
called slates. Colors are black,
green red, grey, or purple.
Used for:
flooring
window sills
stools
stair treads & facing
Courtesy: Dr. Irshad Ahmad
Engg. Geology & Seismology (CE-312) Instructor: Engr. Muhammad Adeel Arshad 23
24. Types of Building Stones
Marble
Marble is a non-foliated metamorphic
rock composed of recrystallized
carbonate minerals, most
commonly calcite or dolomite.
Used for:
flooring
wall & column facing
Courtesy: Dr. Irshad Ahmad
Engg. Geology & Seismology (CE-312) Instructor: Engr. Muhammad Adeel Arshad 24
25. Stone Finish
Rusticated
A term describing stone masonry
with a recessed cut margin, so a
channel is formed when the blocks
are aligned.
Courtesy: Dr. Irshad Ahmad
Engg. Geology & Seismology (CE-312) Instructor: Engr. Muhammad Adeel Arshad 25
26. Stone Finish
Sand Finish
A stone finish that is granular and
moderately smooth, varying with the
characteristics of the specific stone.
Courtesy: Dr. Irshad Ahmad
Engg. Geology & Seismology (CE-312) Instructor: Engr. Muhammad Adeel Arshad 26
27. Stone Finish
Saw Face
A stone finish that is granular and
moderately smooth, varying with the
characteristics of the specific stone.
A term describing stone exhibiting
the marks left by the saw used to cut
it.
Courtesy: Dr. Irshad Ahmad
Engg. Geology & Seismology (CE-312) Instructor: Engr. Muhammad Adeel Arshad 27
28. Stone Finish
Rock Face
A stone finish with emphasized face-plane shifts and rough corners,
exaggerating the natural look of the stone.
Courtesy: Dr. Irshad Ahmad
Engg. Geology & Seismology (CE-312) Instructor: Engr. Muhammad Adeel Arshad 28
29. Stone Finish
Split Face
A stone finish exhibiting the natural
quarry texture resulting from splitting
the stone.
Courtesy: Dr. Irshad Ahmad
Engg. Geology & Seismology (CE-312) Instructor: Engr. Muhammad Adeel Arshad 29
30. The End
Courtesy: Dr. Irshad Ahmad
Engg. Geology & Seismology (CE-312) Instructor: Engr. Muhammad Adeel Arshad 30