Bromine (Amber Boyers)
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Bromine is a reddish-brown liquid element that was discovered in 1826 by Antoine Balard. It has a distinct foul odor due to its Greek name meaning "stench." Bromine is the only nonmetallic element liquid at room temperature and can be found in salt springs, salt deposits, and the earth's crust. It has various industrial and medical uses such as in swimming pools, pesticides, batteries, and some medications.
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Bromine is a red-brown liquid at room temperature with an atomic number of 35. It exists as multiple isotopes with varying numbers of neutrons. Bromine forms compounds with other elements, such as those used in gasoline and photography. French chemist Antoine Balard discovered bromine in 1826 while studying salt marshes. Bromine has industrial uses including flame retardants, water purification, and medicine.
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Zirconium is a transition metal that was discovered in 1789 within the mineral zircon. It has several stable and one radioactive isotope. While difficult to isolate pure zirconium due to its chemical similarity to hafnium, the Kroll process is commonly used. Zirconium has many applications including use in nuclear reactors due to its resistance to neutron absorption, as an alloy for steel, and in gemstones like cubic zirconia.
Helium (David Tucker)
Helium is a colorless, odorless noble gas that was discovered in 1895. It is nonflammable and less dense than air, so it is often used in balloons and blimps. Helium exists as a trace element in the atmosphere but is primarily found trapped within rocks and minerals in the earth's crust. It is obtained commercially as a byproduct of natural gas extraction. Helium has no known compounds and is inert, making it useful for applications like welding, breathing mixtures, and cryogenics where non-reactivity is important.
Rubidium (Howard Wood)
Rubidium is a soft, silvery-white metal that was discovered in 1861 by spectroscopic analysis. It ignites spontaneously in water and has a melting point of 312.2K and boiling point of 961K. The most abundant isotope is Rubidium-85. Rubidium is the 23rd most abundant element in the Earth's crust and is found in minerals such as lepidolite. Common compounds include rubidium chloride, hydroxide, and carbonate. Uses include research on batteries and optical glasses, though applications are limited outside research settings.
Beryllium (Tara Lay)
Beryllium is a lightweight gray metal that occurs naturally as a component of various minerals. It was first discovered in 1798 by a French chemist who found it present in emeralds and beryl. Beryllium has a high melting point and is used in applications requiring rigidity, stiffness, and heat resistance, such as spacecraft, aircraft, and electronics. It is toxic if inhaled and exposure carries health risks like chronic beryllium disease.
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Radium (Evan Clark)
Radium was discovered in 1898 by Marie Curie in the mineral pitchblende. It is a silvery-white radioactive metal with an atomic number of 88 that occurs naturally in uranium ores. Radium decays into other radioactive elements, emitting alpha, beta, and gamma radiation that can be dangerous to human health if exposed in sufficient amounts. It was historically used to paint watch and clock faces but is no longer used for that purpose due to its radioactivity. Today, radium is used to treat cancer through brachytherapy procedures.
Selenium (Chad Beneker)
Selenium is a chemical element discovered in 1817 by Jons Berzelius in Sweden. It is commonly found in sedimentary rock and often accompanies sulfide minerals or silver, copper, lead, and nickel minerals. Selenium has various properties depending on its form - it is red in powder or crystalline form and gray in its metallic form. It has several industrial and medical uses, including in solar cells, catalysts, and producing medical radioisotopes. Dietary sources of selenium include Brazil nuts, fish, meat, eggs, brewer's yeast, and various seeds.
Aluminum (Brittany Jones)
This document summarizes the element aluminum. It discusses the history and discovery of aluminum, its properties including its atomic number, melting point, and common uses. Aluminum is the third most abundant element in the Earth's crust, found in minerals like bauxite, and is extracted through electrolysis. Its many applications include use in foil, cans, car parts, and electronics due to its light weight and resistance to corrosion.
Silicon (Samantha Brossart)
Silicon is the second most abundant element in the Earth's crust. It was discovered in 1824 by Swedish chemist Jons Jacob Berzelius and gets its name from the Latin word for flint. At room temperature, silicon exists in both amorphous and crystalline forms, with the crystalline form having a metallic luster and grayish color. In addition to being a component of sand and quartz, silicon has many important uses including in soaps, adhesives, lubricants, polishing agents, electrical insulators, and medical implants.
Iodine (Matthew Lundberg)
Iodine is a purple-colored element that was discovered in 1811 by Bernard Courtois during the production of saltpeter for gunpowder. It exists as a solid at room temperature and as a gas above its boiling point of 457.5 K. Iodine is obtained commercially through mining in Chile and extraction from brine sources in oil fields in the US and Japan. It is an essential nutrient for the human body but must be consumed in small amounts. Iodine has a variety of uses including in x-ray contrast media, as a disinfectant, and in the production of dyes and pharmaceuticals.
Arsenic (Michael Schmidt)
Arsenic is a solid metalloid that occurs naturally in the earth's crust. It has been known since ancient times but was identified as an element in 1250 AD. There are three forms of arsenic - gray metallic, yellow, and black. Arsenic is obtained through heating its ores to convert it to oxides, then reacting with carbon. It is used in compounds for pesticides, treated wood, and semiconductors, though in its pure form it is toxic and was historically used as a poison.
Potassium (Megan Fish)
Potassium is a soft silver metal that was first isolated in 1807 by Sir Humphrey Davy through electrolysis. It makes up 2.4% of the Earth's crust and is found in rocks, minerals, lakes, and seas. Potassium oxidizes quickly in air and is highly reactive, catching fire when exposed to water. It has important industrial uses like in fertilizers and drain cleaners when combined with other elements. Potassium is also essential for human bodily functions and our bodies contain over 100g of it.
Helium (Natasha Lashley)
Helium was discovered in 1868 when acid was added to uranium material, producing an unreactive gas. It is a colorless, odorless noble gas that is the second lightest element. Over 99.999% of naturally occurring helium is the stable isotope helium-4. Helium is obtained by cooling and liquefying natural gas deposits and letting helium separate out as the only remaining gas. Its main uses are in balloons, airships, pressurizing rockets, and cooling superconducting magnets.
Radon (Fred Wolnitzek)
Radon is a colorless, odorless, radioactive gas that is formed from the decay of radium. It is the most dense gas known and has a half-life of 3.8 days. Radon is found anywhere there are radium deposits in the ground and can accumulate in buildings, posing a lung cancer risk to those inside. It was first discovered in 1900 and was responsible for many miner deaths in centuries past before its radioactive properties were understood, originally blamed on mythical dwarves. Up to 22,000 lung cancer deaths occur annually in the US due to radon exposure.
Iridium (Kelsey Taylor)
Iridium is a transition metal with the symbol Ir and atomic number of 77. It was discovered in 1803 by Smithson Tennant in the residue left after dissolving platinum in acids. Iridium is a solid at room temperature, has the highest melting point of any metal, and is mainly used as a hardening agent in platinum alloys and for equipment requiring high heat resistance. It is found naturally with platinum and osmium and recovered as a byproduct of nickel mining.
Lithium (Michael Krutzkamp)
Lithium is a soft, silvery-white metal that is the lightest solid element. It was discovered in 1817 by Johan Arfvedson in Sweden and derives its name from the Greek word "lithos" meaning stone. Lithium has various applications including use in rechargeable lithium-ion batteries, as a mood-stabilizing drug, and as a coolant in nuclear reactors.
Uranium (Zack Bolog)
Uranium is a silvery-gray radioactive metal that was discovered in 1789. It has major isotopes of U-235 and U-238 and is commonly found in deposits in Australia, Kazakhstan, and Canada. Uranium's main uses are as fuel for nuclear reactors and in nuclear weapons due to its radioactive properties during fission.
Manganese (Colleen McKiernan)
Manganese is a gray-white metal that occurs naturally as compounds in minerals. It was discovered in 1774 by Johan Gottlieb Gahn when he heated the mineral pyrolusite. Manganese is the 12th most abundant element in the Earth's crust and is essential in steel production. It is commonly obtained by heating manganese dioxide with carbon or aluminum. Major uses include steel production, glass decolorization, and manganese oxide in batteries and pigments.
Zinc (Zak Konys)
Zinc is a bluish-white metal that is found naturally in the Earth's crust. It was likely first discovered and purified in ancient China around 1000 AD, and was later described as a metal by the Swiss alchemist Paracelsus in the 15th century. Zinc is commonly used today to galvanize other metals and prevent corrosion, as well as in the production of many compounds for applications like rubber, paint pigment, animal feed supplements, and more. The largest producers of zinc today are China, Australia, Peru, the United States, and Canada.
Cobalt (Samantha Johnson)
Georg Brandt discovered cobalt in 1739 while attempting to prove that the blue color in glass came from an unknown element, not bismuth as previously thought. Cobalt is a hard, silvery-gray metal that is resistant to corrosion and oxygen. It has many uses including in superalloys for jet engines, magnets, batteries, colorants like blue glass, and medical radiation therapy using radioactive cobalt-60. The Democratic Republic of Congo is the leading producer of cobalt today.
Calcium (Rebecca Barnes)
Sir Humphry Davy discovered calcium in 1808 by electrolyzing lime and mercuric oxide. Calcium is the fifth most abundant element in the Earth's crust and is essential for animal skeletons and plant growth. It has an atomic number of 20, melting point of 839 degrees Celsius, and is commonly found in limestone, eggshells, and mollusk shells.
Germanium (Brandy Ashcraft)
Germanium was first proposed in 1871 and discovered in 1886 by German chemist Clemens Winkler. It is a brittle metalloid that is a semiconductor. It is used in electronics, fiber optics, and infrared optics due to its conductivity and transparency to infrared radiation. The largest use is in the semiconductor industry for making transistors.
Sodium (Katie Carrico)
This document provides information about the element sodium. It discusses that sodium is a soft, silvery-white metal that is highly reactive. It notes that sodium is the sixth most abundant element on Earth and is found in compounds like salt. The document outlines the uses of sodium, including in making soap, glass, and sodium vapor lamps. It also discusses sodium isotopes and their use in medicine and testing oil pipelines.
Iron (Sarah Henson)
Iron has been used by ancient civilizations for thousands of years. Beads made of meteoric iron dating back to 3,500 BC have been found in Egypt, and cast iron was produced in China as early as 550 BC. Iron is abundant on Earth and is found in the core as well as in minerals like hematite and magnetite that are mined for iron production. Iron has many important industrial and biological uses due to its magnetic and structural properties.
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Syllabus
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Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
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Chapter 5
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Chapter 6
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Bromine (Amber Boyers)
- 2. What does the name mean? The name has Greek origin. It comes from the word “Bromos”, which means stench. Which relates to the foul odor of the element.
- 3. Where was it discovered? By who? A student named Carl Lowig produced a strange liquid. He showed his chemistry professor, Leopold Gmelin, and they tried to recreate the element. Before they could, a man named Antoine J. Balard published a paper in 1826 describing the new element which he named Bromine.
- 4. Bromine is a reddish- brown liquid. It is the only nonmetallic element that is liquid at room temperature. Melting Point: -7.2 C Boiling Point: 58.78 C Density at 293 K: 3.119 g/mL
- 5. When in the form of Abundances of the bromide, it can be found element in different in salt springs and salt environments deposits. % in Universe 7×10-7% It can be found in the % in Sun N/A earth’s crust. % in Meteorites 0.00012% % in Earth's Crust 0.0003% % in Oceans 0.0067% % in Humans 0.00029%
- 6. Can be used as an alternative to chlorine in swimming pools. Bromine compounds can be used as pesticides. Bromine used to be in unleaded fuel, but now are being tested in batteries for electric cars.
- 7. Bromine compounds are important ingredients in several medications. They’ve even been used to help treat pneumonia. Compounds of bromine are used in photo development in photography.
- 8. The atomic mass is 79.904 amu. It is a halogen. Electron Configuration: [Ar] 3d^10 4s^2 4p^5 Some veterinarians measure bromine levels as a treatment for dogs with epilepsy.
- 9. http://www.periodic-table.org.uk/element- bromine.htm http://www.chemicalelements.com/elements/br.html http://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele035.html http://www.bt.cdc.gov/agent/bromine/basics/pdf/fact sheet.pdf http://www.bromine-info.org/en/Bromine- Applications/ http://www.freeresource.com/bromine-br-fun-facts- and-information-about-the-element