Chlorine is the most abundant member of the halogen family of periodic table elements. Chlorine is an important chemical in our day-to-day life. Chlorine is a clear amber-colored liquid about 1.5 times heavier than water.
Preparation, reactions, Acidity, effect of substituents on acidity, structure and uses of carboxylic acid and identification tests for carboxylic acid, amide and ester
Preparation, reactions, Acidity, effect of substituents on acidity, structure and uses of carboxylic acid and identification tests for carboxylic acid, amide and ester
NOMENCLATURE OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS BY -- KHUSH AHUJAKhushAhuja
In chemical nomenclature, the IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry is a method of naming organic chemical compounds as recommended[1] by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). It is published in the Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry (informally called the Blue Book). Ideally, every possible organic compound should have a name from which an unambiguous structural formula can be created. There is also an IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry.
To avoid long and tedious names in normal communication, the official IUPAC naming recommendations are not always followed in practice, except when it is necessary to give an unambiguous and absolute definition to a compound. IUPAC names can sometimes be simpler than older names, as with ethanol, instead of ethyl alcohol. For relatively simple molecules they can be more easily understood than non-systematic names, which must be learnt or looked over. However, the common or trivial name is often substantially shorter and clearer, and so preferred. These non-systematic names are often derived from an original source of the compound. In addition, very long names may be less clear than structural formula.
Chlorine is the non-metallic chemical element, symbol Cl, Chlorine is a highly poisonous, greenish yellow gas, about two and a half times as dense as air, and with a strong, sharp, choking odor.
Tradeshows are a great opportunity to connect with customers, interact with partners and build new relationships. Learn more about promotional products and your trade show marketing at YourBrandPartner.com.
NOMENCLATURE OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS BY -- KHUSH AHUJAKhushAhuja
In chemical nomenclature, the IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry is a method of naming organic chemical compounds as recommended[1] by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). It is published in the Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry (informally called the Blue Book). Ideally, every possible organic compound should have a name from which an unambiguous structural formula can be created. There is also an IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry.
To avoid long and tedious names in normal communication, the official IUPAC naming recommendations are not always followed in practice, except when it is necessary to give an unambiguous and absolute definition to a compound. IUPAC names can sometimes be simpler than older names, as with ethanol, instead of ethyl alcohol. For relatively simple molecules they can be more easily understood than non-systematic names, which must be learnt or looked over. However, the common or trivial name is often substantially shorter and clearer, and so preferred. These non-systematic names are often derived from an original source of the compound. In addition, very long names may be less clear than structural formula.
Chlorine is the non-metallic chemical element, symbol Cl, Chlorine is a highly poisonous, greenish yellow gas, about two and a half times as dense as air, and with a strong, sharp, choking odor.
Tradeshows are a great opportunity to connect with customers, interact with partners and build new relationships. Learn more about promotional products and your trade show marketing at YourBrandPartner.com.
When using the equipment of the AQUIFER company you save on:
- costs of installation of equipment
- the personnel (installations work in the automatic mode);
- expendables (in the course of work of installation public sorption materials of the Russian production are used, also in some cases when disinfecting food table salt is used)
The total cost of the equipment depends on productivity of installation, requirements imposed by the customer to the cleared water and a chemical composition of initial water.
Chlorine is one of the most active of all elements.
It combines with all elements except the noble gases of Group 18 of the periodic table. Chlorine does not undergo combustion, although it does support combustion in much the same way as does oxygen. This module highlights the importance of chlorine.
Chloroform - Formula, Preparation, Properties, Uses, History & FactsAbhishek Verma
This slide is on chloroform - it's preparation, occurrence, properties, history & uses. This slide is school friendly means you can use it for your school project.
20pts) Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using chlorine as a.docxtristans3
20pts) Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using chlorine as a disinfectant and also name east two alternative disinfectants for drinking water treatment.
Solution
Advantages of chlorination
1. Chlorine is a powerful oxidizing agent thereby kills bacteria and fungi in water.
2. Chlorine is commercially available
3. Chlorine is very economical
4. chlorine is more cost-effective than other disinfection methods (except when dechlorination is needed and fire code requirements must be met).
5. The chlorine residual that remains in the discharged wastewater can prolong disinfection even after initial treatment and also provides a measure of the effectiveness.
Disadvantages
1. The chlorine residual, even at low concentrations, is toxic to aquatic life and may require dechlorination.
2. All forms of chlorine are highly corrosive and toxic. Thus, storage, shipping, and handling pose safety risks.
3. Chlorine oxidizes organic matter in wastewater, sometimes creating compounds that could be harmful to humans and the environment.
4. The chloride content of the wastewater is increased.
5. Certain types of microorganisms have shown resistance to low doses of chlorine.
6. The long-term effects of discharging dechlorinated compounds into the environment are unknown.
In addition to chlorination there are many methods. Few of them are
1. OZONALYSIS (Addition of ozone)
2. Boiling. (Boiling water is the cheapest and safest method of water purification.) ..
.
Chlorination is the process of adding the element chlorine to water as a method of water purification to make it fit for human consumption as drinking water.
Corrosion Technology Forum – A two-day conclave discusses about corrosion prevention opportunities in the four major industries across geographies. Discusses various issues related to corrosion control, mitigation and methodologies to assess the damage due to corrosion.
Get 15% off on subscription now!! Chemical today magazine is a book for chemistry or chemical industry professionals which covers all influential topics, exotic concept &, fantastic appearance has attracted tons of readers over the globe.
Since the beginning of history recorded, human beings have sought to mask or augment their own body odor by applying perfume, which imitates nature’s pleasant smells. Many natural and man-made materials have been utilized or extracted to make perfumes. No perfume smells
Distillation is a method that can be utilized to take out an unadulterated liquid from a combination of liquids. It works when the liquids have distinguished boiling points. Distillation is typically used to detach ethanol, which is the alcohol in alcoholic drinks - from water.
Few things about Acetic acid you must knowrita martin
Acetic acid which is also known as Ethanoic acid is a colorless organic acid with chemicals formula C2H4O2 is liquid with strong and distinctive pungent and sour smell. Acetic acid got its name from a word “Acetum”, which is a Latin word for vinegar.
Tin is the 49th most rich element in the earth’s crust, having 2 parts per million compared with 75 parts per million for zinc, 50 parts per million for copper, and 14 parts per million for lead.
Calcium carbonate or CaCO3 is one of chemical compound found in the rocks as a mineral calcite and aragonite mostly particularly as a limestone, chalk or a marble.
A covalent bond is a chemical bond that involves sharing of pairs of electrons between atoms. These pairs of electrons are known as bonding pairs or shared pair
4 vital things about zinc that you should knowrita martin
Zinc designated with the chemical symbol of Zn and an atomic number of 30. The number of electrons per shell is 2, 8, 18 and 2. The two valence electrons of zinc are in charge of shaping bonds with different atoms, which is determined by its electron affinity, electro-negativity and ionization energies.
Toluene Biodegration Using Jet Loop Reactorrita martin
Toluene aromatic hydrocarbon solvent is a solvent in paints, lacquers, thinners, glues, correction fluid, carbon nanotubes and nail polish remover used as an octane booster in gasoline fuels
AIDS stands for: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome HIV stands for: Human immunodeficiency virus AIDS is a disease of the human immune system caused by the HIV
Why the statue of liberty is colored blue greenrita martin
Statue of Liberty is its own special colour because of its unique environmental conditions. It's not a simple single reaction between copper and oxygen to generate a green oxide, like you may think. The copper oxide continues to react to make copper carbonates, copper sulphide, and copper sulphate.
6 methods of preparation of caustic sodarita martin
Sodium hydroxide, also known as caustic soda or lye, is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula NaOH. It is a white solid, and is a highly caustic metallic base and alkali salt. It is available in pellets, flakes, granules, and as prepared solutions at a number of different concentrations.
A solvent can be any substance, that turns into a solution by dissolving a solid, liquid, or gaseous solute. The solvent is usually a liquid, but can also be a solid or gas.
Diethyl ether can be prepared both in laboratories and on an industrial scale by the process called acid ether synthesis.
Ethanol is mixed with a strong acid like sulfuric acid (H2SO4).This strong acid dissociates in the aqueous environment producing H3O+(hydronium ions).
Production of ethyl acetate by esterificationrita martin
Ethyl acetate is synthesised via the Fischer esterification reaction from ethanol and acetic acid, typically in the presence of an acid catalyst such as concentrated sulfuric acid.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
1. Chlorine role in day to day life
www.worldofchemicals.com
www.worldofchemicals.com
2. Chlorine is the most abundant member of the halogen family
of periodic table elements. Chlorine is an important chemical
in our day-to-day life. Chlorine is a clear amber-colored liquid
about 1.5 times heavier than water. Gaseous chlorine is
greenish-yellow, about 2.5 times as heavier than air, which
will cause it to initially remain near the ground in areas with
little air movement. Chlorine has a pungent odor. Chlorine is
a powerful oxidizing agent and it must be handled carefully.
Chlorine is a yellow-green gas at room temperature.
www.worldofchemicals.com
3. Chlorine is a major building block for the chemical and
pharmaceutical industry. Chlorine is also known as disinfectant in
drinking water and in swimming pools, chlorine contributes to
advances in areas as diverse as disinfecting, medicine, public
safety and enhancing our everyday life.
Chlorine is not flammable, but may react explosively or form
explosive compounds with many common substances (including
acetylene, ether, turpentine, ammonia, natural gas, hydrogen, and
finely divided metals).
Chlorine is slightly water soluble, and reacts with moisture to form
hypochlorous acid (HClO) and hydrochloric acid (HCl).
www.worldofchemicals.com
4. Chlorine is commonly pressurized and cooled for storage
and shipment as an amber-colored liquid.
Chlorine gas is a harmful poison, which was the first gas
used in chemical warfare in World War I. It causes
suffocation, constriction of the chest, tightness in the throat,
and edema of the lungs. As little as 2.5 mg per litre in the
atmosphere causes death in minutes, but less than 0.0001
percent by volume may be tolerated for several hours.
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5. www.worldofchemicals.com
Surprising sources of chlorine
• A Chinese folk medicine plant contains five natural organo chlorine
compounds.
• An Ecuadorian tree frog produces a chlorinated alkaloid, with pain-killing
properties several hundred times more powerful than morphine.
• A natural organ chlorine antibiotic i.e., vancomycin, is a key defense against
hospital Staphylococcus infections.
• Some natural organ chlorinated products exhibit potent antibacterial and
anticancer properties
• NASA’s Curiosity Rover, currently exploring the surface of Mars, has
detected the presence of chlorine on the Red Planet. A Mars expert at the
University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, US, stated that "the presence of
perchlorates implies a source of chlorine, which was most likely derived
from briny water or volcanic activity in the past".
6. www.worldofchemicals.com
• NASA also detected chlorinated methane compounds
when soil samples were analyzed in Curiosity's on-
board laboratory.
• Chlorine constitutes about 0.013 percent of the Earth's
crust.
• Free chlorine has been reported as a very minor
constituent of volcanic gases, of which hydrogen
chloride (q.v.) is a fairly common component.
• Chlorine, as the chloride ion Cl-, is the main negative
ion in ocean water (1.9 percent by weight) and in
inland seas such as the Caspian Sea, the Dead Sea,
and the Great Salt Lake of Utah
7. www.worldofchemicals.com
• It is found in evaporite minerals, for example,
combined with sodium, as rock salt (halite)
and in the minerals chlorapatite and sodalite.
• Natural chlorine is a mixture of two stable
isotopes: chlorine-35 (75.53 percent) and
chlorine-37 (24.47 percent).
• The Chloride ion is present in the body fluids
of higher animals and as hydrochloric acid in
the digestive secretions of the stomach.
8. www.worldofchemicals.com
Properties
• Chlorine molecules are composed of two atoms (Cl2). Chlorine combines
directly with almost all the elements to give chlorides
• Besides the -1 oxidation state of the chlorides, chlorine also exhibits +1, +3,
+5, +7 oxidation states, respectively, in the following ions: hypochlorite, ClO-
; chlorite, ClO-2 ; chlorate, ClO-3 and perchlorate, ClO-4 .
• Chlorine also exists in the forms of four oxides, such as chlorine
monoxide (Cl2O), chlorine dioxide (ClO2), dichlorine hexoxide (Cl2O6), and
dichlorine heptoxide (Cl2O7). All the four oxides are highly reactive and
unstable, have been indirectly synthesized.
• Chlorine can displace the heavier halogens, bromine and iodine, from their
ionic compounds and undergoes addition or substitution reactions with
organic compounds. Chlorine enters directly or as an intermediate into the
synthesis of many organic chemicals that are used as solvents, dyes,
plastics, and synthetic rubber.
9. www.worldofchemicals.com
• Many chemicals, plastics and medicines depend on chlorine
during the manufacturing process, although the chemical is
not contained in the end product.
• Two third of all chlorine is used in the production of plastics,
such as PVC, Poly-Urethanes, Epoxy-resins, Teflon,
Neoprene etc., for use in construction, automotive, electronic
and electrical industries.
• 85 per cent of medicines, including many lifesaving drugs, are
made using chlorine chemistry.
• 25 per cent of medical devices contain chlorine, including
blood bags, sterile tubing, heart catheters, prosthetics and X-
ray films.
• More than 90 per cent of Western Europe's drinking water is
made safe with the help of chlorine. Worldwide waterborne
diseases kill 15 million people each year.
10. www.worldofchemicals.com
Chlorine production methods
• Most chlorine is industrially produced by the
electrolysis of brine. Chlorine is also obtained as a by-
product in the manufacture of sodium metal by the
electrolysis of molten sodium chloride.
• One of the laboratory methods to prepare chlorine is
reaction between sulfuric acid and sodium
hypochlorite or hydrochloric acid with sodium
hypochlorite. Sulfuric acid or hydrochloric acid reacts
with sodium hypochlorite solution to release chlorine
gas but reacts with sodium chlorate to produce
chlorine gas and chlorine dioxide gas.
12. www.worldofchemicals.com
Chlorine applications
• Chlorine and its compounds are used extensively for bleaching in the paper
and textile industries, for disinfecting municipal water supplies, for
household bleaches and germicides, and for the production of many organic
and inorganic chemicals, in the separation of such metals as copper, lead,
zinc, nickel, and gold from their ores.
• Chlorinated solvents are used as an extraction medium in pharmaceutical
processes, in printing, mining and plastics processing, in the manufacture of
adhesives and in paint & varnish remover.
• Chlorine compounds have been used in pharmaceutical formulations for
many years and play a part in the eradication of infection and disease. It is
not only used in antiseptics, but in drugs such as chloramphenicol.