Silicon (Samantha Brossart)
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Silicon is the second most abundant element in the Earth's crust. It was discovered in 1824 by Swedish chemist Jons Jacob Berzelius and gets its name from the Latin word for flint. At room temperature, silicon exists in both amorphous and crystalline forms, with the crystalline form having a metallic luster and grayish color. In addition to being a component of sand and quartz, silicon has many important uses including in soaps, adhesives, lubricants, polishing agents, electrical insulators, and medical implants.
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Glass, quartz, micas
Silica
Quartz is one of the most abundant minerals and is composed of silicon dioxide (SiO2). It has a complex crystal structure and exists in several polymorphs including alpha-quartz, beta-quartz, tridymite, cristobalite, coesite, and stishovite. The stability of these polymorphs depends on temperature and pressure conditions. Cryptocrystalline varieties of quartz include chalcedony, agate, jasper, chert, and flint. Macrocrystalline varieties include rock crystal, milky quartz, amethyst, rose quartz, citrine, and smoky quartz.
Dental ceramics/ rotary endodontic courses by indian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Wafer Fabrication, CZ Method--ABU SYED KUET
Crystal structures can be single crystal, polycrystalline, or amorphous. Single crystal silicon is used to manufacture solar cells and semiconductors due to its precise electronic properties. The Czochralski method is commonly used to grow large single crystal silicon ingots from melted, purified silicon in quartz crucibles. The ingots are sliced, polished, and cleaned to produce thin round wafers for semiconductor fabrication. Larger diameter wafers allow more chips to be produced from each wafer, increasing manufacturing efficiency.
Blue Opals - What square measure They and wherever Do they are available From...
Blue Opals - What square measure They and wherever Do they are available From...Australian opalDirect
Opal could be a type of silicon dioxide almost like quartz however containing water among the mineral structure. Precious mineral consists of tiny silicon dioxide spheres organized in regular patterns. the color in precious stones is caused by the optical phenomenon of white light-weight breaking into just about all the colors of the rainbow. This play of color depends on the angle of incidence of the sunshine and might amendment once the gem is turned. the scale and spacing of the spheres additionally controls the color vary of this precious gem.Silicon
Silicon was born in 1824 and identified by Swedish chemist Jons Jakob Berzelius. It is a solid non-metal at room temperature with 14 protons and 14 electrons. Silicon will have many career options including being used in glass, concrete, brick, or pottery.
O xygen, sodium and phosphorus1
This document provides information about the elements oxygen, sodium, and phosphorus. It defines their chemical symbols and etymology. It discusses their atomic numbers, placement in the periodic table, states, physical and chemical properties, isotopes, biological roles and uses. Some interesting facts are also provided, such as why sodium explodes in water and that we cannot survive without oxygen for more than 5 minutes. Credits and references are listed at the end.
Chemical Garden
This is one of the presentations I made for my school project. Hope you like it.
Please let me know if there needs to be any changes. :)
Momina Allahwala
nanomaterial and nanotech.
This document discusses different types of nanomaterials including fullerenes, silver nanoparticles, iron nanoparticles, platinum nanoparticles, and gold nanoparticles. It provides details on their structures, common sizes, production methods, and applications. Fullerenes are carbon molecules that can be spherical, cylindrical, or tubular in shape. Silver, iron, platinum and gold nanoparticles are particles between 1-100 nm made of those metals. They are described in terms of their reactivity, production techniques, and uses in fields like medicine, electronics, and environmental remediation due to their unique properties at the nanoscale.
seran,,,slide share
Zinc is a bluish-white metal that is the 24th most abundant element in the Earth's crust. It has several important properties including being moderately reactive and acting as a strong reducing agent. The most common zinc ore is sphalerite, which is zinc sulfide. Zinc's main applications are in galvanization to prevent corrosion, as a component in batteries, and in various alloys like brass. It is an essential mineral for human health and zinc deficiency can cause growth problems and increased infection risk in children.
Natural & synthetic compounds
The idea that nature can harm us is not new. Have you ever heard of malaria, HIV, tuberculosis, botulism or tetanus? Why, then, are so many convinced that anything and everything natural is healthier for us than synthetic products? It's true that modern chemistry has brought us a number of toxic chemicals, like DDT and dioxins, but do you really think that nature's chemicals are any less harmful to you? In fact, the most toxic chemicals to humans are completely natural! Not only that, but there is much evidence that natural pesticides allowed in organic farming are just as toxic as synthetic pesticides. It would be wonderful if it were simply a black versus white topic.
Unfortunately, the natural versus synthetic debate falls very much in the gray region, and each and every chemical, or class of chemicals, must be considered on a case by case basis. To make the situation more frustrating, the number of useful and accessible resources for consumers is limited, since the majority of the “information” on the internet and in the news is unfounded and unreferenced. It’s no wonder that this idea has been able to take hold so well! The purpose of this post is to briefly discuss the most common misunderstandings about natural and synthetic chemicals:
1. Synthetic chemicals are more toxic than natural chemicals.
2. Organically grown food is better for you because it’s all natural.
3. Synthetic copies of natural chemicals are not as good for you.
ALKALI METALS.pptx
The document summarizes the properties and characteristics of the alkali metals, which are the Group 1 elements on the periodic table. They include lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, and francium. The alkali metals are soft, silvery-white metals that form strongly alkaline solutions when reacted with water. They have low densities and melting/boiling points that decrease down the group. The metals are highly reactive and must be stored in oil to prevent reaction with air. Their only industrial use is in compounds, with applications like batteries, ceramics, soap production, and fertilizers.
alkalimetals-230627195036-16395e02.pdf
The document summarizes the properties and characteristics of the alkali metals, which are the Group 1 elements on the periodic table. They include lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, and francium. The alkali metals are soft, have low melting points, form alkaline hydroxides when reacted with water, and are highly reactive. They are commonly used in batteries, fertilizers, glass, and other applications depending on the specific metal.
Sulphur containing anions
Sulfur is a bright yellow chemical element that occurs naturally as a mineral and is produced as a byproduct of oil refining. It has an atomic number of 16 and forms rings of 8 atoms. Sulfur has many industrial uses such as in fertilizers, sulfuric acid, matches, insecticides and fungicides. It is also essential for life and is a component of proteins and enzymes. The largest deposits of naturally occurring sulfur are found near volcanic regions and salt domes.
Silicon
- Silicon is the second most abundant element in the Earth's crust, making up 25.7% of it. It is commonly found in nature as silica (SiO2) and discovered in 1823 by Jöns Jakob Berzelius.
- Pure silicon is the principal component of most semiconductor devices, especially integrated circuits. It is also used in alloys, solar cells, LCDs, and other electronic applications.
- Silicon can be produced from quartz or sand through carbothermic or metallothermic reduction and purified to 99.99% using the Siemens process involving hydrogen chloride and fractional distillation.
Classificationofelements
This document discusses the periodic classification of elements and provides information on several topics related to this including:
- A brief biography of Dmitri Mendeleev, the Russian chemist who formulated the periodic law and created the first periodic table.
- Details on the chemical element silicon including its appearance, properties, abundance in the universe, and occurrence in nature primarily as silica and silicates.
- An overview of the different types of glass, how they are manufactured, and their various uses. The nine types discussed are soda glass, colored glass, plate glass, safety glass, laminated glass, optical glass, lead crystal glass.
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Radium (Evan Clark)
Radium was discovered in 1898 by Marie Curie in the mineral pitchblende. It is a silvery-white radioactive metal with an atomic number of 88 that occurs naturally in uranium ores. Radium decays into other radioactive elements, emitting alpha, beta, and gamma radiation that can be dangerous to human health if exposed in sufficient amounts. It was historically used to paint watch and clock faces but is no longer used for that purpose due to its radioactivity. Today, radium is used to treat cancer through brachytherapy procedures.
Selenium (Chad Beneker)
Selenium is a chemical element discovered in 1817 by Jons Berzelius in Sweden. It is commonly found in sedimentary rock and often accompanies sulfide minerals or silver, copper, lead, and nickel minerals. Selenium has various properties depending on its form - it is red in powder or crystalline form and gray in its metallic form. It has several industrial and medical uses, including in solar cells, catalysts, and producing medical radioisotopes. Dietary sources of selenium include Brazil nuts, fish, meat, eggs, brewer's yeast, and various seeds.
Strontium (Keri Nickoson)
Strontium was discovered in 1790 in Scotland and later isolated. It is a solid metal with a silvery color that can change colors during reactions. Strontium is commonly used in fireworks due to its ability to change flame colors and is also found in nuclear bombs and gemstones. While strontium does not exist alone naturally, its salts and compounds have various commercial and industrial uses.
Boron (Briana Shandel)
Boron was discovered in France in the early 1800s. It exists in minerals like borax, kernite, and colemanite that are mined in countries like Turkey, Russia, and the US. Boron has many industrial uses including borax for fiberglass, boron carbide for armor, and boron nitride for high temperature equipment. It is a poor conductor but becomes conductive at high temperatures.
Arsenic (Michael Schmidt)
Arsenic is a solid metalloid that occurs naturally in the earth's crust. It has been known since ancient times but was identified as an element in 1250 AD. There are three forms of arsenic - gray metallic, yellow, and black. Arsenic is obtained through heating its ores to convert it to oxides, then reacting with carbon. It is used in compounds for pesticides, treated wood, and semiconductors, though in its pure form it is toxic and was historically used as a poison.
Potassium (Megan Fish)
Potassium is a soft silver metal that was first isolated in 1807 by Sir Humphrey Davy through electrolysis. It makes up 2.4% of the Earth's crust and is found in rocks, minerals, lakes, and seas. Potassium oxidizes quickly in air and is highly reactive, catching fire when exposed to water. It has important industrial uses like in fertilizers and drain cleaners when combined with other elements. Potassium is also essential for human bodily functions and our bodies contain over 100g of it.
Technetium (Tayler Carter)
Technetium was discovered in 1937 by Italian scientists, though it had been mistakenly reported as discovered earlier. It is a man-made radioactive element produced by bombarding molybdenum with neutrons. Technetium has no stable isotopes and is used as a radioactive tracer in medical diagnostic tests due to its low cost.
Radon (Fred Wolnitzek)
Radon is a colorless, odorless, radioactive gas that is formed from the decay of radium. It is the most dense gas known and has a half-life of 3.8 days. Radon is found anywhere there are radium deposits in the ground and can accumulate in buildings, posing a lung cancer risk to those inside. It was first discovered in 1900 and was responsible for many miner deaths in centuries past before its radioactive properties were understood, originally blamed on mythical dwarves. Up to 22,000 lung cancer deaths occur annually in the US due to radon exposure.
Iridium (Kelsey Taylor)
Iridium is a transition metal with the symbol Ir and atomic number of 77. It was discovered in 1803 by Smithson Tennant in the residue left after dissolving platinum in acids. Iridium is a solid at room temperature, has the highest melting point of any metal, and is mainly used as a hardening agent in platinum alloys and for equipment requiring high heat resistance. It is found naturally with platinum and osmium and recovered as a byproduct of nickel mining.
Beryllium (Tara Lay)
Beryllium is a lightweight gray metal that occurs naturally as a component of various minerals. It was first discovered in 1798 by a French chemist who found it present in emeralds and beryl. Beryllium has a high melting point and is used in applications requiring rigidity, stiffness, and heat resistance, such as spacecraft, aircraft, and electronics. It is toxic if inhaled and exposure carries health risks like chronic beryllium disease.
Niobium (Don Willmoth)
Niobium is a shiny grey metal that was first discovered in 1801. It was initially confused with tantalum but was proven to be a separate element in 1844. Niobium is mined primarily from the mineral pyrochlore and is used to strengthen steel and superconducting magnets. Its main applications are in jet engines, MRI machines, eyeglasses, and jewelry due to its hypoallergenic properties. Though not a household name, niobium plays an important but often unseen role in industries like aerospace, medical, and science.
Uranium (Zack Bolog)
Uranium is a silvery-gray radioactive metal that was discovered in 1789. It has major isotopes of U-235 and U-238 and is commonly found in deposits in Australia, Kazakhstan, and Canada. Uranium's main uses are as fuel for nuclear reactors and in nuclear weapons due to its radioactive properties during fission.
Zirconium (Haley Post)
Zirconium is a transition metal that was discovered in 1789 within the mineral zircon. It has several stable and one radioactive isotope. While difficult to isolate pure zirconium due to its chemical similarity to hafnium, the Kroll process is commonly used. Zirconium has many applications including use in nuclear reactors due to its resistance to neutron absorption, as an alloy for steel, and in gemstones like cubic zirconia.
Chlorine (Samuel Boateng)
Chlorine is a greenish-yellow gas that was first isolated in 1774 by Swedish chemist Carl Scheele. It is one of the most abundant elements and is found in compounds like sodium chloride. Sir Humphrey Davy named chlorine in 1810. Chlorine has many uses including water treatment, bleaching, and producing chemicals like hydrochloric acid, plastics, and pharmaceuticals. It is highly reactive and poisonous in its pure gas form.
Neon (Hayley Wayne)
Neon is a colorless, odorless noble gas with an atomic number of 10. It was discovered in 1898 by William Ramsay and Morris Travers. Some key facts about neon are that it is used widely in neon signs and lights, it exists in small percentages in the universe, sun, and Earth's crust, and it has three stable isotopes.
Cobalt (Samantha Johnson)
Georg Brandt discovered cobalt in 1739 while attempting to prove that the blue color in glass came from an unknown element, not bismuth as previously thought. Cobalt is a hard, silvery-gray metal that is resistant to corrosion and oxygen. It has many uses including in superalloys for jet engines, magnets, batteries, colorants like blue glass, and medical radiation therapy using radioactive cobalt-60. The Democratic Republic of Congo is the leading producer of cobalt today.
Calcium (Rebecca Barnes)
Sir Humphry Davy discovered calcium in 1808 by electrolyzing lime and mercuric oxide. Calcium is the fifth most abundant element in the Earth's crust and is essential for animal skeletons and plant growth. It has an atomic number of 20, melting point of 839 degrees Celsius, and is commonly found in limestone, eggshells, and mollusk shells.
Chromium (Jeff Jansen)
Chromium is a silvery metallic element with an atomic number of 24. It was discovered in 1797 by Louis-Nicholas Vauquelin and is commonly found in chromite ore. Some key uses of chromium include chrome plating, production of paints and pigments, and hardening steel. It has a high melting point and is used in applications like armor plating, ball bearings, and cutting tools.
Bromine (Amber Boyers)
Bromine is a reddish-brown liquid element that was discovered in 1826 by Antoine Balard. It has a distinct foul odor due to its Greek name meaning "stench." Bromine is the only nonmetallic element liquid at room temperature and can be found in salt springs, salt deposits, and the earth's crust. It has various industrial and medical uses such as in swimming pools, pesticides, batteries, and some medications.
Sodium (Katie Carrico)
This document provides information about the element sodium. It discusses that sodium is a soft, silvery-white metal that is highly reactive. It notes that sodium is the sixth most abundant element on Earth and is found in compounds like salt. The document outlines the uses of sodium, including in making soap, glass, and sodium vapor lamps. It also discusses sodium isotopes and their use in medicine and testing oil pipelines.
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Silicon (Samantha Brossart)
- 1. Silicon; Si Samantha Brossart Dr. Walters CHE 120 fall semester, 2011
- 2. History O Discovered by Jons Jacob Berzelius, a Swedish chemist in 1824 O Silicon comes from the Latin word for flint; siex O Silicon is pronounced SIL-i-ken
- 3. Properties Silicon: O Is a solid at room temperature. O Melts at 1687 K (1414°C or 2577°F). O Boils at 3538 K (3265°C or 5909°F). O Has a density of 2.3296 grams per cubic centimeters O At room temperature two allotropes exist; amorphous and crystalline. O Amorphous appears as a brown power. O Crystalline has a metallic luster and a grayish color.
- 4. Availability O Silicon is the seventh most abundant element in the universe and the second on the earths crust. O SiO2 Silicon dioxide is silicon's most common compound, and also the most abundant compound in the earths crust. Commonly Silicon Dioxide takes the form of ordinary sand, but also exists as quartz, rock crystal, amethyst, agate, flint, jasper and opal
- 5. Uses O Sodium silicate (Na2SiO3), also known as water glass, is used in the production of soaps, adhesives and as an egg preservative. O Silicon tetrachloride (SiCl4) is used to create smoke screens. O Silicon is also an important ingredient in silicone, a class of material that is used for such things as lubricants, polishing agents, electrical insulators and medical implants.
- 7. References O Berzelius Jons Jacob. Scientific Identity. Smithsonian Institution Libraries. Web. 11 November 2011. O The Element Silicon. Jefferson Lab. Steve Gagnon. Web. 11 November 2011. O Mineral’s; Silicon. The Mineral Mine. Long Beach, CA. web. 11 November 2011. O Silicon Facts. About.com Chemistry. Anne Marie Helmenstine, Ph.D. Web. 11 November 2011.