DNA BARCODING INTRODUCTION
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DNA barcoding is a method of species identification using a short section of DNA from a specific gene or genes. The premise is that a DNA sequence can be used to uniquely identify an organism by comparing it to a reference library of DNA sequences. For animals, the cytochrome c oxidase 1 gene is commonly used, while plants may use the rbcL, matK, or trnH-psbA genes. Fungi typically use the internal transcribed spacer region. The process involves isolating DNA from a sample, amplifying the target region via PCR, sequencing the results, and comparing the sequence to reference databases to identify the matching species. Applications include taxonomy, pest/disease control, food safety, conservation,
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Plant DNA barcoding research is shifting beyond performance comparisons of different DNA regions towards practical applications. The main aim of DNA barcoding is to establish a shared community resource of DNA sequences that can be used for organismal identification and taxonomic clarification. This approach was successfully pioneered in animals using a portion of the cytochrome oxidase 1(CO1) mitochondrial gene. In plants, establishing a standardized DNA barcoding system has been more challenging. The studies on cucumis sp for the application of DNA barcode shows the possibility of discrimination at species level not the varietal level using the matK gene barcode. The phylogenetic tree constructed by using matK gene sequences clearly differentiated the species C. sativus and C. melo which will help for the future application in cucumis taxonomy and phylogeny studies
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Gene cloning involves inserting DNA fragments into cloning vectors, which are then transferred into host cells. Some key points:
- Plasmid vectors like pBR322 were early cloning vectors but had limitations. Improved vectors like pUC18 addressed these with features like blue-white screening and expanded multiple cloning sites.
- Lambda phage vectors can clone larger DNA fragments of 5-25kb compared to plasmid vectors. The lambda phage genome is engineered to package recombinant DNA in vitro before infecting host cells.
- Different vector types are suited to different applications based on size of insert, host range, and other factors. Gene cloning allows isolation and analysis of genes and their regulation.
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This document summarizes trends in DNA sequencing methods and applications. It discusses the purpose and historical methods of DNA sequencing, including the Maxam-Gilbert and Sanger methods. Next generation sequencing methods like Roche 454, Illumina, SOLiD, Ion Torrent, and PacBio are described. Applications of sequencing include analyzing gene structure, detecting mutations, microbial identification, and whole genome sequencing. The document provides details on sequencing techniques, platforms, yields, and error rates.
Recombinent DNA
This document provides an overview of recombinant DNA technology. It discusses the discovery of DNA structure in 1953 which led to the development of this technology. It describes the goals and basic procedure, including isolating DNA, cutting DNA with restriction enzymes, joining DNA fragments, and amplifying the recombinant DNA in bacterial hosts. It also discusses the enzymes, vectors like plasmids and phages, techniques such as PCR and gel electrophoresis, and applications in agriculture, medicine, and other fields.
Cloning and expression vectors
Cloning and Expression Vectors document discusses:
1) Cloning a gene of interest involves inserting it into a vector that can be replicated in host cells, producing recombinant DNA molecules.
2) Vectors contain features like replication origins, antibiotic resistance genes, and unique restriction sites to facilitate cloning and isolation.
3) Early cloning experiments demonstrated that recombinant plasmids containing both prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA could replicate stably in bacteria, allowing genetic engineering.
DNA Fingerprinting for Taxonomy and Phylogeny.pptx
This document provides information about DNA fingerprinting and its use for taxonomy and phylogeny of insects. It defines DNA and describes the history and process of DNA fingerprinting. It explains that the cytochrome c oxidase 1 (CO1) gene of the mitochondria is used as the standard DNA barcode for identifying animal species. Choosing this locus allows identification of insects from any life stage. DNA barcoding provides benefits like enabling non-specialists to identify specimens and combating diseases by identifying vectors. It concludes by discussing applications of DNA barcoding and listing references.
Fluorescence in situ hybridization
Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) is a cytogenetic technique that uses fluorescent probes to investigate the presence of small, submicroscopic chromosomal changes that are beyond the resolution of karyotype analysis.
This PowerPoint presentation explain the concept,process and application of Fluorescence insitu hybridization.
Blotting techniques1
Concept: reannealing nucleic acids to identify sequence of interest.
Separates DNA/RNA in an agarose gel, then detects specific bands using probe and hybridization.
Hybridization takes advantage of the ability of a single stranded DNA or RNA molecule to find its complement, even in the presence of large amounts of unrelated DNA.
Allows detection of specific bands (DNA fragments or RNA molecules) that have complementary sequence to the probe.
Size bands and quantify abundance of molecule.
Recombinant dna technology
Recombinant DNA (rDNA) molecules are DNA molecules formed by laboratory methods of genetic recombination (such as molecular cloning) to bring together genetic material from multiple sources, creating sequences that would not otherwise be found in the genome.
Similar to DNA BARCODING INTRODUCTION (20)
DNA Fingerprinting for Taxonomy and Phylogeny.pptx
DNA Fingerprinting for Taxonomy and Phylogeny.pptx
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'Life and its ma-WPS Office.pptx'.pptx
This document provides an overview of biology and the key features of life. It discusses biology as the study of living organisms, including their history, organization at the cellular level, metabolism, homeostasis, growth, reproduction, evolution, and response to stimuli. The key features that define life are highly organized structures, intricate chemical reactions that drive metabolism, maintenance of internal conditions, regulated growth, ability to reproduce, potential for evolution over time in response to environmental pressures, and irritability or response to changes in the environment.
Species Concept.pptx
This document discusses several concepts of what defines a species in biology. It begins by defining a species as a group of organisms that share a common genetic heritage and can interbreed to produce fertile offspring. It then describes the typological species concept which defines a species based on consistent morphological characteristics. Next, it outlines the nominalistic species concept which views species as human constructs rather than real entities in nature. The document spends the most time on the biological species concept, which defines a species as a group of populations that can interbreed but are reproductively isolated from other such groups. It also briefly discusses the evolutionary and ecological species concepts.
Scope of zoology
The document discusses the scope and career opportunities in zoology. It mentions that zoology forms the basis for many applied biological sciences fields. Some career paths discussed include research in academic institutions, wildlife management, zoo curator roles, animal and wildlife education, wildlife rehabilitation, animal behavior training, taxonomy research, agricultural entomology, and pest management. It also lists several premier institutes in India that offer higher education opportunities in biological sciences, including the Indian Institute of Science, various IITs and IISERs, the National Centre for Biological Sciences, and more.
Genic balance theory of Calvin Bridges
The document summarizes Calvin Bridges' theory of genic balance sex determination in Drosophila from 1926. The theory states that sex is determined not by XY chromosomes but by the ratio of X chromosomes to autosomes. If the ratio favors X chromosomes, the result is a female fly, and if autosomes outweigh X chromosomes, the outcome is a male fly. The exact molecular mechanism of this genic balance system remains unknown but studies suggest the X chromosome provides female factors and autosomes carry male determinants.
Scope and significance of sericulture
Sericulture is an agro-based industry that involves cultivating mulberry plants to feed silkworms, which produce silk cocoons. It provides significant employment in rural areas and helps alleviate poverty. Sericulture requires low investment but provides high returns. It is suitable for small landholders and employs many women. The industry supports rural development and the livelihoods of weavers.
Mutation theory
Hugo de Vries proposed the mutation theory of evolution in 1901. He argued that evolution occurs via large, discontinuous mutations rather than the small, gradual variations proposed by Darwin. De Vries observed different plant varieties emerge suddenly in evening primrose experiments. He believed mutations provided new traits that could lead to new species forming in a single step. While the mutation theory highlighted an important source of variation, it was later shown that natural selection of mutations and gradual processes also drive evolutionary change.
Structural changes in chromosomes
This document discusses various types of structural changes that can occur in chromosomes, including deletions, duplications, inversions, and translocations. Deletions involve the loss of a chromosome segment. Duplications involve an extra copy of a segment. Inversions reverse the orientation of a segment. Translocations involve the transfer of a segment between non-homologous chromosomes. These structural changes can alter phenotype and karyotype. Examples like Cri-du-chat syndrome and the Philadelphia chromosome are provided.
common mllipede
Spirostreptus is a common millipede that lives in damp places under logs and decaying leaves. It plays an important role in decomposing organic matter and adding it to soil. The millipede has a cylindrical body with many segments covered by a hard exoskeleton. Each body segment contains a pair of legs, except for some segments on the male and towards the back. It protects itself by curling into a ball or releasing unpleasant smelling secretions from its stink glands when threatened.
Blood clotting
The document summarizes blood clotting (coagulation). It identifies that there are 13 clotting factors involved in the process by which blood loses fluid and forms a jelly-like clot after leaving the body. The key steps are: 1) formation of a prothrombin activator, 2) conversion of prothrombin to thrombin, and 3) conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin to form the clot. The clotting factors work together in a cascade through positive feedback loops to activate thrombin and fibrinogen in the clotting process.
Numerical changes in chromosome
This document defines and describes various types of numerical changes in chromosomes, including euploidy, aneuploidy, polyploidy, and autopolyploidy vs allopolyploidy. It provides examples of polyploidy levels from haploidy to hexaploidy. It also discusses aneuploidy conditions including monosomy, nullisomy, trisomy, tetrasomy, pentasomy, hexasomy, and heptasomy. The key differences between autopolyploidy and allopolyploidy are that autopolyploidy involves multiple copies of chromosomes from the same species, while allopolyploidy involves chromosomes from different species.
MORPHOLOGY OF PRAWN (Penaeus indicus)
Penaeus indicus is a marine prawn found in tropical and temperate seas. Its segmented body consists of two main regions - the cephalothorax, formed from the fusion of thirteen segments including five cephalic and eight thoracic, and the abdomen. The prawn's elongated body tapers slightly at the rear and is covered by a segmented exoskeleton made of chitin and protein. This exoskeleton protects the internal organs, provides attachment points for muscles, and includes infoldings called apodemes that further strengthen and support the body. The prawn has nineteen pairs of appendages including five pairs of cephalic, eight pairs of thoracic, and six
Cytoplasmic inheritance
1. Cytoplasmic inheritance involves the transmission of traits controlled by DNA in organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts from the maternal parent alone.
2. Early studies showed that traits like shell coiling in snails are determined by the mother's genes, not the individual's own genes.
3. Sonneborn described the inheritance of cytoplasmic particles called "kappa" in Paramecium and their interaction with nuclear genes.
Class insecta
1. Insects are a diverse class of arthropods that possess three pairs of jointed legs, a three-part body plan consisting of head, thorax, and abdomen, and usually a pair of antennae and compound eyes.
2. They represent over half of all known living organisms, with an estimated 6-10 million species, and dominate nearly all land and freshwater environments.
3. Insects breathe through a tracheal system and have an exoskeleton instead of an internal skeleton, and most undergo either complete or incomplete metamorphosis from egg to larva to pupa to adult.
Euparagus (GHermit crab)
Eupagurus, commonly known as hermit crabs, are marine crustaceans found in all seas. They live in the empty shells of gastropods. Their long, coiled, and asymmetrical bodies are divided into two parts - a cephalothorax and abdomen. The abdomen is soft, fleshy, and spirally twisted to fit inside the shell. Hermit crabs have a facultative mutualism with sea anemones, where the anemones provide camouflage and protection, and the crabs provide transport and food particles.
Scorpion
Scorpions are poisonous arachnids found in tropical and subtropical regions. They are nocturnal predators that hunt insects and spiders. Scorpions have a segmented body with a cephalothorax, pre-abdomen, and post-abdomen. They have pedipalps that end in claws used to capture prey and inject venom. Scorpions breathe through book lungs and reproduce viviparously, with the young riding on the mother's back for about a week after birth.
Spider Taxonomy
Spiders have a two-part body consisting of a cephalothorax and abdomen connected by a pedicel. The cephalothorax bears eight eyes and six pairs of appendages including chelicerae with poison glands. The abdomen contains book lungs and spinnerets used to spin silk. Spiders are predators that use silk and venom to capture prey, and most species are nocturnal.
Sacculina
This document summarizes the life cycle of the sacculina, a crustacean parasite that infects marine crabs. It has 5 larval stages: 1) The nauplius larva is a free-swimming triangular larva with 3 pairs of appendages. 2) The cypris larva has a bivalved shell and 7 pairs of appendages and attaches to crabs. 3) The kentrogen larva develops a chitinous tube called a dart that pierces the crab's body, allowing its contents to enter. 4) The sacculina interna remains inside the crab's body as a mass of germ cells. 5) The sacculina externa
Larval forms in crustaceans
The document describes several larval forms of crustaceans:
- The nauplius is the fundamental larval form, with an oval unsegmented body and three pairs of appendages. It undergoes molting and transforms into the metanauplius stage.
- The metanauplius has an elongated body with frontal organs and rudimentary appendages. It molts into the protozoea stage.
- The protozoea has a differentiated cephalo-thorax and abdomen, covered by a carapace. This develops into the zoea stage, which is the second important larval form with a developed cephalo-thorax and six-segmented
Chromosomal aberrations
The document discusses various types of chromosomal aberrations including structural changes like deletions, duplications, translocations, and inversions. It also discusses numerical changes in chromosomes such as euploidy, aneuploidy, polyploidy, and aneuploidy. Specifically, it defines deletion as the removal of a segment of a chromosome, duplication as the addition of a segment to a chromosome in tandem or displaced positions. It also defines translocation as the transfer of a chromosome segment to another non-homologous chromosome, and inversion as the reversal of the orientation of a segment within the chromosome.
Scolopendra
Scolopendra is the common centipede.
Nocturnal, predatory carnivore, found in tropical and sub-tropical countries.
Commonly lives in soil and beneath stones bark and logs in moist and damp areas and human dwellings.
Scolopendra gigantica is the largest of all living centipedes (grows up to a length of 30cm).
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MICROBIAL INTERACTION PPT/ MICROBIAL INTERACTION AND THEIR TYPES // PLANT MIC...
MICROBIAL INTERACTION PPT/ MICROBIAL INTERACTION AND THEIR TYPES // PLANT MIC...ABHISHEK SONI NIMT INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL AND PARAMEDCIAL SCIENCES , GOVT PG COLLEGE NOIDA
Microbial interaction
Microorganisms interacts with each other and can be physically associated with another organisms in a variety of ways.
One organism can be located on the surface of another organism as an ectobiont or located within another organism as endobiont.
Microbial interaction may be positive such as mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism or may be negative such as parasitism, predation or competition
Types of microbial interaction
Positive interaction: mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism
Negative interaction: Ammensalism (antagonism), parasitism, predation, competition
I. Mutualism:
It is defined as the relationship in which each organism in interaction gets benefits from association. It is an obligatory relationship in which mutualist and host are metabolically dependent on each other.
Mutualistic relationship is very specific where one member of association cannot be replaced by another species.
Mutualism require close physical contact between interacting organisms.
Relationship of mutualism allows organisms to exist in habitat that could not occupied by either species alone.
Mutualistic relationship between organisms allows them to act as a single organism.
Examples of mutualism:
i. Lichens:
Lichens are excellent example of mutualism.
They are the association of specific fungi and certain genus of algae. In lichen, fungal partner is called mycobiont and algal partner is called
II. Syntrophism:
It is an association in which the growth of one organism either depends on or improved by the substrate provided by another organism.
In syntrophism both organism in association gets benefits.
Compound A
Utilized by population 1
Compound B
Utilized by population 2
Compound C
utilized by both Population 1+2
Products
In this theoretical example of syntrophism, population 1 is able to utilize and metabolize compound A, forming compound B but cannot metabolize beyond compound B without co-operation of population 2. Population 2is unable to utilize compound A but it can metabolize compound B forming compound C. Then both population 1 and 2 are able to carry out metabolic reaction which leads to formation of end product that neither population could produce alone.
Examples of syntrophism:
i. Methanogenic ecosystem in sludge digester
Methane produced by methanogenic bacteria depends upon interspecies hydrogen transfer by other fermentative bacteria.
Anaerobic fermentative bacteria generate CO2 and H2 utilizing carbohydrates which is then utilized by methanogenic bacteria (Methanobacter) to produce methane.
ii. Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis:
In the minimal media, Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis are able to grow together but not alone.
The synergistic relationship between E. faecalis and L. arobinosus occurs in which E. faecalis require folic acid
Anti-Universe And Emergent Gravity and the Dark Universe
Recent theoretical progress indicates that spacetime and gravity emerge together from the entanglement structure of an underlying microscopic theory. These ideas are best understood in Anti-de Sitter space, where they rely on the area law for entanglement entropy. The extension to de Sitter space requires taking into account the entropy and temperature associated with the cosmological horizon. Using insights from string theory, black hole physics and quantum information theory we argue that the positive dark energy leads to a thermal volume law contribution to the entropy that overtakes the area law precisely at the cosmological horizon. Due to the competition between area and volume law entanglement the microscopic de Sitter states do not thermalise at sub-Hubble scales: they exhibit memory effects in the form of an entropy displacement caused by matter. The emergent laws of gravity contain an additional ‘dark’ gravitational force describing the ‘elastic’ response due to the entropy displacement. We derive an estimate of the strength of this extra force in terms of the baryonic mass, Newton’s constant and the Hubble acceleration scale a0 = cH0, and provide evidence for the fact that this additional ‘dark gravity force’ explains the observed phenomena in galaxies and clusters currently attributed to dark matter.
Pests of Storage_Identification_Dr.UPR.pdf
InIndia-post-harvestlosses-unscientificstorage,insects,rodents,micro-organismsetc.,accountforabout10percentoftotalfoodgrains
Graininfestation
Directdamage
Indirectly
•theexuviae,skin,deadinsects
•theirexcretawhichmakefoodunfitforhumanconsumption
About600speciesofinsectshavebeenassociatedwithstoredgrainproducts
100speciesofinsectpestsofstoredproductscauseeconomiclosses
Alternate Wetting and Drying - Climate Smart Agriculture
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overview of PTM helps to the students who wants to clear their basics about it.
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Neutralizing antibodies, pivotal in immune defense, specifically bind and inhibit viral pathogens, thereby playing a crucial role in protecting against and mitigating infectious diseases. In this slide, we will introduce what antibodies and neutralizing antibodies are, the production and regulation of neutralizing antibodies, their mechanisms of action, classification and applications, as well as the challenges they face.
Methods of grain storage Structures in India.pdf
•Post-harvestlossesaccountforabout10%oftotalfoodgrainsduetounscientificstorage,insects,rodents,micro-organismsetc.,
•Totalfoodgrainproductioninindiais311milliontonnesandstorageis145mt.InIndia,annualstoragelosseshavebeenestimated14mtworthofRs.7,000croreinwhichinsectsaloneaccountfornearlyRs.1,300crores.
•InIndiaoutofthetotalproduction,about30%ismarketablesurplus
•Remaining70%isretainedandstoredbyfarmersforconsumption,seed,feed.Hence,growerneedstoragefacilitytoholdaportionofproducetosellwhenthemarketingpriceisfavourable
•TradersandCo-operativesatmarketcentresneedstoragestructurestoholdgrainswhenthetransportfacilityisinadequate
快速办理(UAM毕业证书)马德里自治大学毕业证学位证一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(UAM毕业证书)马德里自治大学毕业证学位证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
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Embracing Deep Variability For Reproducibility and Replicability
Embracing Deep Variability For Reproducibility and ReplicabilityUniversity of Rennes, INSA Rennes, Inria/IRISA, CNRS
Embracing Deep Variability For Reproducibility and Replicability
Abstract: Reproducibility (aka determinism in some cases) constitutes a fundamental aspect in various fields of computer science, such as floating-point computations in numerical analysis and simulation, concurrency models in parallelism, reproducible builds for third parties integration and packaging, and containerization for execution environments. These concepts, while pervasive across diverse concerns, often exhibit intricate inter-dependencies, making it challenging to achieve a comprehensive understanding. In this short and vision paper we delve into the application of software engineering techniques, specifically variability management, to systematically identify and explicit points of variability that may give rise to reproducibility issues (eg language, libraries, compiler, virtual machine, OS, environment variables, etc). The primary objectives are: i) gaining insights into the variability layers and their possible interactions, ii) capturing and documenting configurations for the sake of reproducibility, and iii) exploring diverse configurations to replicate, and hence validate and ensure the robustness of results. By adopting these methodologies, we aim to address the complexities associated with reproducibility and replicability in modern software systems and environments, facilitating a more comprehensive and nuanced perspective on these critical aspects.
https://hal.science/hal-04582287
The cost of acquiring information by natural selection
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
Candidate young stellar objects in the S-cluster: Kinematic analysis of a sub...
Context. The observation of several L-band emission sources in the S cluster has led to a rich discussion of their nature. However, a definitive answer to the classification of the dusty objects requires an explanation for the detection of compact Doppler-shifted Brγ emission. The ionized hydrogen in combination with the observation of mid-infrared L-band continuum emission suggests that most of these sources are embedded in a dusty envelope. These embedded sources are part of the S-cluster, and their relationship to the S-stars is still under debate. To date, the question of the origin of these two populations has been vague, although all explanations favor migration processes for the individual cluster members. Aims. This work revisits the S-cluster and its dusty members orbiting the supermassive black hole SgrA* on bound Keplerian orbits from a kinematic perspective. The aim is to explore the Keplerian parameters for patterns that might imply a nonrandom distribution of the sample. Additionally, various analytical aspects are considered to address the nature of the dusty sources. Methods. Based on the photometric analysis, we estimated the individual H−K and K−L colors for the source sample and compared the results to known cluster members. The classification revealed a noticeable contrast between the S-stars and the dusty sources. To fit the flux-density distribution, we utilized the radiative transfer code HYPERION and implemented a young stellar object Class I model. We obtained the position angle from the Keplerian fit results; additionally, we analyzed the distribution of the inclinations and the longitudes of the ascending node. Results. The colors of the dusty sources suggest a stellar nature consistent with the spectral energy distribution in the near and midinfrared domains. Furthermore, the evaporation timescales of dusty and gaseous clumps in the vicinity of SgrA* are much shorter ( 2yr) than the epochs covered by the observations (≈15yr). In addition to the strong evidence for the stellar classification of the D-sources, we also find a clear disk-like pattern following the arrangements of S-stars proposed in the literature. Furthermore, we find a global intrinsic inclination for all dusty sources of 60 ± 20◦, implying a common formation process. Conclusions. The pattern of the dusty sources manifested in the distribution of the position angles, inclinations, and longitudes of the ascending node strongly suggests two different scenarios: the main-sequence stars and the dusty stellar S-cluster sources share a common formation history or migrated with a similar formation channel in the vicinity of SgrA*. Alternatively, the gravitational influence of SgrA* in combination with a massive perturber, such as a putative intermediate mass black hole in the IRS 13 cluster, forces the dusty objects and S-stars to follow a particular orbital arrangement. Key words. stars: black holes– stars: formation– Galaxy: center– galaxies: star formation
Sustainable Land Management - Climate Smart Agriculture
Sustainable Land Management - Climate Smart AgricultureInternational Food Policy Research Institute- South Asia Office
PPT on Sustainable Land Management presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
Summary Of transcription and Translation.pdf
Hello Everyone Here We are Sharing You with The process of protien Synthesis in very short points you will be Able to understand It Very well
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MICROBIAL INTERACTION PPT/ MICROBIAL INTERACTION AND THEIR TYPES // PLANT MIC...
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Sustainable Land Management - Climate Smart Agriculture
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DNA BARCODING INTRODUCTION
- 1. DNA BARCODING Dr. ABDULJALEEL K Assistant Professor Dept. of Zoology Government College, Kasaragod
- 2. Dr. Paul Hebert. Father of DNA barcoding https://www.univcan.ca/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/GEI-2018-winners-Paul-Hebert.jpg
- 3. DNA barcoding • A method of species identification using a short section of DNA from a specific gene or genes. • The premise of DNA barcoding is that by comparison with a reference library of such DNA sequence, an individual sequence can be used to uniquely identify an organism to species,
- 4. Animal barcoding studies • Use a region in the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase 1 gene (“CO1”). • 16 S rRNA etc
- 5. Plant barcoding studies • use one or a few plastid regions • e.g. rbcL and matK, and the non-coding spacer trnH-psbA) • the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of nuclear ribosomal DNA.
- 6. Fungal barcoding studies • Use the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region in the nuclear ribosomal cistron.
- 7. Steps • 1: Isolate DNA from the sample • 2: Amplify the target DNA barcode region using PCR • 3: Sequence the PCR products • 4: Compare the resulting sequences against reference databases to find the matching species
- 12. Applications • Taxonomy and species identification • Pest and disease control • Food production and safety • Resource management • Conservation • Research • Education • Recreation.
- 13. References • https://ibol.org/about/dna-barcoding/ • https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_barcoding • https://www.univcan.ca/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/GEI-2018-winners- Paul-Hebert.jpg