Recombinant DNA technology allows genes to be cloned by inserting fragments of DNA into vectors like plasmids or bacteriophages. The vector transports the gene into a host cell like E. coli where it replicates. As the host cells divide, copies of the recombinant DNA are passed to progeny cells, producing a clone containing identical copies of the gene. PCR is a technique that amplifies specific DNA regions using primers and DNA polymerase. It allows targeted DNA regions to be purified without cloning. Gene cloning and PCR are important for obtaining pure samples of genes and analyzing evolutionary relationships through techniques like DNA-DNA hybridization.
RAPD markers are decamer DNA fragments.
RAPD is a type of PCR reaction.
as the name suggest it is a fast method when compared to the traditional PCR medthod.
RAPD markers are decamer DNA fragments.
RAPD is a type of PCR reaction.
as the name suggest it is a fast method when compared to the traditional PCR medthod.
Concept of gene & ultra structure of geneJigar Patel
This presentation includes introduction of gene, gene concept, chemical composition and ultra structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic gene for B.Sc students.
Cot curve dispersed repeated DNA or interspersed repeated DNA tandem repeated DNA Long interspersed repeat sequences (LINEs) Short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs) satellite, minisatellite and microsatellite DNA Variable Number Tandem Repeat (or VNTR)
A gene knockout is a genetic technique in which one of an organism's genes is made inoperative ("knocked out" of the organism). However, gene knockout can also refer to the gene that is knocked out or the organism that carries the gene knockout. Knockout organisms or simply knockouts are used to study gene function, usually by investigating the effect of gene loss. Researchers draw inferences from the difference between the knockout organism and normal individuals.
IF YOU ARE GOING TO DOWNLOAD THIS FILE, PLEASE NOTIFY me by sending a message via Facebook.
It's a pleasure to help you through my presentation. Thank you so much!
This power point presentation is an attempt to present some direct and some indirect evidences in favour of DNA as genetic material. Very few organisms have RNA as genetic material for example plant virus and some bacteriophages
Concept of gene & ultra structure of geneJigar Patel
This presentation includes introduction of gene, gene concept, chemical composition and ultra structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic gene for B.Sc students.
Cot curve dispersed repeated DNA or interspersed repeated DNA tandem repeated DNA Long interspersed repeat sequences (LINEs) Short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs) satellite, minisatellite and microsatellite DNA Variable Number Tandem Repeat (or VNTR)
A gene knockout is a genetic technique in which one of an organism's genes is made inoperative ("knocked out" of the organism). However, gene knockout can also refer to the gene that is knocked out or the organism that carries the gene knockout. Knockout organisms or simply knockouts are used to study gene function, usually by investigating the effect of gene loss. Researchers draw inferences from the difference between the knockout organism and normal individuals.
IF YOU ARE GOING TO DOWNLOAD THIS FILE, PLEASE NOTIFY me by sending a message via Facebook.
It's a pleasure to help you through my presentation. Thank you so much!
This power point presentation is an attempt to present some direct and some indirect evidences in favour of DNA as genetic material. Very few organisms have RNA as genetic material for example plant virus and some bacteriophages
This is my PhD analysing the influence of voting power by member states in the decision-making on agricultural policy and the impacts of enlargement. It uses both political economy and power indexes from game theory. Just in case anybody is interested. Completed in 2000, awarded 2001.
This Farmers' Agribusiness training course has been developed to help both farmers and farmer organisations. Its intention is to provide access to provide access to additional skills and knowledge that will allow farmers to move from a 'farm' to a 'firm'. This is a pdf of all the 5 modules in the course. (4MB)
An Assessment of Agricultural Policy and Regulatory Constraints to Agribusine...The Rockefeller Foundation
A key theme from the five country studies is that policy and regulatory changes will only take a country so far. The agribusiness investment climate is shaped by many other factors, which are noted below. These factors are critically important in agribusiness development and can overshadow agribusiness-specific policies and regulations, which when reformed may only relax relatively minor bottlenecks.
A biochemical technique used in Molecular Biology to amplify a specific fragment of target DNA.
PCR is used in medical and biological research, including cloning, genetic analysis, genetic fingerprinting, diagnostics, pathogen detection and genetic fingerprinting
A detailed description about the basic steps involved in the - PCR - Polymerase Chain Reaction, its applications,its limitations and steps to overcome it.
DNA cloning is the process of making multiple, identical copies of a particular piece of DNA. In a typical DNA cloning procedure, the gene or other DNA fragment of interest (perhaps a gene for a medically important human protein) is first inserted into a circular piece of DNA called a plasmid.- [https://www.khanacademy.org/science/...dna.../dna-cloning.../a/overview-dna-cloning]
Now a day's these technique is tremendously use for in lab by using foreign Dna to to producing insulin in bacteria , plant with high yielding capacity by using Gene from another species
Study of cloning vectors and recombinant dna technologySteffi Thomas
Study of cloning vectors, restriction endonuclease and DNA ligase, Recombinant DNA technology, Application of genetic engineering in medicine, Application of rDNA technology and genetic engineering in the production of interferons, Vaccines-hepatitis-B, Hormones-Insulin, Brief introduction to PCR
A recombinant DNA molecule is produced by joining together two or more DNA segments usually originating from two different organisms.
More Specifically, a recombinant DNA molecule is a vector into which desired DNA fragment has been inserted to enable its cloning in an appropriate host.
Recombinant DNA molecules are produced with one of the following objectives:
1. To obtain large number of copies of specific DNA fragments.
2. Large scale production of the protein encoded by the gene.
3. Integration of the desired DNA fragment into target organism where it expresses itself.
Drought tolerant-genetically modified plants:
Present abiotic stress is a major challenge in our quest for sustainable food production as these may reduce the potential yields by 70% in crop plants
Of all abiotic stress, drought is regarded as the most damaging
Transgenic plants carrying genes for abiotic stress tolerance are being developed for water stress management
Conventional breeding approaches, involving inter specific and inter generic hybridizations and mutagenesis have been limited success.
Major problems have been the complexity of drought tolerance & low genetic yield components under drought conditions.
Unlike conventional plant breeding there is no need of repeated back crossing
Gene pyramiding or gene stacking through co-transformation of different genes with similar effects can be achieved.
“The technique in which a DNA fragment carrying a gene inserted into the cloning vector, this vector is introduced in the living cell and subsequent propagation of this recombination DNA molecule into many copies is known as gene cloning.
DNA cloning is a technique for reproducing DNA fragments.
It can be achieved by two different approaches:
▪ cell based
▪ using polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
a vector is required to carry the DNA fragment of interest into the host cell.
Genetic engineering is the process of manually adding new DNA to an organism. The goal is to add one or more new traits that are not already found in that organism. Examples of genetically engineered (transgenic) organisms currently on the market include plants with resistance to some insects, plants that can tolerate herbicides, and crops with modified oil content
Similar to B.Tech Biotechnology II Elements of Biotechnology Unit 3 RDT and PCR (20)
Rai University provides high quality education for MSc, Law, Mechanical Engineering, BBA, MSc, Computer Science, Microbiology, Hospital Management, Health Management and IT Engineering.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
2. What is gene cloning?
1 A fragment of DNA, containing the gene to be
cloned, is inserted into a circular DNA molecule
called a vector, to produce a recombinant DNA
molecule.
2 The vector transports the gene into a host cell,
which is usually a bacterium, although other
types of living cell can be used.
3 Within the host cell the vector multiplies,
producing numerous identical copies, not only of
itself but also of the gene that it carries.
3. 4 When the host cell divides, copies of the
recombinant DNA molecule are passed to the
progeny and further vector replication takes
place.
5 After a large number of cell divisions, a colony,
or clone, of identical host cells is produced. Each
cell in the clone contains one or more copies of
the recombinant DNA molecule; the gene carried
by the recombinant molecule is now said to be
cloned.
5. Recombinant DNA Technology
Recombinant DNA technology procedures by
which DNA from different species can be
isolated, cut and spliced together -- new
"recombinant " molecules are then multiplied
in quantity in populations of rapidly dividing
cells (e.g. bacteria, yeast).
6. Recombinant DNA Technology
The term gene cloning, recombinant DNA
technology and genetic engineering may
seems similar, however they are different
techniques in Biotechnology and they are
interrelated
7. Recombinant DNA Technology
Human gene therapy, genetically-engineered
crop plants and transgenic mice have become
possible because of the powerful techniques
developed to manipulate nucleic acids and
proteins.
8. Recombinant DNA Technology
In the early 1970s it became possible to
isolate a specific piece of DNA out of the
millions of base pairs in a typical genome.
9. Recombinant DNA Technology
Currently it is relatively easy to cut out a
specific piece of DNA, produce a large number
of copies , determine its nucleotide sequence,
slightly alter it and then as a final step transfer
it back into cell in.
10. Recombinant DNA Technology
Recombinant DNA technology is based on a
number of important things:
Bacteria contain extrachromosomal
molecules of DNA called plasmids which are
circular.
11. Recombinant DNA Technology
Bacteria also produce enzymes called
restriction endonucleases that cut DNA
molecules at specific places into many
smaller fragments called restriction
fragments.
12. Recombinant DNA Technology
Restriction Enzymes and plasmid
There are many different kinds of restriction
endonucleases
Each nuclei cuts DNA at a specific site defined
by a sequence of bases in the DNA called a
recognition site
13. Recombinant DNA Technology
Restriction Enzymes and plasmid
A restriction enzyme cuts only double-helical
segments that contain a particular sequence,
and it makes its incisions only within that
sequence--known as a "recognition
sequence".
14. Recombinant DNA Technology
Restriction Enzymes and plasmid
Sticky end and blunt end are the two possible
configurations resulting from the breaking of
double-stranded DNA
15. Recombinant DNA Technology
Restriction Enzymes and plasmid
If two complementary strands of DNA are of equal
length, then they will terminate in a blunt end, as
in the following example:
5'-CpTpGpApTpCpTpGpApCpTpGpApTpGpCpGpTpApTpGpCpTpApGpT-3'
3'-GpApCpTpApGpApCpTpGpApCpTpApCpGpCpApTpApCpGpApTpCpA-5'
16. Recombinant DNA Technology
Restriction Enzymes and plasmid
However, if one strand extends beyond the
complementary region, then the DNA is said to
possess an overhang:
5'-ApTpCpTpGpApCpT-3'
3'-TpApGpApCpTpGpApCpTpApCpG-5'
17. Recombinant DNA Technology
Restriction Enzymes and plasmid
If another DNA fragment exists with a
complementary overhang, then these two
overhangs will tend to associate with each other
and each strand is said to possess a sticky end:
19. Recombinant DNA Technology
Restriction Enzymes and plasmid
Restriction Enzymes are primarily found in
bacteria and are given abbreviations based on
genus and species of the bacteria.
One of the first restriction enzymes to be
isolated was from EcoRI
EcoRI is so named because it was isolated
from Escherichia coli strain called RY13.
21. Recombinant DNA Technology
Creating recombinant DNA :
The first Recombinant DNA molecules were
made by Paul Berg at Stanford University in
1972.
In 1973 Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen
created the first recombinant DNA organisms.
23. What is PCR?
• The polymerase chain reaction is very different
from gene cloning.
• Rather than a series of manipulations involving
living cells, PCR is carried out in a single test tube
simply by mixing DNA with a set of reagents and
placing the tube in a thermal cycler, a piece of
equipment that enables the mixture to be
incubated at a series of temperatures that are
varied in a preprogrammed manner.
25. • The basic steps in a PCR experiment are as
follows:
1 The mixture is heated to 94°C, at which
temperature the hydrogen bonds that hold
together the two strands of the double-stranded
DNA molecule are broken, causing the molecule
to denature.
2 The mixture is cooled down to 50–60°C. The two
strands of each molecule could join back
together at this temperature, but most do not
because the mixture contains a large excess of
short DNA molecules, called oligonucleotides or
primers, which anneal to the DNA molecules at
specific positions.
26. 3 The temperature is raised to 74°C. This is a
good working temperature for the Taq DNA
polymerase that is present in the mixture.
• All we need to understand at this stage is that
the Taq DNA polymerase attaches to one end of
each primer and synthesizes new strands of
DNA, complementary to the template DNA
molecules, during this step of the PCR. Now we
have four stands of DNA instead of the two that
there were to start with.
27. • 4 The temperature is increased back to 94°C. The
double-stranded DNA molecules, each of which
consists of one strand of the original molecule and one
new strand of DNA, denature into single strands.
• This begins a second cycle of denaturation–annealing–
synthesis, at the end of which there are eight DNA
strands. By repeating the cycle 30 times the double-
stranded molecule that we began with is converted
into over 130 million new double-stranded molecules,
each one a copy of the region of the starting molecule
delineated by the annealing sites of the two primers.
28. Why gene cloning and PCR are so
important?
• The gene cloning and PCR are relatively
straightforward procedures.
Obtaining a pure sample of a gene by cloning
and PCR
30. • A DNA molecule needs to display several features to be
able to act as a vector for gene cloning. Most importantly it
must be able to replicate within the host cell, so that
numerous copies of the recombinant DNA molecule can be
produced and passed to the daughter cells.
• A cloning vector also needs to be relatively small, ideally
less than 10 kb in size, as large molecules tend to break
down during purification, and are also more difficult to
manipulate.
• Two kinds of DNA molecule that satisfy these criteria can
be found in bacterial cells: plasmids and bacteriophage
chromosomes.
31. Plasmids
• Plasmids are circular molecules of DNA that lead an
independent existence in the bacterial cell.
• Plasmids almost always carry one or more genes, and
often these genes are responsible for a useful
characteristic displayed by the host bacterium.
• For example, the ability to survive in normally toxic
concentrations of antibiotics such as chloramphenicol
or ampicillin is often due to the presence in the
bacterium of a plasmid carrying antibiotic resistance
genes. In the laboratory, antibiotic resistance is often
used as a selectable marker to ensure that bacteria in
a culture contain a particular plasmid.
32. • Most plasmids possess at least one DNA
sequence that can act as an origin of
replication, so they are able to multiply within
the cell independently of the main bacterial
chromosome.
5
34. • The smaller plasmids make use of the host cell’s
own DNA replicative enzymes in order to make
copies of themselves, whereas some of the larger
ones carry genes that code for special enzymes
that are specific for plasmid replication.
• A few types of plasmid are also able to replicate
by inserting themselves into the bacterial
chromosome. These integrative plasmids or
episomes may be stably maintained in this form
through numerous cell divisions, but always at
some stage exist as independent elements.
35. Bacteriophages
• Bacteriophages, or phages as they are commonly
known, are viruses that specifically infect
bacteria.
• Like all viruses, phages are very simple in
structure, consisting merely of a DNA (or
occasionally ribonucleic acid (RNA)) molecule
carrying a number of genes, including several for
replication of the phage, surrounded by a
protective coat or capsid made up of protein
molecules
38. The phage infection cycle
• The general pattern of infection, which is the same for
all types of phage, is a three-step process:
1 The phage particle attaches to the outside of the
bacterium and injects its DNA chromosome into the
cell.
2 The phage DNA molecule is replicated, usually by
specific phage enzymes coded by genes in the phage
chromosome.
3 Other phage genes direct synthesis of the protein
components of the capsid, and new phage particles
are assembled and released from the bacterium.
39. • With some phage types the entire infection cycle
is completed very quickly, possibly in less than 20
minutes.
• This type of rapid infection is called a lytic cycle,
as release of the new phage particles is
associated with lysis of the bacterial cell.
• The characteristic feature of a lytic infection cycle
is that phage DNA replication is immediately
followed by synthesis of capsid proteins, and the
phage DNA molecule is never maintained in a
stable condition in the host cell.
40. Hybridization techniques
• Scientists studying the
chemistry of DNA moved
even closer to actual
sequences. Charles
Sibley (left) and Jon
Ahlquist pioneered the
use of DNA kinetics to
investigate evolutionary
relationships using a
technique called DNA-
DNA hybridization (see
figure, right).
8
41. • Each DNA molecule is made of two strands of
nucleotides. If the strands are heated, they
will separate—and as they cool, the attraction
of the nucleotides will make them bond back
together again.
• To compare different species, scientists cut
the DNA of the species into small segments,
separate the strands, and mix the DNA
together.
42. • When the two species' DNA bonds together,
the match between the two strands will not
be perfect since there are genetic differences
between the species — and the more
imperfect the match, the weaker the bond
between the two strands.
• These weak bonds can be broken with just a
little heat, while closer matches require more
heat to separate the strands again.
43. • DNA hybridization can measure how similar
the DNA of different species is — more similar
DNA hybrids "melt" at higher temperatures.
When this technique was applied to primate
relationships, it suggested that humans and
chimpanzees carried DNA more similar to one
another's than to orangutans' or gorillas’ DNA.
44. References
• Images references:
1-8 Gene cloning and DNA analysis by TA Brown
• Reading references:
• Gene cloning and DNA analysis by TA Brown
1