Concrete Construction: Batching of mixes; casting process, compaction and curing;
requirement of mix design and casting of test cubes – removing cubes from moulds and
curing for strength tests; bar-bending equipments and preparation of reinforcement for
R C C works
Quality Control in Concrete and Durability factors : An overviewbybyRAJESH PRASAD,IRSE, CPM/M, RVNL. KOLKATA. An interesting and informative presentation....
Concrete Construction: Batching of mixes; casting process, compaction and curing;
requirement of mix design and casting of test cubes – removing cubes from moulds and
curing for strength tests; bar-bending equipments and preparation of reinforcement for
R C C works
Quality Control in Concrete and Durability factors : An overviewbybyRAJESH PRASAD,IRSE, CPM/M, RVNL. KOLKATA. An interesting and informative presentation....
Briefly describe about Construction Aggregates. How to manufractured how sampling its uses application all thing are described here. To understand about aggregate read this slide.
A presentation about Coarse Aggregate & Fine Aggregate on Civil Engineering subject. Due to privacy concern, only the group members names are kept where the student ID's are removed.
Suicide Prevention through Architecture (Building) and City PlanningGAURAV. H .TANDON
Suicide Prevention through Architecture (Building) and City Planning
Accessing The Potentials Of CPTED Principles In Addressing Safety Concerns Of Suicide Prevention In City Planning
Suicide Prevention through Architecture (Building) and City PlanningGAURAV. H .TANDON
Suicide Prevention through Architecture (Building) and City Planning
Accessing The Potentials Of CPTED Principles In Addressing Safety Concerns Of Suicide Prevention In City Planning
Digital Detoxing in Smart Cities.
Digital Detox for Sustainability: Unplugging/Redesigning technologies of Smart Cities for a Sustainable Future
“How a small Village in Maharashtra, India teaching importance of Digital detoxing to Mega Smart cities of India”
Digital Detoxing in Smart Cities
Digital Detox for Sustainability: Unplugging/Redesigning technologies of Smart Cities for a Sustainable Future
“How a small Village in Maharashtra, India teaching importance of Digital detoxing to Mega Smart cities of India”
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
2. AggregatesAggregates
• Aggregates generally occupy 65- 80% of a concrete’sAggregates generally occupy 65- 80% of a concrete’s
volume.volume. Aggregates are inert fillers floating in theAggregates are inert fillers floating in the
cement paste matrix for concretes of low strength. Thecement paste matrix for concretes of low strength. The
strength of aggregates do not contribute to the strength ofstrength of aggregates do not contribute to the strength of
concrete for low strength concreteconcrete for low strength concrete. The characteristics. The characteristics
of aggregates impact performance of fresh andof aggregates impact performance of fresh and
hardened concrete.hardened concrete.
3. Why use aggregateWhy use aggregate
• Reduce the cost of the concreteReduce the cost of the concrete – 1/4 - 1/8 of the cement– 1/4 - 1/8 of the cement
priceprice
• Reduce thermal crackingReduce thermal cracking – 100 kg of OPC produces– 100 kg of OPC produces
about 12about 12oo
C temperature riseC temperature rise
• Reduces shrinkageReduces shrinkage – 10% reduction in aggregate volume can– 10% reduction in aggregate volume can
double shrinkagedouble shrinkage
• High aggregateHigh aggregate : cement ratio (A/C) desirable: cement ratio (A/C) desirable
• A/C mainly influenced by cement contentA/C mainly influenced by cement content
• Imparts unit weight toImparts unit weight to concreteconcrete
4. Aggregate ClassificationAggregate Classification
• Size:-Size:- Coarse Aggregates & Fine Aggregates.Coarse Aggregates & Fine Aggregates.
• Specific Gravity:-Specific Gravity:- Light Weight, Normal Weight andLight Weight, Normal Weight and
Heavy Weight Aggregates.Heavy Weight Aggregates.
• Availability:-Availability:- Natural Gravel and Crushed Aggregates.Natural Gravel and Crushed Aggregates.
• Shape:-Shape:- Round, Cubical, Angular, Elongated and FlakyRound, Cubical, Angular, Elongated and Flaky
Aggregates.Aggregates.
• Texture:-Texture:- Smooth, Granular, Crystalline, honeycombedSmooth, Granular, Crystalline, honeycombed
and Porous.and Porous.
6. Aggregate Classification : SizeAggregate Classification : Size
• Fine AggregateFine Aggregate
• Sand and/or crushed stone.Sand and/or crushed stone.
• < 4.75 mm.< 4.75 mm.
• F.A. content usually 35% to 45% by mass or volume of totalF.A. content usually 35% to 45% by mass or volume of total
aggregate.aggregate.
• Coarse AggregateCoarse Aggregate
• Gravel and crushed stone.Gravel and crushed stone.
• >4.75 mm.>4.75 mm.
• Typically between 9.5 and 37.5 mm.Typically between 9.5 and 37.5 mm.
7. Aggregate Classification : Specific GravityAggregate Classification : Specific Gravity
• Normal-Weight AggregateNormal-Weight Aggregate
Most common aggregates ( Ex:Most common aggregates ( Ex: Sand, Gravel, CrushedSand, Gravel, Crushed
stone)stone)
• Produce normal-weight concrete 2200 to 2400 kg/mProduce normal-weight concrete 2200 to 2400 kg/m33
• Lightweight AggregateLightweight Aggregate
• Expanded (Shale, Clay, Slate, Slag)Expanded (Shale, Clay, Slate, Slag)
• Produce structural lightweight concrete 1350 to 1850 kg/mProduce structural lightweight concrete 1350 to 1850 kg/m33
• And (Pumice, Scoria, Perlite, Diatomite)And (Pumice, Scoria, Perlite, Diatomite)
Produce lightweight insulating concrete— 250 to 1450 kg/mProduce lightweight insulating concrete— 250 to 1450 kg/m33
10. Aggregate Classification : Specific GravityAggregate Classification : Specific Gravity
• Heavyweight AggregateHeavyweight Aggregate
• Barite, Limonite, Magnetite, Hematite, IronBarite, Limonite, Magnetite, Hematite, Iron
• Produce high-density concrete up to 6400 kg/mProduce high-density concrete up to 6400 kg/m33
• Used for Radiation ShieldingUsed for Radiation Shielding
11. Aggregate Classification : AvailabilityAggregate Classification : Availability
• Natural GravelNatural Gravel
• River or seashore gravels; desert, seashore and windblownRiver or seashore gravels; desert, seashore and windblown
sandssands
• Rounded in natureRounded in nature
Fully water worn or completely shaped by attritionFully water worn or completely shaped by attrition
• Crushed Aggregates.Crushed Aggregates.
• Crushed rocks of all types; talus; screesCrushed rocks of all types; talus; screes
Angular in natureAngular in nature
12. Aggregate Classification : ShapeAggregate Classification : Shape
• The shape of aggregates is an important characteristicThe shape of aggregates is an important characteristic
since it affects the workability of concrete.since it affects the workability of concrete.
15. Aggregate Classification : TextureAggregate Classification : Texture
• Surface texture is the property, the measure ofSurface texture is the property, the measure of
which depends upon the relative degree to whichwhich depends upon the relative degree to which
particle surfaces are polishedparticle surfaces are polished or dull, smooth oror dull, smooth or
rough.rough.
• Surface texture depends onSurface texture depends on hardness, grain size,hardness, grain size,
pore structure, structure of the rock.pore structure, structure of the rock.
18. Physical Prosperities of Aggregate :Physical Prosperities of Aggregate :
GradingGrading
Grading is the particle-size distribution of anGrading is the particle-size distribution of an
aggregate as determined by a sieve analysis usingaggregate as determined by a sieve analysis using
wire mesh sieves with square openings.wire mesh sieves with square openings.
As per IS:2386(Part-1)As per IS:2386(Part-1)
Fine aggregate : 6 standard sieves with openings from 150Fine aggregate : 6 standard sieves with openings from 150
μm to 4.75 mm. (150 μm, 300 μm, 600 μm, 1.18mm,μm to 4.75 mm. (150 μm, 300 μm, 600 μm, 1.18mm,
2.36mm, 4.75mm)2.36mm, 4.75mm)
Coarse aggregate: 5 sieves with openings from 4.75mm to 80Coarse aggregate: 5 sieves with openings from 4.75mm to 80
mm. (4.75mm, 10mm, 12.5mm, 20mm, 40mm)mm. (4.75mm, 10mm, 12.5mm, 20mm, 40mm)
20. Physical Prosperities of Aggregate : GradingPhysical Prosperities of Aggregate : Grading
• Grain size distribution for concrete mixes that willGrain size distribution for concrete mixes that will
provide a dense strong mixture.provide a dense strong mixture.
• Ensure that the voids between the larger particles areEnsure that the voids between the larger particles are
filled with medium particlesfilled with medium particles. The remaining voids are. The remaining voids are
filled with still smaller particles until the smallest voidsfilled with still smaller particles until the smallest voids
are filled with a small amount of fines.are filled with a small amount of fines.
24. Fineness Modulus (FM)Fineness Modulus (FM)
• The results of aggregate sieve analysis is expressedThe results of aggregate sieve analysis is expressed
by a number called Fineness Modulus.by a number called Fineness Modulus.
• Obtained by adding the sum of the cumulativeObtained by adding the sum of the cumulative
percentages by mass of a sample aggregate retained onpercentages by mass of a sample aggregate retained on
each of a specified series of sieves and dividing the sumeach of a specified series of sieves and dividing the sum
by 100.by 100.
• The following limits may be taken as guidance:The following limits may be taken as guidance:
• Fine sand : Fineness Modulus : 2.2 - 2.6Fine sand : Fineness Modulus : 2.2 - 2.6
• Medium sand : F.M. : 2.6 - 2.9Medium sand : F.M. : 2.6 - 2.9
• Coarse sand : F.M. : 2.9 - 3.2Coarse sand : F.M. : 2.9 - 3.2
A sand having a fineness modulus more than 3.2 will beA sand having a fineness modulus more than 3.2 will be
unsuitable for making satisfactory concrete.unsuitable for making satisfactory concrete.
Finess Modulus, FM =
Total of Cumulative Percentage of Passing (%)
100
26. Physical Properties of Aggregate:Physical Properties of Aggregate:
Flakiness IndexFlakiness Index
• The flakiness index of aggregate is the percentage byThe flakiness index of aggregate is the percentage by
weight of particles in it whose least dimensionweight of particles in it whose least dimension
(thickness)(thickness) is less than three-fifths of their meanis less than three-fifths of their mean
dimension.dimension.
• The test is not applicable to sizes smaller than 6.3 mm.The test is not applicable to sizes smaller than 6.3 mm.
• The flakiness index is taken as the total weight of theThe flakiness index is taken as the total weight of the
material passing the various thickness gaugesmaterial passing the various thickness gauges
expressed as a percentage of the total weight of theexpressed as a percentage of the total weight of the
sample takensample taken..
• Table 3.18 shows the standard dimensions of thicknessTable 3.18 shows the standard dimensions of thickness
and length gauges.and length gauges.
27. Physical Properties of Aggregate:Physical Properties of Aggregate:
Flakiness IndexFlakiness Index
• The flakiness index of aggregate is the percentage byThe flakiness index of aggregate is the percentage by
weight of particles in it whose least dimension (thickness)weight of particles in it whose least dimension (thickness) isis
less than three-fifths of their mean dimension.less than three-fifths of their mean dimension.
• The test is not applicable to sizes smaller than 6.3 mm.The test is not applicable to sizes smaller than 6.3 mm.
• The flakiness index is taken as the total weight of theThe flakiness index is taken as the total weight of the
material passing the various thickness gaugesmaterial passing the various thickness gauges expressed asexpressed as
a percentage of the total weight of the sample taken.a percentage of the total weight of the sample taken.
• Table 3.18 shows the standard dimensions of thickness andTable 3.18 shows the standard dimensions of thickness and
length gauges.length gauges.
28. Physical Properties of Aggregate:Physical Properties of Aggregate:
Flakiness IndexFlakiness Index
30. Physical Properties of Aggregate:Physical Properties of Aggregate:
Flakiness IndexFlakiness Index
31. Physical Properties of Aggregate:Physical Properties of Aggregate:
Elongation IndexElongation Index
• The elongation index on an aggregate is theThe elongation index on an aggregate is the
percentage by weight of particles whose greatestpercentage by weight of particles whose greatest
dimension (length)dimension (length) is greater than 1.8 times their meanis greater than 1.8 times their mean
dimension.dimension.
• The elongation index is not applicable to sizes smallerThe elongation index is not applicable to sizes smaller
than 6.3 mm.than 6.3 mm.
• The elongation index is the total weight of theThe elongation index is the total weight of the
material retained on the various length gaugesmaterial retained on the various length gauges
expressed as a percentage of the total weight of theexpressed as a percentage of the total weight of the
sample gauged. Thesample gauged. The presence of elongated particles inpresence of elongated particles in
excess of 10 to 15 per cent is generally consideredexcess of 10 to 15 per cent is generally considered
undesirable, but no recognized limits are laid down.undesirable, but no recognized limits are laid down.
32. Physical Properties of Aggregate:Physical Properties of Aggregate:
Elongation IndexElongation Index
33. Physical Properties of Aggregate:Physical Properties of Aggregate:
Elongation IndexElongation Index
34. Physical Properties of Aggregate:Physical Properties of Aggregate:
Specific GravitySpecific Gravity
Indian Standard Specification IS : 2386 (Part III) of 1963Indian Standard Specification IS : 2386 (Part III) of 1963
gives various procedures to find out the specific gravity ofgives various procedures to find out the specific gravity of
different sizes of aggregates.different sizes of aggregates.
100(B − C
)
A = Weight of saturated aggregate in water = (A1 - A2 ) B = Weight
of the saturated surface - dry aggregate in air C = Weight of oven-
dried aggregate in air.
A1 = Weight of aggregate and basket in water A2 = Weight of
empty basket in water
Water Absorption =
Apparent Specifc Gravity =
Specifc Gravity =
C − B
A −
B
C
C
C
35. Physical Properties of Aggregate:Physical Properties of Aggregate:
Specific GravitySpecific Gravity
36. Physical Properties of Aggregate:Physical Properties of Aggregate:
Bulk DensityBulk Density
• The cylindrical measure is filled about 1/3The cylindrical measure is filled about 1/3
each time with thoroughly mixed aggregateeach time with thoroughly mixed aggregate
and tamped with 25 strokes by a bulletand tamped with 25 strokes by a bullet
ended tamping rod, 16 mm diameter and 60ended tamping rod, 16 mm diameter and 60
cm long.cm long.
• The net weight of the aggregate in the measureThe net weight of the aggregate in the measure
is determined and the bulk density isis determined and the bulk density is
calculated in kg/litre.calculated in kg/litre.
37. Physical Properties of Aggregate:Physical Properties of Aggregate:
Bulk DensityBulk Density
38. Mechanical Prosperities of Aggregate :Mechanical Prosperities of Aggregate :
Aggregate Crushing ValueAggregate Crushing Value
• The “aggregate crushing value” gives a relativeThe “aggregate crushing value” gives a relative
measure of the resistance of an aggregatemeasure of the resistance of an aggregate to crushingto crushing
under a gradually applied compressive load.under a gradually applied compressive load.
• The apparatus, with the test sample and plunger inThe apparatus, with the test sample and plunger in
positionposition, is placed on the compression testing machine, is placed on the compression testing machine
and is loaded uniformly upto a total load of 400 kN in 10and is loaded uniformly upto a total load of 400 kN in 10
minutes time.minutes time.
• The load is then released and the whole of theThe load is then released and the whole of the
material removed from the cylinder and sieved on amaterial removed from the cylinder and sieved on a
2.36 mm I.S. Sieve.2.36 mm I.S. Sieve.
39. Mechanical Prosperities of Aggregate :Mechanical Prosperities of Aggregate :
Aggregate Crushing ValueAggregate Crushing Value
40. Mechanical Prosperities of Aggregate :Mechanical Prosperities of Aggregate :
Aggregate Crushing ValueAggregate Crushing Value
41. Mechanical Prosperities of Aggregate :Mechanical Prosperities of Aggregate :
Aggregate Impact ValueAggregate Impact Value
• The aggregate impact value gives relative measure ofThe aggregate impact value gives relative measure of
the resistance of an aggregate to sudden shock orthe resistance of an aggregate to sudden shock or
impactimpact..
• The whole sample is filled into a cylindrical steel cupThe whole sample is filled into a cylindrical steel cup
firmly fixed on the base of the machine. A hammerfirmly fixed on the base of the machine. A hammer
weighing about 14 kgs.weighing about 14 kgs. is raised to a height of 380 mmis raised to a height of 380 mm
above the upper surface of the aggregate in the cup andabove the upper surface of the aggregate in the cup and
allowed to fall freely on the aggregate.allowed to fall freely on the aggregate.
• The test sample shall be subjected to a total 15 suchThe test sample shall be subjected to a total 15 such
blows each being delivered at an interval of not lessblows each being delivered at an interval of not less
than one second.than one second.
42. Mechanical Prosperities of Aggregate :Mechanical Prosperities of Aggregate :
Aggregate Impact ValueAggregate Impact Value
44. Mechanical Prosperities of Aggregate :Mechanical Prosperities of Aggregate :
Aggregate Abrasion ValueAggregate Abrasion Value
• Indian Standard 2386 (Part IV) of 1963 covers twoIndian Standard 2386 (Part IV) of 1963 covers two
methods for finding out the abrasion value of coarsemethods for finding out the abrasion value of coarse
aggregates:aggregates: namely, by the use of Deval abrasion testingnamely, by the use of Deval abrasion testing
machine and by the use of Los Angeles abrasion testingmachine and by the use of Los Angeles abrasion testing
machine.machine.
• Test sample and abrasive charge are placed in the LosTest sample and abrasive charge are placed in the Los
Angeles Abrasion testing machine and the machine isAngeles Abrasion testing machine and the machine is
rotated at a speed of 20 to 33 rev/min.rotated at a speed of 20 to 33 rev/min.
• For gradings A, B, C and D, the machine is rotatedFor gradings A, B, C and D, the machine is rotated
for 500 revolutions. For gradings E, F and G, it isfor 500 revolutions. For gradings E, F and G, it is
rotated 1000 revolutionsrotated 1000 revolutions..
57. Use of Sea Water for Mixing ConcreteUse of Sea Water for Mixing Concrete
• SeaSea waterwater hashas aa salinitysalinity ofof aboutabout 3.53.5 perper cent.cent. InIn
thatthat aboutabout 78%78% isis sodiumsodium chloridechloride andand 15%15% isis
chloridechloride andand sulphatesulphate ofof magnesium.magnesium. SeaSea waterwater
alsoalso containcontain smallsmall quantitiesquantities ofof sodiumsodium andand
potassiumpotassium saltssalts..
• SeaSea waterwater slightlyslightly acceleratesaccelerates thethe earlyearly strengthstrength ofof
concrete.concrete.
• ButBut itit reducesreduces thethe 2828 daysdays strengthstrength ofof concreteconcrete byby
aboutabout 1010 toto 1515 perper cent. Ifcent. If seasea waterwater cannotcannot bebe
avoidedavoided forfor makingmaking reinforcedreinforced concrete,concrete, particularparticular
precautionsprecautions shouldshould bebe takentaken toto makemake thethe concreteconcrete
densedense byby usingusing lowlow water/cementwater/cement ratioratio coupledcoupled withwith
vibrationvibration andand toto givegive anan adequateadequate covercover ofof atat leastleast 7.57.5
cm.cm.
58.
59. Imagine concrete that looks like ordinary, plainImagine concrete that looks like ordinary, plain
gray concrete during the day, but after the lights gogray concrete during the day, but after the lights go
out, it will generate a luminescent glowout, it will generate a luminescent glow that will lastthat will last
all night long without being connected to any powerall night long without being connected to any power
source.source. Although that may sound like super-Although that may sound like super-
concrete you’d read about in a science fiction novel,concrete you’d read about in a science fiction novel,
it’s actually a possibility today thanks to the newit’s actually a possibility today thanks to the new
glow-in-the dark aggregates from Ambient Glowglow-in-the dark aggregates from Ambient Glow
Technology.Technology.
61. Glow Stone AggregatesGlow Stone Aggregates
Designed for indoor and outdoor applications, AGT’sDesigned for indoor and outdoor applications, AGT’s
glow aggregates absorb and store natural and artificialglow aggregates absorb and store natural and artificial
light energy, from both the sun and artificial lightinglight energy, from both the sun and artificial lighting..
Once the light source is no longer present, AGT's glowOnce the light source is no longer present, AGT's glow
pigments begin releasing their stored energy.pigments begin releasing their stored energy.
They utilize a proprietary formulation of powerful,They utilize a proprietary formulation of powerful,
patented photo-luminescent pigments, so they will emitpatented photo-luminescent pigments, so they will emit
their glow for 12 hours or longer to provide a self-their glow for 12 hours or longer to provide a self-
generating ambient light source.generating ambient light source.
63. Glow Stone AggregatesGlow Stone Aggregates
The aggregates can be seeded decoratively in aThe aggregates can be seeded decoratively in a
variety of ways, ranging from pool decks, patios andvariety of ways, ranging from pool decks, patios and
outdoor entertainment areas to kitchen countertopsoutdoor entertainment areas to kitchen countertops
and bathroom vanitiesand bathroom vanities. They can also serve as an. They can also serve as an
effective, self-emitting way-finding system in low-lighteffective, self-emitting way-finding system in low-light
areas such as stairways and hallways.areas such as stairways and hallways.
64. When it rains – look for the rainbows –When it rains – look for the rainbows –
when it'swhen it's darkdark,, look for the starslook for the stars..