Barium (Shaun Reynolds)
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Barium is a silvery-white metal that is extracted from barite ore. It was discovered in 1774 in Europe and named after the Greek word for heavy. Barium has several applications including use as a getter in vacuum tubes to remove gas, in spark plug wires as an alloy with nickel, and as barium sulfate for drilling mud weighting and medical imaging contrast. Its main properties are a melting point of 727°C, boiling point of 1897°C, and density of 3.51 g/cm3.
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Mercury (Hg)
Mercury is a heavy, silvery-white metal that was used in ancient Egypt and China for medicinal purposes. It has unique physical properties as the only elemental metal that is liquid at room temperature. While mercury was widely used historically for applications like thermometers and fluorescent lights, its use has been phased out and replaced due to the serious health effects of mercury vapor exposure. It is now primarily used to manufacture industrial chemicals and in some electrical applications.
Strontium (Keri Nickoson)
Strontium was discovered in 1790 in Scotland and later isolated. It is a solid metal with a silvery color that can change colors during reactions. Strontium is commonly used in fireworks due to its ability to change flame colors and is also found in nuclear bombs and gemstones. While strontium does not exist alone naturally, its salts and compounds have various commercial and industrial uses.
Helium (Natasha Lashley)
Helium was discovered in 1868 when acid was added to uranium material, producing an unreactive gas. It is a colorless, odorless noble gas that is the second lightest element. Over 99.999% of naturally occurring helium is the stable isotope helium-4. Helium is obtained by cooling and liquefying natural gas deposits and letting helium separate out as the only remaining gas. Its main uses are in balloons, airships, pressurizing rockets, and cooling superconducting magnets.
Zirconium (Jesse Wynne)
Zirconium is a transition metal that was discovered in 1789 by Martin Klaproth in Germany while studying the compound jargon. It has 40 protons, 51 neutrons, and is a solid grayish element at room temperature. Zirconium is commonly obtained through the Kroll Process, which is the reduction of zirconium chloride with magnesium. Its primary uses include research due to corrosion resistance, as an alloying agent in steel, and in high-performance pumps and valves.
Cadmium (Rebekka Meeks)
Friedrich Stromeyer discovered cadmium in 1817 while studying calamine. Cadmium is a soft, silvery-white metal that occurs naturally as a byproduct of zinc mining. It has many industrial uses, including in nickel-cadmium batteries, solar panels, and nuclear reactors. Cadmium is toxic to humans and environmental exposure can occur through cigarette smoke, coal burning, contaminated food/water, and landfill runoff.
Nickel (Emma Jones)
Nickel was discovered in 1751 by Swedish scientist Axel Fredrik Cronstedt. It gets its name from the German words for "Old Nick", a name for the devil, and "Old Nick's Copper". Nickel is a silvery-white, hard metal that is solid at room temperature and is used primarily in alloys like stainless steel and nickel-based superalloys. Major deposits of nickel ore are located in Ontario, Canada, Australia, Cuba, and Indonesia.
Ruthenium (Brittany Lewin)
Ruthenium is a rare hard white metal that was discovered in 1827 in Russia. It has a high melting point of 2,250°C and boiling point of 4,150°C. Ruthenium is used in the electronic and chemical industries and for making wear-resistant electrical contacts, jet engine blades, and fountain pens. It is one of the rarest metals on Earth and is found in North and South America and South Africa.
Lithium (Michael Krutzkamp)
Lithium is a soft, silvery-white metal that is the lightest solid element. It was discovered in 1817 by Johan Arfvedson in Sweden and derives its name from the Greek word "lithos" meaning stone. Lithium has various applications including use in rechargeable lithium-ion batteries, as a mood-stabilizing drug, and as a coolant in nuclear reactors.
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Mercury (Hg)
Mercury is a heavy, silvery-white metal that was used in ancient Egypt and China for medicinal purposes. It has unique physical properties as the only elemental metal that is liquid at room temperature. While mercury was widely used historically for applications like thermometers and fluorescent lights, its use has been phased out and replaced due to the serious health effects of mercury vapor exposure. It is now primarily used to manufacture industrial chemicals and in some electrical applications.
Strontium (Keri Nickoson)
Strontium was discovered in 1790 in Scotland and later isolated. It is a solid metal with a silvery color that can change colors during reactions. Strontium is commonly used in fireworks due to its ability to change flame colors and is also found in nuclear bombs and gemstones. While strontium does not exist alone naturally, its salts and compounds have various commercial and industrial uses.
Helium (Natasha Lashley)
Helium was discovered in 1868 when acid was added to uranium material, producing an unreactive gas. It is a colorless, odorless noble gas that is the second lightest element. Over 99.999% of naturally occurring helium is the stable isotope helium-4. Helium is obtained by cooling and liquefying natural gas deposits and letting helium separate out as the only remaining gas. Its main uses are in balloons, airships, pressurizing rockets, and cooling superconducting magnets.
Zirconium (Jesse Wynne)
Zirconium is a transition metal that was discovered in 1789 by Martin Klaproth in Germany while studying the compound jargon. It has 40 protons, 51 neutrons, and is a solid grayish element at room temperature. Zirconium is commonly obtained through the Kroll Process, which is the reduction of zirconium chloride with magnesium. Its primary uses include research due to corrosion resistance, as an alloying agent in steel, and in high-performance pumps and valves.
Cadmium (Rebekka Meeks)
Friedrich Stromeyer discovered cadmium in 1817 while studying calamine. Cadmium is a soft, silvery-white metal that occurs naturally as a byproduct of zinc mining. It has many industrial uses, including in nickel-cadmium batteries, solar panels, and nuclear reactors. Cadmium is toxic to humans and environmental exposure can occur through cigarette smoke, coal burning, contaminated food/water, and landfill runoff.
Nickel (Emma Jones)
Nickel was discovered in 1751 by Swedish scientist Axel Fredrik Cronstedt. It gets its name from the German words for "Old Nick", a name for the devil, and "Old Nick's Copper". Nickel is a silvery-white, hard metal that is solid at room temperature and is used primarily in alloys like stainless steel and nickel-based superalloys. Major deposits of nickel ore are located in Ontario, Canada, Australia, Cuba, and Indonesia.
Ruthenium (Brittany Lewin)
Ruthenium is a rare hard white metal that was discovered in 1827 in Russia. It has a high melting point of 2,250°C and boiling point of 4,150°C. Ruthenium is used in the electronic and chemical industries and for making wear-resistant electrical contacts, jet engine blades, and fountain pens. It is one of the rarest metals on Earth and is found in North and South America and South Africa.
Lithium (Michael Krutzkamp)
Lithium is a soft, silvery-white metal that is the lightest solid element. It was discovered in 1817 by Johan Arfvedson in Sweden and derives its name from the Greek word "lithos" meaning stone. Lithium has various applications including use in rechargeable lithium-ion batteries, as a mood-stabilizing drug, and as a coolant in nuclear reactors.
Arsenic (Michael Schmidt)
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Uranium was discovered in 1789 in Germany by Martin Heinrich Klaproth, though Eugene Péligot isolated a pure sample in 1841. It is a naturally radioactive solid metal with various isotopes, but U-235 and U-238 are most common. Uranium has many uses including fuel for nuclear power plants, but depleted uranium used in armor and weapons can create dangerous radioactive dust upon impact.
Germanium (Charles Bach)
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Bismuth (Corinne Basinger)
The document summarizes information about the chemical element Bismuth. It describes that Bismuth is a silvery-white solid metal that does not occur naturally in its pure form. It melts at 271°C and boils at 1564°C. While it has no major commercial isotopes, it is used industrially in alloys and compounds. Some key uses of Bismuth compounds include Pepto-Bismol, cosmetics, and catalysts. The largest mines of Bismuth ore are located in China, Mexico, Peru, and Bolivia.
Selenium (Chad Beneker)
Selenium is a chemical element discovered in 1817 by Jons Berzelius in Sweden. It is commonly found in sedimentary rock and often accompanies sulfide minerals or silver, copper, lead, and nickel minerals. Selenium has various properties depending on its form - it is red in powder or crystalline form and gray in its metallic form. It has several industrial and medical uses, including in solar cells, catalysts, and producing medical radioisotopes. Dietary sources of selenium include Brazil nuts, fish, meat, eggs, brewer's yeast, and various seeds.
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Zirconium (Haley Post)
Zirconium is a transition metal that was discovered in 1789 within the mineral zircon. It has several stable and one radioactive isotope. While difficult to isolate pure zirconium due to its chemical similarity to hafnium, the Kroll process is commonly used. Zirconium has many applications including use in nuclear reactors due to its resistance to neutron absorption, as an alloy for steel, and in gemstones like cubic zirconia.
Iridium (Kelsey Taylor)
Iridium is a transition metal with the symbol Ir and atomic number of 77. It was discovered in 1803 by Smithson Tennant in the residue left after dissolving platinum in acids. Iridium is a solid at room temperature, has the highest melting point of any metal, and is mainly used as a hardening agent in platinum alloys and for equipment requiring high heat resistance. It is found naturally with platinum and osmium and recovered as a byproduct of nickel mining.
Potassium (Megan Fish)
Potassium is a soft silver metal that was first isolated in 1807 by Sir Humphrey Davy through electrolysis. It makes up 2.4% of the Earth's crust and is found in rocks, minerals, lakes, and seas. Potassium oxidizes quickly in air and is highly reactive, catching fire when exposed to water. It has important industrial uses like in fertilizers and drain cleaners when combined with other elements. Potassium is also essential for human bodily functions and our bodies contain over 100g of it.
Rhodium (Megan Wogan)
Rhodium is a shiny silver-colored metal that was discovered in England in 1803. It has a high melting point of 1966°C and boiling point of 3727°C. Rhodium is very dense, with a density of 12.4 g/cm3, higher than water and steel. It is commonly found with nickel and copper in South America and Canada. Rhodium is primarily used for plating jewelry and coins and alloying with platinum and palladium for hardness.
Rubidium (Howard Wood)
Rubidium is a soft, silvery-white metal that was discovered in 1861 by spectroscopic analysis. It ignites spontaneously in water and has a melting point of 312.2K and boiling point of 961K. The most abundant isotope is Rubidium-85. Rubidium is the 23rd most abundant element in the Earth's crust and is found in minerals such as lepidolite. Common compounds include rubidium chloride, hydroxide, and carbonate. Uses include research on batteries and optical glasses, though applications are limited outside research settings.
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Radium was discovered in 1898 by Marie Curie in the mineral pitchblende. It is a silvery-white radioactive metal with an atomic number of 88 that occurs naturally in uranium ores. Radium decays into other radioactive elements, emitting alpha, beta, and gamma radiation that can be dangerous to human health if exposed in sufficient amounts. It was historically used to paint watch and clock faces but is no longer used for that purpose due to its radioactivity. Today, radium is used to treat cancer through brachytherapy procedures.
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Selenium is a non-metallic element discovered in 1817 by Swedish scientist Jöns Jacob Berzelius. It has various industrial uses including in photocopiers, solar cells, and cameras due to its ability to conduct electricity when exposed to light. Selenium is rarely found in nature but can be extracted from copper sulfide and ranks 31st in abundance among elements. It has a melting point of 493.65 K and is also used in dandruff shampoos and is an essential nutrient found in foods like Brazil nuts, fish, and whole grains.
Bromine (Amber Boyers)
Bromine is a reddish-brown liquid element that was discovered in 1826 by Antoine Balard. It has a distinct foul odor due to its Greek name meaning "stench." Bromine is the only nonmetallic element liquid at room temperature and can be found in salt springs, salt deposits, and the earth's crust. It has various industrial and medical uses such as in swimming pools, pesticides, batteries, and some medications.
Silicon (Samantha Brossart)
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Iodine (Matthew Lundberg)
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Arsenic is a solid metalloid that occurs naturally in the earth's crust. It has been known since ancient times but was identified as an element in 1250 AD. There are three forms of arsenic - gray metallic, yellow, and black. Arsenic is obtained through heating its ores to convert it to oxides, then reacting with carbon. It is used in compounds for pesticides, treated wood, and semiconductors, though in its pure form it is toxic and was historically used as a poison.
Uranium (Josh Dorman)
Uranium was discovered in 1789 in Germany by Martin Heinrich Klaproth, though Eugene Péligot isolated a pure sample in 1841. It is a naturally radioactive solid metal with various isotopes, but U-235 and U-238 are most common. Uranium has many uses including fuel for nuclear power plants, but depleted uranium used in armor and weapons can create dangerous radioactive dust upon impact.
Germanium (Charles Bach)
Germanium is a metalloid element discovered in 1886 by Clemens Winkler in Germany. It was also predicted earlier by Dmitri Mendeleev, who called it ekasilicon due to its position on the periodic table and similarity to silicon. Germanium is a greyish-white solid with a crystalline structure that melts at 1210.6 K and boils at 3103 K. It is commonly used as a semiconductor in electronics and infrared optics due to its transparency in the infrared spectrum. Germanium is found naturally in zinc ores, coal, and minerals like argyrodite and germanite and extracted as a byproduct of smelting other metals.
Bismuth (Corinne Basinger)
The document summarizes information about the chemical element Bismuth. It describes that Bismuth is a silvery-white solid metal that does not occur naturally in its pure form. It melts at 271°C and boils at 1564°C. While it has no major commercial isotopes, it is used industrially in alloys and compounds. Some key uses of Bismuth compounds include Pepto-Bismol, cosmetics, and catalysts. The largest mines of Bismuth ore are located in China, Mexico, Peru, and Bolivia.
Selenium (Chad Beneker)
Selenium is a chemical element discovered in 1817 by Jons Berzelius in Sweden. It is commonly found in sedimentary rock and often accompanies sulfide minerals or silver, copper, lead, and nickel minerals. Selenium has various properties depending on its form - it is red in powder or crystalline form and gray in its metallic form. It has several industrial and medical uses, including in solar cells, catalysts, and producing medical radioisotopes. Dietary sources of selenium include Brazil nuts, fish, meat, eggs, brewer's yeast, and various seeds.
Cadmium (Jeremy Willett)
Cadmium is a soft, bluish-white metal that was first discovered in 1817 by German chemist Friedrich Strohmeyer while studying calamine. It has several important industrial uses including in nickel-cadmium batteries, as an anti-corrosive coating for steel, and in semiconductors. However, cadmium is also toxic to humans and accumulates primarily in the kidneys, where high levels can lead to kidney failure. While cadmium intake has decreased in recent decades, it remains a concern due to negative health effects. Cadmium is obtained as a byproduct during production of other metals like zinc, copper and lead.
Nickel (Aimee Ellis)
Nickel is a silvery-white metal that is solid at room temperature with a melting point of 1455 degrees Celsius. It was discovered in 1751 by Swedish chemist Axel Cronstedt, who originally believed it was copper (Kupfernickel translates to Devil's copper). Nickel is primarily found in ores and its most important properties are its high melting and boiling points. It is used as a catalyst in hydrogenation reactions, in heat regulation, in nuclear reactors, and in producing corrosion-resistant alloys and stainless steel.
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This document provides information about the element sodium. It discusses that sodium is a soft, silvery-white metal that is highly reactive. It notes that sodium is the sixth most abundant element on Earth and is found in compounds like salt. The document outlines the uses of sodium, including in making soap, glass, and sodium vapor lamps. It also discusses sodium isotopes and their use in medicine and testing oil pipelines.
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Chromium (Jeff Jansen)
Chromium is a silvery metallic element with an atomic number of 24. It was discovered in 1797 by Louis-Nicholas Vauquelin and is commonly found in chromite ore. Some key uses of chromium include chrome plating, production of paints and pigments, and hardening steel. It has a high melting point and is used in applications like armor plating, ball bearings, and cutting tools.
Beryllium (Tara Lay)
Beryllium is a lightweight gray metal that occurs naturally as a component of various minerals. It was first discovered in 1798 by a French chemist who found it present in emeralds and beryl. Beryllium has a high melting point and is used in applications requiring rigidity, stiffness, and heat resistance, such as spacecraft, aircraft, and electronics. It is toxic if inhaled and exposure carries health risks like chronic beryllium disease.
Zirconium (Haley Post)
Zirconium is a transition metal that was discovered in 1789 within the mineral zircon. It has several stable and one radioactive isotope. While difficult to isolate pure zirconium due to its chemical similarity to hafnium, the Kroll process is commonly used. Zirconium has many applications including use in nuclear reactors due to its resistance to neutron absorption, as an alloy for steel, and in gemstones like cubic zirconia.
Iridium (Kelsey Taylor)
Iridium is a transition metal with the symbol Ir and atomic number of 77. It was discovered in 1803 by Smithson Tennant in the residue left after dissolving platinum in acids. Iridium is a solid at room temperature, has the highest melting point of any metal, and is mainly used as a hardening agent in platinum alloys and for equipment requiring high heat resistance. It is found naturally with platinum and osmium and recovered as a byproduct of nickel mining.
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Potassium is a soft silver metal that was first isolated in 1807 by Sir Humphrey Davy through electrolysis. It makes up 2.4% of the Earth's crust and is found in rocks, minerals, lakes, and seas. Potassium oxidizes quickly in air and is highly reactive, catching fire when exposed to water. It has important industrial uses like in fertilizers and drain cleaners when combined with other elements. Potassium is also essential for human bodily functions and our bodies contain over 100g of it.
Rhodium (Megan Wogan)
Rhodium is a shiny silver-colored metal that was discovered in England in 1803. It has a high melting point of 1966°C and boiling point of 3727°C. Rhodium is very dense, with a density of 12.4 g/cm3, higher than water and steel. It is commonly found with nickel and copper in South America and Canada. Rhodium is primarily used for plating jewelry and coins and alloying with platinum and palladium for hardness.
Rubidium (Howard Wood)
Rubidium is a soft, silvery-white metal that was discovered in 1861 by spectroscopic analysis. It ignites spontaneously in water and has a melting point of 312.2K and boiling point of 961K. The most abundant isotope is Rubidium-85. Rubidium is the 23rd most abundant element in the Earth's crust and is found in minerals such as lepidolite. Common compounds include rubidium chloride, hydroxide, and carbonate. Uses include research on batteries and optical glasses, though applications are limited outside research settings.
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Helium is a colorless, odorless noble gas that was discovered in 1895. It is nonflammable and less dense than air, so it is often used in balloons and blimps. Helium exists as a trace element in the atmosphere but is primarily found trapped within rocks and minerals in the earth's crust. It is obtained commercially as a byproduct of natural gas extraction. Helium has no known compounds and is inert, making it useful for applications like welding, breathing mixtures, and cryogenics where non-reactivity is important.
Radium (Evan Clark)
Radium was discovered in 1898 by Marie Curie in the mineral pitchblende. It is a silvery-white radioactive metal with an atomic number of 88 that occurs naturally in uranium ores. Radium decays into other radioactive elements, emitting alpha, beta, and gamma radiation that can be dangerous to human health if exposed in sufficient amounts. It was historically used to paint watch and clock faces but is no longer used for that purpose due to its radioactivity. Today, radium is used to treat cancer through brachytherapy procedures.
Selenium (Matthew Calme)
Selenium is a non-metallic element discovered in 1817 by Swedish scientist Jöns Jacob Berzelius. It has various industrial uses including in photocopiers, solar cells, and cameras due to its ability to conduct electricity when exposed to light. Selenium is rarely found in nature but can be extracted from copper sulfide and ranks 31st in abundance among elements. It has a melting point of 493.65 K and is also used in dandruff shampoos and is an essential nutrient found in foods like Brazil nuts, fish, and whole grains.
Bromine (Amber Boyers)
Bromine is a reddish-brown liquid element that was discovered in 1826 by Antoine Balard. It has a distinct foul odor due to its Greek name meaning "stench." Bromine is the only nonmetallic element liquid at room temperature and can be found in salt springs, salt deposits, and the earth's crust. It has various industrial and medical uses such as in swimming pools, pesticides, batteries, and some medications.
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Silicon (Samantha Brossart)
Silicon is the second most abundant element in the Earth's crust. It was discovered in 1824 by Swedish chemist Jons Jacob Berzelius and gets its name from the Latin word for flint. At room temperature, silicon exists in both amorphous and crystalline forms, with the crystalline form having a metallic luster and grayish color. In addition to being a component of sand and quartz, silicon has many important uses including in soaps, adhesives, lubricants, polishing agents, electrical insulators, and medical implants.
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Boron (Briana Shandel)
Boron was discovered in France in the early 1800s. It exists in minerals like borax, kernite, and colemanite that are mined in countries like Turkey, Russia, and the US. Boron has many industrial uses including borax for fiberglass, boron carbide for armor, and boron nitride for high temperature equipment. It is a poor conductor but becomes conductive at high temperatures.
Technetium (Tayler Carter)
Technetium was discovered in 1937 by Italian scientists, though it had been mistakenly reported as discovered earlier. It is a man-made radioactive element produced by bombarding molybdenum with neutrons. Technetium has no stable isotopes and is used as a radioactive tracer in medical diagnostic tests due to its low cost.
Radon (Fred Wolnitzek)
Radon is a colorless, odorless, radioactive gas that is formed from the decay of radium. It is the most dense gas known and has a half-life of 3.8 days. Radon is found anywhere there are radium deposits in the ground and can accumulate in buildings, posing a lung cancer risk to those inside. It was first discovered in 1900 and was responsible for many miner deaths in centuries past before its radioactive properties were understood, originally blamed on mythical dwarves. Up to 22,000 lung cancer deaths occur annually in the US due to radon exposure.
Niobium (Don Willmoth)
Niobium is a shiny grey metal that was first discovered in 1801. It was initially confused with tantalum but was proven to be a separate element in 1844. Niobium is mined primarily from the mineral pyrochlore and is used to strengthen steel and superconducting magnets. Its main applications are in jet engines, MRI machines, eyeglasses, and jewelry due to its hypoallergenic properties. Though not a household name, niobium plays an important but often unseen role in industries like aerospace, medical, and science.
Uranium (Zack Bolog)
Uranium is a silvery-gray radioactive metal that was discovered in 1789. It has major isotopes of U-235 and U-238 and is commonly found in deposits in Australia, Kazakhstan, and Canada. Uranium's main uses are as fuel for nuclear reactors and in nuclear weapons due to its radioactive properties during fission.
Manganese (Colleen McKiernan)
Manganese is a gray-white metal that occurs naturally as compounds in minerals. It was discovered in 1774 by Johan Gottlieb Gahn when he heated the mineral pyrolusite. Manganese is the 12th most abundant element in the Earth's crust and is essential in steel production. It is commonly obtained by heating manganese dioxide with carbon or aluminum. Major uses include steel production, glass decolorization, and manganese oxide in batteries and pigments.
Argon (Chelsea Colon)
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Chlorine (Samuel Boateng)
Chlorine is a greenish-yellow gas that was first isolated in 1774 by Swedish chemist Carl Scheele. It is one of the most abundant elements and is found in compounds like sodium chloride. Sir Humphrey Davy named chlorine in 1810. Chlorine has many uses including water treatment, bleaching, and producing chemicals like hydrochloric acid, plastics, and pharmaceuticals. It is highly reactive and poisonous in its pure gas form.
Neon (Hayley Wayne)
Neon is a colorless, odorless noble gas with an atomic number of 10. It was discovered in 1898 by William Ramsay and Morris Travers. Some key facts about neon are that it is used widely in neon signs and lights, it exists in small percentages in the universe, sun, and Earth's crust, and it has three stable isotopes.
Zinc (Zak Konys)
Zinc is a bluish-white metal that is found naturally in the Earth's crust. It was likely first discovered and purified in ancient China around 1000 AD, and was later described as a metal by the Swiss alchemist Paracelsus in the 15th century. Zinc is commonly used today to galvanize other metals and prevent corrosion, as well as in the production of many compounds for applications like rubber, paint pigment, animal feed supplements, and more. The largest producers of zinc today are China, Australia, Peru, the United States, and Canada.
Cobalt (Samantha Johnson)
Georg Brandt discovered cobalt in 1739 while attempting to prove that the blue color in glass came from an unknown element, not bismuth as previously thought. Cobalt is a hard, silvery-gray metal that is resistant to corrosion and oxygen. It has many uses including in superalloys for jet engines, magnets, batteries, colorants like blue glass, and medical radiation therapy using radioactive cobalt-60. The Democratic Republic of Congo is the leading producer of cobalt today.
Calcium (Rebecca Barnes)
Sir Humphry Davy discovered calcium in 1808 by electrolyzing lime and mercuric oxide. Calcium is the fifth most abundant element in the Earth's crust and is essential for animal skeletons and plant growth. It has an atomic number of 20, melting point of 839 degrees Celsius, and is commonly found in limestone, eggshells, and mollusk shells.
Germanium (Brandy Ashcraft)
Germanium was first proposed in 1871 and discovered in 1886 by German chemist Clemens Winkler. It is a brittle metalloid that is a semiconductor. It is used in electronics, fiber optics, and infrared optics due to its conductivity and transparency to infrared radiation. The largest use is in the semiconductor industry for making transistors.
Iron (Sarah Henson)
Iron has been used by ancient civilizations for thousands of years. Beads made of meteoric iron dating back to 3,500 BC have been found in Egypt, and cast iron was produced in China as early as 550 BC. Iron is abundant on Earth and is found in the core as well as in minerals like hematite and magnetite that are mined for iron production. Iron has many important industrial and biological uses due to its magnetic and structural properties.
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Barium (Shaun Reynolds)
- 2. The name Barium originates from the Greek word Barys meaning heavy having to do with the density of certain Barium- containing ores. Barium was discovered by CarlWilhelm in 1774 in Europe but received its final name from Sir Humphrey Davy in England.
- 3. Barium’s natural state is a silvery white solid at room temperature. Barium’s Melting point is 727°C while its boiling point is 1897°C The density of Barium is 3.51g/cm3
- 4. Barium is composed of seven stable isotopes. There are twenty two known isotopes but they are mostly radioactive with have half- lives that range from milliseconds to a few seconds. The two most stable isotopes of Barium are 133Barium(10.51 years) and 137mBarium(2.55 minutes).
- 5. Barium is found and extracted from barite. The barite is then heated to produce Barium Sulfide. After the Barium Sulfide is hydrolyzed it can then be used.
- 6. Barium has a cost of $55 per 100 grams
- 7. The main application of Barium is as a “getter” which means to remove the last traces of gas in electronic vacuum tubes such as cathode ray tubes. Certain alloys of Barium are used with nickel in spark plug wire.
- 8. Barium Sulfate(BaSO4) is used in the petroleum industry as drilling mud acting as a weighting agent in drilling new oil wells. Because of its opacity to X-rays, the sulfate can be used as a radiocontrast agent for X-ray images of digestive systems
- 9. Barium oxide is used in coating for the electrodes of fluorescent lamps Barium Nitrate is used to give green fireworks there color from the Barium monochloride species.
- 10. http://www.webelements.com/barium/ http://answers.ask.com/Science/Chemistry/h ow_much_does_barium_cost www.huntsearch.gla.ac.uk/ cgi-binfoxweb/ huntsearch/ DetailedR...ode=GLAHM http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/element.ph p?sym=Ba
- 11. http://www.lenntech.com/periodic/elements/ba. htm http://www.speclab.com/elements/barium.htm http://www.umm.edu/radiology/barium.htm www.medicine.cu.edu.eg/ englishstudents/ study/ x_ray_surgery/ xray/intestine/ 142.htm