Calcium (Rebecca Barnes)
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Sir Humphry Davy discovered calcium in 1808 by electrolyzing lime and mercuric oxide. Calcium is the fifth most abundant element in the Earth's crust and is essential for animal skeletons and plant growth. It has an atomic number of 20, melting point of 839 degrees Celsius, and is commonly found in limestone, eggshells, and mollusk shells.
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Element K
Potassium is the element being discussed. Some key facts provided are: Potassium has the atomic number 19, symbol K, and atomic mass of 39.0983. It is mostly found in bananas and metals. When found in metals, potassium is very reactive and can explode when exposed to even small amounts of water. Potassium can be converted to various salts used in fertilizers and soaps. It was first discovered in 1807 in London, England by Sir Humphrey Davy, and has uses in products like glass, soap, fertilizers, and gunpowder.
Nickel (Emma Jones)
Nickel was discovered in 1751 by Swedish scientist Axel Fredrik Cronstedt. It gets its name from the German words for "Old Nick", a name for the devil, and "Old Nick's Copper". Nickel is a silvery-white, hard metal that is solid at room temperature and is used primarily in alloys like stainless steel and nickel-based superalloys. Major deposits of nickel ore are located in Ontario, Canada, Australia, Cuba, and Indonesia.
Titanium (Trent Sloan)
Reverend William Gregor discovered titanium in 1791 in Cornish beach sands in Germany, but did not name it. A few years later, Klaproth named it titanium after the Titans of Greek mythology. Titanium is the 6th most abundant element on Earth and is found bound to igneous rocks and their derived sediments. It is difficult and costly to extract from rocks. Titanium is used as an alternative to steel in applications where strength and light weight are important, such as in aircraft, spacecraft, and armored vehicles.
Neon (Hayley Wayne)
Neon is a colorless, odorless noble gas with an atomic number of 10. It was discovered in 1898 by William Ramsay and Morris Travers. Some key facts about neon are that it is used widely in neon signs and lights, it exists in small percentages in the universe, sun, and Earth's crust, and it has three stable isotopes.
Silicon (Samantha Brossart)
Silicon is the second most abundant element in the Earth's crust. It was discovered in 1824 by Swedish chemist Jons Jacob Berzelius and gets its name from the Latin word for flint. At room temperature, silicon exists in both amorphous and crystalline forms, with the crystalline form having a metallic luster and grayish color. In addition to being a component of sand and quartz, silicon has many important uses including in soaps, adhesives, lubricants, polishing agents, electrical insulators, and medical implants.
Ruthenium (Brittany Lewin)
Ruthenium is a rare hard white metal that was discovered in 1827 in Russia. It has a high melting point of 2,250°C and boiling point of 4,150°C. Ruthenium is used in the electronic and chemical industries and for making wear-resistant electrical contacts, jet engine blades, and fountain pens. It is one of the rarest metals on Earth and is found in North and South America and South Africa.
Barium (Shaun Reynolds)
Barium is a silvery-white metal that is extracted from barite ore. It was discovered in 1774 in Europe and named after the Greek word for heavy. Barium has several applications including use as a getter in vacuum tubes to remove gas, in spark plug wires as an alloy with nickel, and as barium sulfate for drilling mud weighting and medical imaging contrast. Its main properties are a melting point of 727°C, boiling point of 1897°C, and density of 3.51 g/cm3.
Magnesium (Amanda Manning)
Magnesium is the 6th most abundant element in the Earth's crust. It was first isolated in 1808 by Sir Humphry Davy through electrolysis of magnesium oxide. Magnesium is a silvery-white metal that is solid at room temperature but highly flammable at specific temperatures. Its main uses include flash photography, pyrotechnics, and in producing magnesium alloys for aircraft and missiles.
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Element K
Potassium is the element being discussed. Some key facts provided are: Potassium has the atomic number 19, symbol K, and atomic mass of 39.0983. It is mostly found in bananas and metals. When found in metals, potassium is very reactive and can explode when exposed to even small amounts of water. Potassium can be converted to various salts used in fertilizers and soaps. It was first discovered in 1807 in London, England by Sir Humphrey Davy, and has uses in products like glass, soap, fertilizers, and gunpowder.
Nickel (Emma Jones)
Nickel was discovered in 1751 by Swedish scientist Axel Fredrik Cronstedt. It gets its name from the German words for "Old Nick", a name for the devil, and "Old Nick's Copper". Nickel is a silvery-white, hard metal that is solid at room temperature and is used primarily in alloys like stainless steel and nickel-based superalloys. Major deposits of nickel ore are located in Ontario, Canada, Australia, Cuba, and Indonesia.
Titanium (Trent Sloan)
Reverend William Gregor discovered titanium in 1791 in Cornish beach sands in Germany, but did not name it. A few years later, Klaproth named it titanium after the Titans of Greek mythology. Titanium is the 6th most abundant element on Earth and is found bound to igneous rocks and their derived sediments. It is difficult and costly to extract from rocks. Titanium is used as an alternative to steel in applications where strength and light weight are important, such as in aircraft, spacecraft, and armored vehicles.
Neon (Hayley Wayne)
Neon is a colorless, odorless noble gas with an atomic number of 10. It was discovered in 1898 by William Ramsay and Morris Travers. Some key facts about neon are that it is used widely in neon signs and lights, it exists in small percentages in the universe, sun, and Earth's crust, and it has three stable isotopes.
Silicon (Samantha Brossart)
Silicon is the second most abundant element in the Earth's crust. It was discovered in 1824 by Swedish chemist Jons Jacob Berzelius and gets its name from the Latin word for flint. At room temperature, silicon exists in both amorphous and crystalline forms, with the crystalline form having a metallic luster and grayish color. In addition to being a component of sand and quartz, silicon has many important uses including in soaps, adhesives, lubricants, polishing agents, electrical insulators, and medical implants.
Ruthenium (Brittany Lewin)
Ruthenium is a rare hard white metal that was discovered in 1827 in Russia. It has a high melting point of 2,250°C and boiling point of 4,150°C. Ruthenium is used in the electronic and chemical industries and for making wear-resistant electrical contacts, jet engine blades, and fountain pens. It is one of the rarest metals on Earth and is found in North and South America and South Africa.
Barium (Shaun Reynolds)
Barium is a silvery-white metal that is extracted from barite ore. It was discovered in 1774 in Europe and named after the Greek word for heavy. Barium has several applications including use as a getter in vacuum tubes to remove gas, in spark plug wires as an alloy with nickel, and as barium sulfate for drilling mud weighting and medical imaging contrast. Its main properties are a melting point of 727°C, boiling point of 1897°C, and density of 3.51 g/cm3.
Magnesium (Amanda Manning)
Magnesium is the 6th most abundant element in the Earth's crust. It was first isolated in 1808 by Sir Humphry Davy through electrolysis of magnesium oxide. Magnesium is a silvery-white metal that is solid at room temperature but highly flammable at specific temperatures. Its main uses include flash photography, pyrotechnics, and in producing magnesium alloys for aircraft and missiles.
Chlorine (Samuel Boateng)
Chlorine is a greenish-yellow gas that was first isolated in 1774 by Swedish chemist Carl Scheele. It is one of the most abundant elements and is found in compounds like sodium chloride. Sir Humphrey Davy named chlorine in 1810. Chlorine has many uses including water treatment, bleaching, and producing chemicals like hydrochloric acid, plastics, and pharmaceuticals. It is highly reactive and poisonous in its pure gas form.
Boron (Briana Shandel)
Boron was discovered in France in the early 1800s. It exists in minerals like borax, kernite, and colemanite that are mined in countries like Turkey, Russia, and the US. Boron has many industrial uses including borax for fiberglass, boron carbide for armor, and boron nitride for high temperature equipment. It is a poor conductor but becomes conductive at high temperatures.
Technetium (Tayler Carter)
Technetium was discovered in 1937 by Italian scientists, though it had been mistakenly reported as discovered earlier. It is a man-made radioactive element produced by bombarding molybdenum with neutrons. Technetium has no stable isotopes and is used as a radioactive tracer in medical diagnostic tests due to its low cost.
Niobium (Don Willmoth)
Niobium is a shiny grey metal that was first discovered in 1801. It was initially confused with tantalum but was proven to be a separate element in 1844. Niobium is mined primarily from the mineral pyrochlore and is used to strengthen steel and superconducting magnets. Its main applications are in jet engines, MRI machines, eyeglasses, and jewelry due to its hypoallergenic properties. Though not a household name, niobium plays an important but often unseen role in industries like aerospace, medical, and science.
Arsenic (Michael Schmidt)
Arsenic is a solid metalloid that occurs naturally in the earth's crust. It has been known since ancient times but was identified as an element in 1250 AD. There are three forms of arsenic - gray metallic, yellow, and black. Arsenic is obtained through heating its ores to convert it to oxides, then reacting with carbon. It is used in compounds for pesticides, treated wood, and semiconductors, though in its pure form it is toxic and was historically used as a poison.
Uranium (Josh Dorman)
Uranium was discovered in 1789 in Germany by Martin Heinrich Klaproth, though Eugene Péligot isolated a pure sample in 1841. It is a naturally radioactive solid metal with various isotopes, but U-235 and U-238 are most common. Uranium has many uses including fuel for nuclear power plants, but depleted uranium used in armor and weapons can create dangerous radioactive dust upon impact.
Lithium (Michael Krutzkamp)
Lithium is a soft, silvery-white metal that is the lightest solid element. It was discovered in 1817 by Johan Arfvedson in Sweden and derives its name from the Greek word "lithos" meaning stone. Lithium has various applications including use in rechargeable lithium-ion batteries, as a mood-stabilizing drug, and as a coolant in nuclear reactors.
Cadmium (Rebekka Meeks)
Friedrich Stromeyer discovered cadmium in 1817 while studying calamine. Cadmium is a soft, silvery-white metal that occurs naturally as a byproduct of zinc mining. It has many industrial uses, including in nickel-cadmium batteries, solar panels, and nuclear reactors. Cadmium is toxic to humans and environmental exposure can occur through cigarette smoke, coal burning, contaminated food/water, and landfill runoff.
Chlorine (Chelsie Dedman)
Chlorine was discovered in Uppsala, Sweden by C.W. Scheele, though Sir Humphry Davy determined it was an element. Chlorine exists as a pale greenish-yellow gas at room temperature with a melting point of -101°C and boiling point of -34°C. It is found in compounds in nature like salt, carnallite, and sylvite, and is produced by chemical companies for uses like bleach, water purification, and insecticides. Major compounds used are calcium hypochlorite for bleaching, potassium chlorate in fireworks, sodium chloride as table salt, and ethylene dichloride to make polyvinyl chloride.
Iodine (Matthew Lundberg)
Iodine is a purple-colored element that was discovered in 1811 by Bernard Courtois during the production of saltpeter for gunpowder. It exists as a solid at room temperature and as a gas above its boiling point of 457.5 K. Iodine is obtained commercially through mining in Chile and extraction from brine sources in oil fields in the US and Japan. It is an essential nutrient for the human body but must be consumed in small amounts. Iodine has a variety of uses including in x-ray contrast media, as a disinfectant, and in the production of dyes and pharmaceuticals.
Argon (Chelsea Colon)
This document provides information about an invisible, odorless gas that is found in the atmosphere. It was first identified in Scotland by Lord Rayleigh and Sir William Ramsay. It is a noble gas with a boiling point of 87.30K and melting point of 83.80K. Its main uses are in light bulbs and medical lasers. The gas is argon, with the symbol Ar and part of the noble gases in group 18 of the periodic table.
Zirconium (Jesse Wynne)
Zirconium is a transition metal that was discovered in 1789 by Martin Klaproth in Germany while studying the compound jargon. It has 40 protons, 51 neutrons, and is a solid grayish element at room temperature. Zirconium is commonly obtained through the Kroll Process, which is the reduction of zirconium chloride with magnesium. Its primary uses include research due to corrosion resistance, as an alloying agent in steel, and in high-performance pumps and valves.
Bismuth (Corinne Basinger)
The document summarizes information about the chemical element Bismuth. It describes that Bismuth is a silvery-white solid metal that does not occur naturally in its pure form. It melts at 271°C and boils at 1564°C. While it has no major commercial isotopes, it is used industrially in alloys and compounds. Some key uses of Bismuth compounds include Pepto-Bismol, cosmetics, and catalysts. The largest mines of Bismuth ore are located in China, Mexico, Peru, and Bolivia.
Germanium (Charles Bach)
Germanium is a metalloid element discovered in 1886 by Clemens Winkler in Germany. It was also predicted earlier by Dmitri Mendeleev, who called it ekasilicon due to its position on the periodic table and similarity to silicon. Germanium is a greyish-white solid with a crystalline structure that melts at 1210.6 K and boils at 3103 K. It is commonly used as a semiconductor in electronics and infrared optics due to its transparency in the infrared spectrum. Germanium is found naturally in zinc ores, coal, and minerals like argyrodite and germanite and extracted as a byproduct of smelting other metals.
Manganese (Colleen McKiernan)
Manganese is a gray-white metal that occurs naturally as compounds in minerals. It was discovered in 1774 by Johan Gottlieb Gahn when he heated the mineral pyrolusite. Manganese is the 12th most abundant element in the Earth's crust and is essential in steel production. It is commonly obtained by heating manganese dioxide with carbon or aluminum. Major uses include steel production, glass decolorization, and manganese oxide in batteries and pigments.
Sodium (Emily Esham)
This document provides information about the element sodium. It discusses that sodium was first isolated in 1807 by Sir Humphry Davy through electrolysis. Sodium is used to make many products including titanium, sodamide, sodium cyanide, and as a coolant in nuclear reactors. It is one of the most abundant elements on Earth and is found in many household items like salt and baking soda. The document outlines sodium's properties, major isotopes, availability and cost, common compounds, and some fun facts.
Helium (Natasha Lashley)
Helium was discovered in 1868 when acid was added to uranium material, producing an unreactive gas. It is a colorless, odorless noble gas that is the second lightest element. Over 99.999% of naturally occurring helium is the stable isotope helium-4. Helium is obtained by cooling and liquefying natural gas deposits and letting helium separate out as the only remaining gas. Its main uses are in balloons, airships, pressurizing rockets, and cooling superconducting magnets.
Germanium (Brandy Ashcraft)
Germanium was first proposed in 1871 and discovered in 1886 by German chemist Clemens Winkler. It is a brittle metalloid that is a semiconductor. It is used in electronics, fiber optics, and infrared optics due to its conductivity and transparency to infrared radiation. The largest use is in the semiconductor industry for making transistors.
Iron (Sarah Henson)
Iron has been used by ancient civilizations for thousands of years. Beads made of meteoric iron dating back to 3,500 BC have been found in Egypt, and cast iron was produced in China as early as 550 BC. Iron is abundant on Earth and is found in the core as well as in minerals like hematite and magnetite that are mined for iron production. Iron has many important industrial and biological uses due to its magnetic and structural properties.
Calcium
Calcium is essential for many bodily functions and its concentration in the blood is tightly regulated. Three key hormones - parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcitonin, and calcitriol (vitamin D) - work together to maintain calcium homeostasis. PTH increases calcium levels by promoting bone resorption and renal reabsorption. Calcitonin acts in opposition to lower calcium levels by inhibiting bone resorption. Calcitriol works indirectly by increasing intestinal calcium absorption. While calcitonin can reduce bone resorption, it is misleading to say it directly lowers blood calcium as its effect is relatively weak compared to PTH.
Potassium (Megan Fish)
Potassium is a soft silver metal that was first isolated in 1807 by Sir Humphrey Davy through electrolysis. It makes up 2.4% of the Earth's crust and is found in rocks, minerals, lakes, and seas. Potassium oxidizes quickly in air and is highly reactive, catching fire when exposed to water. It has important industrial uses like in fertilizers and drain cleaners when combined with other elements. Potassium is also essential for human bodily functions and our bodies contain over 100g of it.
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Chlorine (Samuel Boateng)
Chlorine is a greenish-yellow gas that was first isolated in 1774 by Swedish chemist Carl Scheele. It is one of the most abundant elements and is found in compounds like sodium chloride. Sir Humphrey Davy named chlorine in 1810. Chlorine has many uses including water treatment, bleaching, and producing chemicals like hydrochloric acid, plastics, and pharmaceuticals. It is highly reactive and poisonous in its pure gas form.
Boron (Briana Shandel)
Boron was discovered in France in the early 1800s. It exists in minerals like borax, kernite, and colemanite that are mined in countries like Turkey, Russia, and the US. Boron has many industrial uses including borax for fiberglass, boron carbide for armor, and boron nitride for high temperature equipment. It is a poor conductor but becomes conductive at high temperatures.
Technetium (Tayler Carter)
Technetium was discovered in 1937 by Italian scientists, though it had been mistakenly reported as discovered earlier. It is a man-made radioactive element produced by bombarding molybdenum with neutrons. Technetium has no stable isotopes and is used as a radioactive tracer in medical diagnostic tests due to its low cost.
Niobium (Don Willmoth)
Niobium is a shiny grey metal that was first discovered in 1801. It was initially confused with tantalum but was proven to be a separate element in 1844. Niobium is mined primarily from the mineral pyrochlore and is used to strengthen steel and superconducting magnets. Its main applications are in jet engines, MRI machines, eyeglasses, and jewelry due to its hypoallergenic properties. Though not a household name, niobium plays an important but often unseen role in industries like aerospace, medical, and science.
Arsenic (Michael Schmidt)
Arsenic is a solid metalloid that occurs naturally in the earth's crust. It has been known since ancient times but was identified as an element in 1250 AD. There are three forms of arsenic - gray metallic, yellow, and black. Arsenic is obtained through heating its ores to convert it to oxides, then reacting with carbon. It is used in compounds for pesticides, treated wood, and semiconductors, though in its pure form it is toxic and was historically used as a poison.
Uranium (Josh Dorman)
Uranium was discovered in 1789 in Germany by Martin Heinrich Klaproth, though Eugene Péligot isolated a pure sample in 1841. It is a naturally radioactive solid metal with various isotopes, but U-235 and U-238 are most common. Uranium has many uses including fuel for nuclear power plants, but depleted uranium used in armor and weapons can create dangerous radioactive dust upon impact.
Lithium (Michael Krutzkamp)
Lithium is a soft, silvery-white metal that is the lightest solid element. It was discovered in 1817 by Johan Arfvedson in Sweden and derives its name from the Greek word "lithos" meaning stone. Lithium has various applications including use in rechargeable lithium-ion batteries, as a mood-stabilizing drug, and as a coolant in nuclear reactors.
Cadmium (Rebekka Meeks)
Friedrich Stromeyer discovered cadmium in 1817 while studying calamine. Cadmium is a soft, silvery-white metal that occurs naturally as a byproduct of zinc mining. It has many industrial uses, including in nickel-cadmium batteries, solar panels, and nuclear reactors. Cadmium is toxic to humans and environmental exposure can occur through cigarette smoke, coal burning, contaminated food/water, and landfill runoff.
Chlorine (Chelsie Dedman)
Chlorine was discovered in Uppsala, Sweden by C.W. Scheele, though Sir Humphry Davy determined it was an element. Chlorine exists as a pale greenish-yellow gas at room temperature with a melting point of -101°C and boiling point of -34°C. It is found in compounds in nature like salt, carnallite, and sylvite, and is produced by chemical companies for uses like bleach, water purification, and insecticides. Major compounds used are calcium hypochlorite for bleaching, potassium chlorate in fireworks, sodium chloride as table salt, and ethylene dichloride to make polyvinyl chloride.
Iodine (Matthew Lundberg)
Iodine is a purple-colored element that was discovered in 1811 by Bernard Courtois during the production of saltpeter for gunpowder. It exists as a solid at room temperature and as a gas above its boiling point of 457.5 K. Iodine is obtained commercially through mining in Chile and extraction from brine sources in oil fields in the US and Japan. It is an essential nutrient for the human body but must be consumed in small amounts. Iodine has a variety of uses including in x-ray contrast media, as a disinfectant, and in the production of dyes and pharmaceuticals.
Argon (Chelsea Colon)
This document provides information about an invisible, odorless gas that is found in the atmosphere. It was first identified in Scotland by Lord Rayleigh and Sir William Ramsay. It is a noble gas with a boiling point of 87.30K and melting point of 83.80K. Its main uses are in light bulbs and medical lasers. The gas is argon, with the symbol Ar and part of the noble gases in group 18 of the periodic table.
Zirconium (Jesse Wynne)
Zirconium is a transition metal that was discovered in 1789 by Martin Klaproth in Germany while studying the compound jargon. It has 40 protons, 51 neutrons, and is a solid grayish element at room temperature. Zirconium is commonly obtained through the Kroll Process, which is the reduction of zirconium chloride with magnesium. Its primary uses include research due to corrosion resistance, as an alloying agent in steel, and in high-performance pumps and valves.
Bismuth (Corinne Basinger)
The document summarizes information about the chemical element Bismuth. It describes that Bismuth is a silvery-white solid metal that does not occur naturally in its pure form. It melts at 271°C and boils at 1564°C. While it has no major commercial isotopes, it is used industrially in alloys and compounds. Some key uses of Bismuth compounds include Pepto-Bismol, cosmetics, and catalysts. The largest mines of Bismuth ore are located in China, Mexico, Peru, and Bolivia.
Germanium (Charles Bach)
Germanium is a metalloid element discovered in 1886 by Clemens Winkler in Germany. It was also predicted earlier by Dmitri Mendeleev, who called it ekasilicon due to its position on the periodic table and similarity to silicon. Germanium is a greyish-white solid with a crystalline structure that melts at 1210.6 K and boils at 3103 K. It is commonly used as a semiconductor in electronics and infrared optics due to its transparency in the infrared spectrum. Germanium is found naturally in zinc ores, coal, and minerals like argyrodite and germanite and extracted as a byproduct of smelting other metals.
Manganese (Colleen McKiernan)
Manganese is a gray-white metal that occurs naturally as compounds in minerals. It was discovered in 1774 by Johan Gottlieb Gahn when he heated the mineral pyrolusite. Manganese is the 12th most abundant element in the Earth's crust and is essential in steel production. It is commonly obtained by heating manganese dioxide with carbon or aluminum. Major uses include steel production, glass decolorization, and manganese oxide in batteries and pigments.
Sodium (Emily Esham)
This document provides information about the element sodium. It discusses that sodium was first isolated in 1807 by Sir Humphry Davy through electrolysis. Sodium is used to make many products including titanium, sodamide, sodium cyanide, and as a coolant in nuclear reactors. It is one of the most abundant elements on Earth and is found in many household items like salt and baking soda. The document outlines sodium's properties, major isotopes, availability and cost, common compounds, and some fun facts.
Helium (Natasha Lashley)
Helium was discovered in 1868 when acid was added to uranium material, producing an unreactive gas. It is a colorless, odorless noble gas that is the second lightest element. Over 99.999% of naturally occurring helium is the stable isotope helium-4. Helium is obtained by cooling and liquefying natural gas deposits and letting helium separate out as the only remaining gas. Its main uses are in balloons, airships, pressurizing rockets, and cooling superconducting magnets.
Germanium (Brandy Ashcraft)
Germanium was first proposed in 1871 and discovered in 1886 by German chemist Clemens Winkler. It is a brittle metalloid that is a semiconductor. It is used in electronics, fiber optics, and infrared optics due to its conductivity and transparency to infrared radiation. The largest use is in the semiconductor industry for making transistors.
Iron (Sarah Henson)
Iron has been used by ancient civilizations for thousands of years. Beads made of meteoric iron dating back to 3,500 BC have been found in Egypt, and cast iron was produced in China as early as 550 BC. Iron is abundant on Earth and is found in the core as well as in minerals like hematite and magnetite that are mined for iron production. Iron has many important industrial and biological uses due to its magnetic and structural properties.
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Water ionization treatment apparatus working on the principal of static electricity which is produced by the friction of water (H2O) with the carbon electrodes inside the IOREX. When the electric charge of the static electricity level becomes high, electric discharge takes place and electrons are added to the water molecules and are ionized into +H and -OH ion with a lot of electrons. These electrons prevent corrosion, scaling, kills bacteria by destroying its cells wall.
Additionally, the Physico-chemical parameters also show variation as shown in the tabulated form. The chemical constituents present in water are converted from crystalline nature to globular form thus reducing the nature of its toxicity.
The results of the measurement could be of vital concern in the assessment, diagnosis and prognosis of waterborne disease in the local population of the area under investigation and also to discover the strata of the monitoring area.
History, Classification, Uses of organic chemistry
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The Adsorption Ability of Talisay (Terminalia catappa) Leaves for Removal of ...
This study aimed to determine the adsorption ability of talisay for removal of hexavalent chromium in aqueous solutions. Batch experiments were carried out in solutions prepared by the researcher compromising of potassium dichromate and distilled water.
Purification of water
The document discusses the purification of water. It describes various methods used to purify water including physical processes like filtration and sedimentation, biological processes like slow sand filters, chemical processes like flocculation and chlorination, and electromagnetic radiation like ultraviolet light. The standards for drinking water quality are typically set by governments and these standards determine the acceptable concentrations of contaminants depending on the intended use of the water. Access to safe drinking water is important for public health goals in developing countries as contaminated water can spread diseases. The history of water purification including early experiments, John Snow's work identifying water sources in a cholera outbreak, and regulations requiring water treatment.
Purification of water
The document discusses the purification of water. It describes various methods used to purify water including physical processes like filtration and sedimentation, biological processes, chemical processes like flocculation and chlorination, and electromagnetic radiation like ultraviolet light. It then discusses the history of water purification including early experiments, John Snow's use of chlorine to disinfect water during a cholera outbreak, and the development of methods like sand filters and chlorination in the late 19th/early 20th century.
Algae
Algae are primary producers that use photosynthesis to convert inorganic substances into organic compounds using sunlight. They form the base of aquatic and marine food chains and produce a significant amount of Earth's oxygen. Economically, algae are used as food sources in many cultures and have potential for biofuel production due to high sugar and starch content. Medicinally, algae contain antioxidants and have shown anticancer, antiviral, and antibacterial properties. Algae also effectively remove heavy metals from wastewater through biosorption.
Calcium & Phosphorous-Slide Share.pptx
This document discusses calcium and phosphorus, including their metabolism, functions, deficiency diseases, and toxicity. Calcium is essential for bone formation, muscle contractions, nerve transmission and more. Calcium deficiency can cause eclampsia, milk fever, and osteoporosis. Phosphorus is a component of bones, cells, and energy metabolism. It is regulated by parathyroid hormone and its deficiency can cause pica. Both minerals are important for bone structure and their levels are interconnected through hormone regulation.
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WATER ION TREATMENT SYSTEM-IOREX: THE BEST WATER PURIFIER
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History, Classification, Uses of organic chemistry
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Radium (Evan Clark)
Radium was discovered in 1898 by Marie Curie in the mineral pitchblende. It is a silvery-white radioactive metal with an atomic number of 88 that occurs naturally in uranium ores. Radium decays into other radioactive elements, emitting alpha, beta, and gamma radiation that can be dangerous to human health if exposed in sufficient amounts. It was historically used to paint watch and clock faces but is no longer used for that purpose due to its radioactivity. Today, radium is used to treat cancer through brachytherapy procedures.
Selenium (Chad Beneker)
Selenium is a chemical element discovered in 1817 by Jons Berzelius in Sweden. It is commonly found in sedimentary rock and often accompanies sulfide minerals or silver, copper, lead, and nickel minerals. Selenium has various properties depending on its form - it is red in powder or crystalline form and gray in its metallic form. It has several industrial and medical uses, including in solar cells, catalysts, and producing medical radioisotopes. Dietary sources of selenium include Brazil nuts, fish, meat, eggs, brewer's yeast, and various seeds.
Strontium (Keri Nickoson)
Strontium was discovered in 1790 in Scotland and later isolated. It is a solid metal with a silvery color that can change colors during reactions. Strontium is commonly used in fireworks due to its ability to change flame colors and is also found in nuclear bombs and gemstones. While strontium does not exist alone naturally, its salts and compounds have various commercial and industrial uses.
Aluminum (Brittany Jones)
This document summarizes the element aluminum. It discusses the history and discovery of aluminum, its properties including its atomic number, melting point, and common uses. Aluminum is the third most abundant element in the Earth's crust, found in minerals like bauxite, and is extracted through electrolysis. Its many applications include use in foil, cans, car parts, and electronics due to its light weight and resistance to corrosion.
Radon (Fred Wolnitzek)
Radon is a colorless, odorless, radioactive gas that is formed from the decay of radium. It is the most dense gas known and has a half-life of 3.8 days. Radon is found anywhere there are radium deposits in the ground and can accumulate in buildings, posing a lung cancer risk to those inside. It was first discovered in 1900 and was responsible for many miner deaths in centuries past before its radioactive properties were understood, originally blamed on mythical dwarves. Up to 22,000 lung cancer deaths occur annually in the US due to radon exposure.
Iridium (Kelsey Taylor)
Iridium is a transition metal with the symbol Ir and atomic number of 77. It was discovered in 1803 by Smithson Tennant in the residue left after dissolving platinum in acids. Iridium is a solid at room temperature, has the highest melting point of any metal, and is mainly used as a hardening agent in platinum alloys and for equipment requiring high heat resistance. It is found naturally with platinum and osmium and recovered as a byproduct of nickel mining.
Beryllium (Tara Lay)
Beryllium is a lightweight gray metal that occurs naturally as a component of various minerals. It was first discovered in 1798 by a French chemist who found it present in emeralds and beryl. Beryllium has a high melting point and is used in applications requiring rigidity, stiffness, and heat resistance, such as spacecraft, aircraft, and electronics. It is toxic if inhaled and exposure carries health risks like chronic beryllium disease.
Uranium (Zack Bolog)
Uranium is a silvery-gray radioactive metal that was discovered in 1789. It has major isotopes of U-235 and U-238 and is commonly found in deposits in Australia, Kazakhstan, and Canada. Uranium's main uses are as fuel for nuclear reactors and in nuclear weapons due to its radioactive properties during fission.
Zirconium (Haley Post)
Zirconium is a transition metal that was discovered in 1789 within the mineral zircon. It has several stable and one radioactive isotope. While difficult to isolate pure zirconium due to its chemical similarity to hafnium, the Kroll process is commonly used. Zirconium has many applications including use in nuclear reactors due to its resistance to neutron absorption, as an alloy for steel, and in gemstones like cubic zirconia.
Zinc (Zak Konys)
Zinc is a bluish-white metal that is found naturally in the Earth's crust. It was likely first discovered and purified in ancient China around 1000 AD, and was later described as a metal by the Swiss alchemist Paracelsus in the 15th century. Zinc is commonly used today to galvanize other metals and prevent corrosion, as well as in the production of many compounds for applications like rubber, paint pigment, animal feed supplements, and more. The largest producers of zinc today are China, Australia, Peru, the United States, and Canada.
Cobalt (Samantha Johnson)
Georg Brandt discovered cobalt in 1739 while attempting to prove that the blue color in glass came from an unknown element, not bismuth as previously thought. Cobalt is a hard, silvery-gray metal that is resistant to corrosion and oxygen. It has many uses including in superalloys for jet engines, magnets, batteries, colorants like blue glass, and medical radiation therapy using radioactive cobalt-60. The Democratic Republic of Congo is the leading producer of cobalt today.
Chromium (Jeff Jansen)
Chromium is a silvery metallic element with an atomic number of 24. It was discovered in 1797 by Louis-Nicholas Vauquelin and is commonly found in chromite ore. Some key uses of chromium include chrome plating, production of paints and pigments, and hardening steel. It has a high melting point and is used in applications like armor plating, ball bearings, and cutting tools.
Bromine (Amber Boyers)
Bromine is a reddish-brown liquid element that was discovered in 1826 by Antoine Balard. It has a distinct foul odor due to its Greek name meaning "stench." Bromine is the only nonmetallic element liquid at room temperature and can be found in salt springs, salt deposits, and the earth's crust. It has various industrial and medical uses such as in swimming pools, pesticides, batteries, and some medications.
Sodium (Katie Carrico)
This document provides information about the element sodium. It discusses that sodium is a soft, silvery-white metal that is highly reactive. It notes that sodium is the sixth most abundant element on Earth and is found in compounds like salt. The document outlines the uses of sodium, including in making soap, glass, and sodium vapor lamps. It also discusses sodium isotopes and their use in medicine and testing oil pipelines.
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Calcium (Rebecca Barnes)
- 1. Ca Calcium
- 2. Sir Humphry Davy was the discoverer of calcium, in 1808. He isolated calcium when he electrolyzed lime and mercuric oxide, HgO. He was a chemist and inventor and considered Britain's leading scientist at the time. His biggest contributions were in mining and agriculture.
- 3. Calcium comes from the Latin term calx, meaning lime. It occurs naturally in limestone. Calcium makes up an estimated 3.5% of the earth’s crust!
- 4. Atomic number is 20 Mass is 40.078 amu Melting point of 839.0 degrees Celsius Boiling point of 1484.0 degrees Celsius 20 Protons 20 Neutrons 20 Electrons Alkaline Earth Density of 1.55 g/cm3 Silvery Color
- 5. •Stalactites, as shown to the left, are mainly calcium carbonate, CaCO3. You will also find calcium carbonate in eggshells, shells of mollusks, snails, and pearls! •Calcium oxide, CaO, is used for treatment of drinking water and also used in the process of making cement.
- 6. Calcium is an important part of animal skeletons. Calcium is also necessary in plant growth.
- 8. 42Ca 43Ca 44Ca 46Ca are all carbonate isotopes and 48Ca is a carbonate and oxide isotope. There are 19 total isotopes, these are just the stable ones. They are used in clinical and nutritional research. Calcium deficiency in women is related to increased severity of osteoporosis, and in children calcium deficiency can cause development of rickets.
- 9. Pure calcium is $20.00 per 100g. You can find this on the internet from various suppliers or they have supplements online or in drugstores.
- 10. Calcium. Chemicool Periodic Table. Chemicool.com. May 14 2011. Web. 11/10/2011 <http://www.chemicool.com/elements/calcium.html>. Bentor, Yinon. ChemicalElement.com - Calcium. Web. 11/10/2011 <http://www.chemicalelements.com/elements/ca.html>. Heimenstine, Anne Ph.D. Calcium facts. About.com. 2011. Web. 11/11/2011 <http:www.chemistry.about.com>. Stable Calcium Isotopes. Tracesciences.com. 2008. Web. 11/16/2011 <http://www.tracesciences.com/ca.html.com>. The Element Calcium. Education.jlab.org. Web. 11/06/2011 <http://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele020.html>. Facts About Calcium. Facts-about.org. Web. 11/06/2011 <http://www.facts- about.org.uk/science-element-calcium.htm>. Spartacus Educational. Spartacus.schoolnet.co. Web. 11/05/2011 <http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/SCdavy.htm>.