Rubidium (Howard Wood)
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Rubidium is a soft, silvery-white metal that was discovered in 1861 by spectroscopic analysis. It ignites spontaneously in water and has a melting point of 312.2K and boiling point of 961K. The most abundant isotope is Rubidium-85. Rubidium is the 23rd most abundant element in the Earth's crust and is found in minerals such as lepidolite. Common compounds include rubidium chloride, hydroxide, and carbonate. Uses include research on batteries and optical glasses, though applications are limited outside research settings.
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Sir Humphry Davy discovered calcium in 1808 by electrolyzing lime and mercuric oxide. Calcium is the fifth most abundant element in the Earth's crust and is essential for animal skeletons and plant growth. It has an atomic number of 20, melting point of 839 degrees Celsius, and is commonly found in limestone, eggshells, and mollusk shells.
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Chlorine is a greenish-yellow gas that was first isolated in 1774 by Swedish chemist Carl Scheele. It is one of the most abundant elements and is found in compounds like sodium chloride. Sir Humphrey Davy named chlorine in 1810. Chlorine has many uses including water treatment, bleaching, and producing chemicals like hydrochloric acid, plastics, and pharmaceuticals. It is highly reactive and poisonous in its pure gas form.
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Radium (Evan Clark)
Radium was discovered in 1898 by Marie Curie in the mineral pitchblende. It is a silvery-white radioactive metal with an atomic number of 88 that occurs naturally in uranium ores. Radium decays into other radioactive elements, emitting alpha, beta, and gamma radiation that can be dangerous to human health if exposed in sufficient amounts. It was historically used to paint watch and clock faces but is no longer used for that purpose due to its radioactivity. Today, radium is used to treat cancer through brachytherapy procedures.
Selenium (Chad Beneker)
Selenium is a chemical element discovered in 1817 by Jons Berzelius in Sweden. It is commonly found in sedimentary rock and often accompanies sulfide minerals or silver, copper, lead, and nickel minerals. Selenium has various properties depending on its form - it is red in powder or crystalline form and gray in its metallic form. It has several industrial and medical uses, including in solar cells, catalysts, and producing medical radioisotopes. Dietary sources of selenium include Brazil nuts, fish, meat, eggs, brewer's yeast, and various seeds.
Strontium (Keri Nickoson)
Strontium was discovered in 1790 in Scotland and later isolated. It is a solid metal with a silvery color that can change colors during reactions. Strontium is commonly used in fireworks due to its ability to change flame colors and is also found in nuclear bombs and gemstones. While strontium does not exist alone naturally, its salts and compounds have various commercial and industrial uses.
Aluminum (Brittany Jones)
This document summarizes the element aluminum. It discusses the history and discovery of aluminum, its properties including its atomic number, melting point, and common uses. Aluminum is the third most abundant element in the Earth's crust, found in minerals like bauxite, and is extracted through electrolysis. Its many applications include use in foil, cans, car parts, and electronics due to its light weight and resistance to corrosion.
Silicon (Samantha Brossart)
Silicon is the second most abundant element in the Earth's crust. It was discovered in 1824 by Swedish chemist Jons Jacob Berzelius and gets its name from the Latin word for flint. At room temperature, silicon exists in both amorphous and crystalline forms, with the crystalline form having a metallic luster and grayish color. In addition to being a component of sand and quartz, silicon has many important uses including in soaps, adhesives, lubricants, polishing agents, electrical insulators, and medical implants.
Arsenic (Michael Schmidt)
Arsenic is a solid metalloid that occurs naturally in the earth's crust. It has been known since ancient times but was identified as an element in 1250 AD. There are three forms of arsenic - gray metallic, yellow, and black. Arsenic is obtained through heating its ores to convert it to oxides, then reacting with carbon. It is used in compounds for pesticides, treated wood, and semiconductors, though in its pure form it is toxic and was historically used as a poison.
Potassium (Megan Fish)
Potassium is a soft silver metal that was first isolated in 1807 by Sir Humphrey Davy through electrolysis. It makes up 2.4% of the Earth's crust and is found in rocks, minerals, lakes, and seas. Potassium oxidizes quickly in air and is highly reactive, catching fire when exposed to water. It has important industrial uses like in fertilizers and drain cleaners when combined with other elements. Potassium is also essential for human bodily functions and our bodies contain over 100g of it.
Radon (Fred Wolnitzek)
Radon is a colorless, odorless, radioactive gas that is formed from the decay of radium. It is the most dense gas known and has a half-life of 3.8 days. Radon is found anywhere there are radium deposits in the ground and can accumulate in buildings, posing a lung cancer risk to those inside. It was first discovered in 1900 and was responsible for many miner deaths in centuries past before its radioactive properties were understood, originally blamed on mythical dwarves. Up to 22,000 lung cancer deaths occur annually in the US due to radon exposure.
Iridium (Kelsey Taylor)
Iridium is a transition metal with the symbol Ir and atomic number of 77. It was discovered in 1803 by Smithson Tennant in the residue left after dissolving platinum in acids. Iridium is a solid at room temperature, has the highest melting point of any metal, and is mainly used as a hardening agent in platinum alloys and for equipment requiring high heat resistance. It is found naturally with platinum and osmium and recovered as a byproduct of nickel mining.
Beryllium (Tara Lay)
Beryllium is a lightweight gray metal that occurs naturally as a component of various minerals. It was first discovered in 1798 by a French chemist who found it present in emeralds and beryl. Beryllium has a high melting point and is used in applications requiring rigidity, stiffness, and heat resistance, such as spacecraft, aircraft, and electronics. It is toxic if inhaled and exposure carries health risks like chronic beryllium disease.
Niobium (Don Willmoth)
Niobium is a shiny grey metal that was first discovered in 1801. It was initially confused with tantalum but was proven to be a separate element in 1844. Niobium is mined primarily from the mineral pyrochlore and is used to strengthen steel and superconducting magnets. Its main applications are in jet engines, MRI machines, eyeglasses, and jewelry due to its hypoallergenic properties. Though not a household name, niobium plays an important but often unseen role in industries like aerospace, medical, and science.
Lithium (Michael Krutzkamp)
Lithium is a soft, silvery-white metal that is the lightest solid element. It was discovered in 1817 by Johan Arfvedson in Sweden and derives its name from the Greek word "lithos" meaning stone. Lithium has various applications including use in rechargeable lithium-ion batteries, as a mood-stabilizing drug, and as a coolant in nuclear reactors.
Uranium (Zack Bolog)
Uranium is a silvery-gray radioactive metal that was discovered in 1789. It has major isotopes of U-235 and U-238 and is commonly found in deposits in Australia, Kazakhstan, and Canada. Uranium's main uses are as fuel for nuclear reactors and in nuclear weapons due to its radioactive properties during fission.
Zirconium (Haley Post)
Zirconium is a transition metal that was discovered in 1789 within the mineral zircon. It has several stable and one radioactive isotope. While difficult to isolate pure zirconium due to its chemical similarity to hafnium, the Kroll process is commonly used. Zirconium has many applications including use in nuclear reactors due to its resistance to neutron absorption, as an alloy for steel, and in gemstones like cubic zirconia.
Neon (Hayley Wayne)
Neon is a colorless, odorless noble gas with an atomic number of 10. It was discovered in 1898 by William Ramsay and Morris Travers. Some key facts about neon are that it is used widely in neon signs and lights, it exists in small percentages in the universe, sun, and Earth's crust, and it has three stable isotopes.
Zinc (Zak Konys)
Zinc is a bluish-white metal that is found naturally in the Earth's crust. It was likely first discovered and purified in ancient China around 1000 AD, and was later described as a metal by the Swiss alchemist Paracelsus in the 15th century. Zinc is commonly used today to galvanize other metals and prevent corrosion, as well as in the production of many compounds for applications like rubber, paint pigment, animal feed supplements, and more. The largest producers of zinc today are China, Australia, Peru, the United States, and Canada.
Cobalt (Samantha Johnson)
Georg Brandt discovered cobalt in 1739 while attempting to prove that the blue color in glass came from an unknown element, not bismuth as previously thought. Cobalt is a hard, silvery-gray metal that is resistant to corrosion and oxygen. It has many uses including in superalloys for jet engines, magnets, batteries, colorants like blue glass, and medical radiation therapy using radioactive cobalt-60. The Democratic Republic of Congo is the leading producer of cobalt today.
Chromium (Jeff Jansen)
Chromium is a silvery metallic element with an atomic number of 24. It was discovered in 1797 by Louis-Nicholas Vauquelin and is commonly found in chromite ore. Some key uses of chromium include chrome plating, production of paints and pigments, and hardening steel. It has a high melting point and is used in applications like armor plating, ball bearings, and cutting tools.
Sodium (Katie Carrico)
This document provides information about the element sodium. It discusses that sodium is a soft, silvery-white metal that is highly reactive. It notes that sodium is the sixth most abundant element on Earth and is found in compounds like salt. The document outlines the uses of sodium, including in making soap, glass, and sodium vapor lamps. It also discusses sodium isotopes and their use in medicine and testing oil pipelines.
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みなさんこんにちはこれ何文字まで入るの？40文字以下不可とか本当に意味わからないけどこれ限界文字数書いてないからマジでやばい文字数いけるんじゃないの？えこ...
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Rubidium (Howard Wood)
- 1. Rb Rubidium by: Howard Daniel Wood
- 2. Properties of Rubidium Atomic Number- 37 Atomic Mass- 85.47 Melting Point- 312.2K Boiling Point- 961K Density- 1532 kg m^-3 Very soft, silvery-white metal Click Here to see Rubidium react with water Liquid at room temperature Click Here to see another reaction in water Ignites spontaneously and reacts violently in water
- 3. History of Rubidium Discovered in 1861 by R.W. Busen and G. Kirchhoff in Germany by spectroscopic examination of lepidolite Rubidium gets its name from the Latin word rubidius, which translates to deep red, this a reference to its dark red lines under a spectroscope
- 4. Key Isotopes Nuclide 85Rb 86Rb 87Rb Atomic Mass 84.91 85.91 86.91 Natural Abundance 72.17% 0% 27.84% Half-Life Stable 18.66 days 5x10^11 years
- 5. Availability of Rubidium 23rd most abundant element in the Earth’s crust Minerals such as lepidolite, leucite, and carnallite contain Rubidium Rubidium can be bought in small quantities for around $25 per gram
- 6. Rubidium Compounds Most common used rubidium compound is Rubidium Chloride It is used to induce cells to take up DNA in biochemistry Rubidium Hydroxide is another compound that is used to make other rubidium chemical processes And Rubidium Carbonate is used in some optical classes
- 7. Uses of Rubidium There are few uses outside of research for rubidium There has been some research done in the development of thinner batteries Has been prospected for a working fluid for vapor turbines and in thermoelectric generators Used as a photocell component Can be found in some special optical glasses Its slight radioactivity has been used to find brain tumors, because it collects at the site of a tumor and