Beryllium (Tara Lay)
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Beryllium is a lightweight gray metal that occurs naturally as a component of various minerals. It was first discovered in 1798 by a French chemist who found it present in emeralds and beryl. Beryllium has a high melting point and is used in applications requiring rigidity, stiffness, and heat resistance, such as spacecraft, aircraft, and electronics. It is toxic if inhaled and exposure carries health risks like chronic beryllium disease.
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Beryllium
Beryllium is a lightweight metal discovered in 1797 that has a melting point of 1560 K and boiling point of 2742 K. It has a density of 1.85 g/cm3 and exists as the stable isotope beryllium-9. Beryllium has a concentration of 2-6 parts per million in the Earth's crust and is found in minerals such as beryl, chrysoberyl, and phenakite. Its main applications include use in computers, lasers, aircraft, and guided missiles due to its high rigidity and reflectivity of X-rays.
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Francium is a highly radioactive metal that is predicted to have properties similar to cesium but has never been isolated in pure form due to its extreme radioactivity. It was discovered in 1939 as a decay product of actinium and is the least stable and most radioactive element. Francium exists only in trace quantities as an intermediate in the natural radioactive decay chains of heavier elements.
Diamond & Graphite
Diamond and graphite are two allotropes of carbon that differ significantly in their physical properties. Diamonds form under high temperature and pressure deep in the Earth's mantle, while graphite forms through the metamorphism of carbonaceous sediments. Despite being made of the same element, diamond is transparent, extremely hard, and thermally conductive, while graphite is black, soft, and electrically conductive. Both have important industrial applications, with diamond used in cutting and optics and graphite used in pencils, lubricants, and batteries.
Beryllium
Beryllium is a light, strong metal that is resistant to corrosion and conducts heat well. It was discovered in 1789 and is now commonly produced by reacting beryllium compounds with magnesium. Beryllium is toxic and exposure can cause chronic beryllium disease, but it has important industrial uses such as in x-ray windows, non-sparking tools, gyroscopes, and heat shields due to its properties.
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Beryllium
Beryllium is a lightweight metal that occurs naturally in small amounts. It has two names, glucinium and beryllium, and has a charge of +2. Beryllium has many industrial and commercial uses due to its properties such as high heat capacity, strength, and resistance to corrosion. It is used in applications ranging from nuclear reactors to aerospace to jewelry production.
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Beryllium
Beryllium is a lightweight metal discovered in 1797 that has a melting point of 1560 K and boiling point of 2742 K. It has a density of 1.85 g/cm3 and exists as the stable isotope beryllium-9. Beryllium has a concentration of 2-6 parts per million in the Earth's crust and is found in minerals such as beryl, chrysoberyl, and phenakite. Its main applications include use in computers, lasers, aircraft, and guided missiles due to its high rigidity and reflectivity of X-rays.
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Francium is a highly radioactive metal that is predicted to have properties similar to cesium but has never been isolated in pure form due to its extreme radioactivity. It was discovered in 1939 as a decay product of actinium and is the least stable and most radioactive element. Francium exists only in trace quantities as an intermediate in the natural radioactive decay chains of heavier elements.
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Beryllium is a light, strong metal that is resistant to corrosion and conducts heat well. It was discovered in 1789 and is now commonly produced by reacting beryllium compounds with magnesium. Beryllium is toxic and exposure can cause chronic beryllium disease, but it has important industrial uses such as in x-ray windows, non-sparking tools, gyroscopes, and heat shields due to its properties.
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12.2
Here is a semi-log plot of the data with an exponential trendline:
The equation of the trendline is:
y = 12456e-0.4693x
Taking the natural log of both sides:
ln(y) = ln(12456) - 0.4693x
The slope is -0.4693
Using the equation:
t1/2 = 0.693/λ
λ = 0.4693
t1/2 = 0.693/0.4693 = 1.5
Therefore, the half-life of the isotope is 1.5 intervals, or 1.5 x 30 s = 45 seconds.
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The document summarizes various applications and uses of the element iridium. It notes that an alloy of 90% platinum and 10% iridium was used to construct the International Prototype Meter and Kilogram in 1889. Iridium is used in radioisotope thermoelectric generators of unmanned spacecraft due to its ability to withstand temperatures up to 2000°C. Iridium was also used for the tips of fountain pen nibs and in an alloy with platinum for touch holes of cannons. The document discusses Lebbo coins, rare alloys made in 1616 containing iridium and other metals that are said to exhibit unusual phenomena when exposed to electricity or water. It notes iridium is
Group IV-B elements
Titanium is a strong yet lightweight metal that is corrosion-resistant. It is commonly used to strengthen structural materials like aircraft and missiles. Titanium dioxide is also widely used as a white pigment in paints due to its hiding power and permanence. Zirconium is used in applications where corrosion resistance is important, like chemical industries and vacuum tubes. It is also used in alloys and refractory materials. Hafnium is primarily employed in nuclear reactor control rods due to its high neutron absorption. Rutherfordium is an artificial element with no natural occurrence or applications.
Aluminum Group
The document discusses the aluminum group of elements, which includes boron, aluminum, gallium, indium, thallium, and ununtrium. Most of the elements in the group are soft metals found naturally as compounds rather than in elemental form. Boron and aluminum are discussed in more detail, including their discovery dates, common uses, thermal properties, and isotopes.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Research
The document discusses the properties and uses of mercury. It notes that mercury is a liquid metal at room temperature and has been used in thermometers, batteries, lamps, and dental fillings. However, mercury vapor is toxic if inhaled and its use is being phased out due to health concerns. While some traditional uses continue, efforts are being made to establish international treaties to reduce mercury pollution and exposure.
E waste
The document discusses managing electronic waste (e-waste) in India. It outlines the main sources of e-waste as imports, government and private sector discards, and individual households. E-waste contains hazardous substances like heavy metals and brominated flame retardants that can harm human health and the environment if not handled properly. The government and industries both have important roles to play in regulating e-waste and promoting environmentally sound recycling and disposal practices.
Cobalt (Samantha Johnson)
Georg Brandt discovered cobalt in 1739 while attempting to prove that the blue color in glass came from an unknown element, not bismuth as previously thought. Cobalt is a hard, silvery-gray metal that is resistant to corrosion and oxygen. It has many uses including in superalloys for jet engines, magnets, batteries, colorants like blue glass, and medical radiation therapy using radioactive cobalt-60. The Democratic Republic of Congo is the leading producer of cobalt today.
Base metal alloys
The document provides an overview of base metal alloys used in dentistry. It discusses the history and classification of dental casting alloys including cobalt-chromium, nickel-chromium, and titanium-based alloys. The ideal requirements, composition, properties, applications and references of various base metal alloys are described in detail over multiple pages.
Removal of Heavy Metals from Aqueous Solution Using Ion Exchange Resin MBHPE-TKP
The aim of this study is to synthesis of TKP (MBHPE-TKP) resin for the removal of heavy metals from aqueous solution. Ion exchange resins are polymers that are capable of exchanging particular ions within the polymer with ions in a solution that is passed through them. This ability is also seen in various natural systems such as soils and living cells. The synthetic resins are used primarily for purifying water, but also for various other applications including separating out some elements. Factorial design of experiments is employed to study the effect of above factors pH, time and sorbent used. The new synthesized resins i.e. MBHPE–TKP is hydrophilic and biodegradable, so after effluent treatment used resins can be disposed off without facing any environmental problem .This study focuses on synthesis of new cation exchange resin (MBHPE – TKP) and developing method for treatment of highly contaminated industrial effluents.
ORGANIZATION MODERN PERIODIC TABLE
The document summarizes the organization and properties of the modern periodic table. It is organized into blocks that include metals, nonmetals, metalloids, representative elements, transition metals, and inner transition metals. Key points about the properties and common uses of elements in each block are provided, such as lithium used in batteries, calcium essential for bones, and the noble gases being colorless and nonreactive.
Uses of Mercury(Hg)
This document summarizes the properties and uses of mercury. It discusses how mercury is a liquid metal at room temperature and has been used in thermometers, electrical switches, lamps, batteries, and dental fillings. However, mercury vapor is toxic if inhaled and its use has declined with increased awareness of health risks. While some uses continue, there are efforts to phase out mercury and establish international treaties to do so due to the dangers it poses.
Chemistry for the_engineers_be221
This document provides an overview of chemistry topics relevant to engineering, including:
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- Basic concepts of crystal structure, including crystalline vs amorphous structure and lattice structures.
- Polymers, including classifications based on source (natural, semi-synthetic, synthetic), thermal response (thermoplastic, thermosetting), and the polymerization process.
- Engineered nanomaterials, defined as having at least one dimension
Minerals of mexico
This document discusses several important mineral resources found in Mexico and around the world. It provides details on the chemical symbol, atomic number, descriptions and common uses of gold, iron, lead, zinc, aluminum, uranium, mercury, silver, copper, platinum, carbon, nickel, nitrate, diamond, antimony, and titanium. The major producing countries of each mineral are also listed.
Mercury (Hg)_sandra
This document provides an outline of topics related to mercury including its physical and chemical properties, sources in the environment, applications, toxicity, and environmental regulation. Some key points include that mercury is a heavy, silvery liquid metal that is liquid at room temperature, it has various natural and anthropogenic sources in the environment including volcanoes, coal burning, and gold mining, and it has both current and historical applications such as in thermometers, dental fillings, batteries, and industrial uses.
Common Elements
The document discusses the common uses of several chemical elements. It provides the symbol, atomic number, basic description and 3-4 key uses for each of the following elements: aluminum, argon, barium, beryllium, boron, bromine, cadmium, calcium, carbon, chlorine, chromium, copper, fluorine, gold, helium, hydrogen, iodine, iron, lead, lithium, magnesium, manganese, mercury, neon, nickel, nitrogen, and oxygen. The elements have a wide variety of industrial and commercial applications including in materials, manufacturing, energy, healthcare and more.
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Radium (Evan Clark)
Radium was discovered in 1898 by Marie Curie in the mineral pitchblende. It is a silvery-white radioactive metal with an atomic number of 88 that occurs naturally in uranium ores. Radium decays into other radioactive elements, emitting alpha, beta, and gamma radiation that can be dangerous to human health if exposed in sufficient amounts. It was historically used to paint watch and clock faces but is no longer used for that purpose due to its radioactivity. Today, radium is used to treat cancer through brachytherapy procedures.
Selenium (Chad Beneker)
Selenium is a chemical element discovered in 1817 by Jons Berzelius in Sweden. It is commonly found in sedimentary rock and often accompanies sulfide minerals or silver, copper, lead, and nickel minerals. Selenium has various properties depending on its form - it is red in powder or crystalline form and gray in its metallic form. It has several industrial and medical uses, including in solar cells, catalysts, and producing medical radioisotopes. Dietary sources of selenium include Brazil nuts, fish, meat, eggs, brewer's yeast, and various seeds.
Strontium (Keri Nickoson)
Strontium was discovered in 1790 in Scotland and later isolated. It is a solid metal with a silvery color that can change colors during reactions. Strontium is commonly used in fireworks due to its ability to change flame colors and is also found in nuclear bombs and gemstones. While strontium does not exist alone naturally, its salts and compounds have various commercial and industrial uses.
Silicon (Samantha Brossart)
Silicon is the second most abundant element in the Earth's crust. It was discovered in 1824 by Swedish chemist Jons Jacob Berzelius and gets its name from the Latin word for flint. At room temperature, silicon exists in both amorphous and crystalline forms, with the crystalline form having a metallic luster and grayish color. In addition to being a component of sand and quartz, silicon has many important uses including in soaps, adhesives, lubricants, polishing agents, electrical insulators, and medical implants.
Arsenic (Michael Schmidt)
Arsenic is a solid metalloid that occurs naturally in the earth's crust. It has been known since ancient times but was identified as an element in 1250 AD. There are three forms of arsenic - gray metallic, yellow, and black. Arsenic is obtained through heating its ores to convert it to oxides, then reacting with carbon. It is used in compounds for pesticides, treated wood, and semiconductors, though in its pure form it is toxic and was historically used as a poison.
Potassium (Megan Fish)
Potassium is a soft silver metal that was first isolated in 1807 by Sir Humphrey Davy through electrolysis. It makes up 2.4% of the Earth's crust and is found in rocks, minerals, lakes, and seas. Potassium oxidizes quickly in air and is highly reactive, catching fire when exposed to water. It has important industrial uses like in fertilizers and drain cleaners when combined with other elements. Potassium is also essential for human bodily functions and our bodies contain over 100g of it.
Radon (Fred Wolnitzek)
Radon is a colorless, odorless, radioactive gas that is formed from the decay of radium. It is the most dense gas known and has a half-life of 3.8 days. Radon is found anywhere there are radium deposits in the ground and can accumulate in buildings, posing a lung cancer risk to those inside. It was first discovered in 1900 and was responsible for many miner deaths in centuries past before its radioactive properties were understood, originally blamed on mythical dwarves. Up to 22,000 lung cancer deaths occur annually in the US due to radon exposure.
Iridium (Kelsey Taylor)
Iridium is a transition metal with the symbol Ir and atomic number of 77. It was discovered in 1803 by Smithson Tennant in the residue left after dissolving platinum in acids. Iridium is a solid at room temperature, has the highest melting point of any metal, and is mainly used as a hardening agent in platinum alloys and for equipment requiring high heat resistance. It is found naturally with platinum and osmium and recovered as a byproduct of nickel mining.
Lithium (Michael Krutzkamp)
Lithium is a soft, silvery-white metal that is the lightest solid element. It was discovered in 1817 by Johan Arfvedson in Sweden and derives its name from the Greek word "lithos" meaning stone. Lithium has various applications including use in rechargeable lithium-ion batteries, as a mood-stabilizing drug, and as a coolant in nuclear reactors.
Uranium (Zack Bolog)
Uranium is a silvery-gray radioactive metal that was discovered in 1789. It has major isotopes of U-235 and U-238 and is commonly found in deposits in Australia, Kazakhstan, and Canada. Uranium's main uses are as fuel for nuclear reactors and in nuclear weapons due to its radioactive properties during fission.
Argon (Chelsea Colon)
This document provides information about an invisible, odorless gas that is found in the atmosphere. It was first identified in Scotland by Lord Rayleigh and Sir William Ramsay. It is a noble gas with a boiling point of 87.30K and melting point of 83.80K. Its main uses are in light bulbs and medical lasers. The gas is argon, with the symbol Ar and part of the noble gases in group 18 of the periodic table.
Zirconium (Haley Post)
Zirconium is a transition metal that was discovered in 1789 within the mineral zircon. It has several stable and one radioactive isotope. While difficult to isolate pure zirconium due to its chemical similarity to hafnium, the Kroll process is commonly used. Zirconium has many applications including use in nuclear reactors due to its resistance to neutron absorption, as an alloy for steel, and in gemstones like cubic zirconia.
Neon (Hayley Wayne)
Neon is a colorless, odorless noble gas with an atomic number of 10. It was discovered in 1898 by William Ramsay and Morris Travers. Some key facts about neon are that it is used widely in neon signs and lights, it exists in small percentages in the universe, sun, and Earth's crust, and it has three stable isotopes.
Zinc (Zak Konys)
Zinc is a bluish-white metal that is found naturally in the Earth's crust. It was likely first discovered and purified in ancient China around 1000 AD, and was later described as a metal by the Swiss alchemist Paracelsus in the 15th century. Zinc is commonly used today to galvanize other metals and prevent corrosion, as well as in the production of many compounds for applications like rubber, paint pigment, animal feed supplements, and more. The largest producers of zinc today are China, Australia, Peru, the United States, and Canada.
Chromium (Jeff Jansen)
Chromium is a silvery metallic element with an atomic number of 24. It was discovered in 1797 by Louis-Nicholas Vauquelin and is commonly found in chromite ore. Some key uses of chromium include chrome plating, production of paints and pigments, and hardening steel. It has a high melting point and is used in applications like armor plating, ball bearings, and cutting tools.
Bromine (Amber Boyers)
Bromine is a reddish-brown liquid element that was discovered in 1826 by Antoine Balard. It has a distinct foul odor due to its Greek name meaning "stench." Bromine is the only nonmetallic element liquid at room temperature and can be found in salt springs, salt deposits, and the earth's crust. It has various industrial and medical uses such as in swimming pools, pesticides, batteries, and some medications.
Sodium (Katie Carrico)
This document provides information about the element sodium. It discusses that sodium is a soft, silvery-white metal that is highly reactive. It notes that sodium is the sixth most abundant element on Earth and is found in compounds like salt. The document outlines the uses of sodium, including in making soap, glass, and sodium vapor lamps. It also discusses sodium isotopes and their use in medicine and testing oil pipelines.
Cadmium (Rebekka Meeks)
Friedrich Stromeyer discovered cadmium in 1817 while studying calamine. Cadmium is a soft, silvery-white metal that occurs naturally as a byproduct of zinc mining. It has many industrial uses, including in nickel-cadmium batteries, solar panels, and nuclear reactors. Cadmium is toxic to humans and environmental exposure can occur through cigarette smoke, coal burning, contaminated food/water, and landfill runoff.
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Beryllium (Tara Lay)
- 1. Atomic # 4 By: Tara Lay
- 2. The name of the chemical element beryllium is derived from the Greek word beryllos= pale. From the mineral beryl In 1798 Louis-Nicholas Vauquelin, a French chemist, discovered that an unknown element was present in emeralds and beryl. Beryllium was first found in emeralds from the mountains of France and California.
- 3. Beryllium is a solid at room temperature with the density of 1.85 g/cm3 Color: gray. Melting point: 1278 °C Boiling point: 2970.0 °C It is also required in those applications where an excellent head conductor, with high strength and hardness and with a very high melting point is needed. Even it should act as an electrical insulator.
- 4. Beryllium is found in Scientists know that the approximately 30 mineral current exposure limit for species, including beryl beryllium set by the (3BeO Al2O3 6SiO2), Occupational Safety and bertrandite (4BeO 2SiO2 Health Administration of 2 H2O), chrysoberyl, and micrograms of airborne phenacite. The metal may be beryllium per cubic meter of prepared by reducing air per 8-hour day leaves a beryllium fluoride with significant percentage of magnesium metal. workers, at risk. Simply reducing current Beryllium is widely used in exposure limits may not spite of its relatively high reduce the number of workers cost of over $400 per pound stricken with chronic because for certain critical beryllium disease (CBD), applications it performs which results in death in about better than alternatives. 30% of sufferers.
- 5. Beryllium is relatively Beryllium is alloyed with transparent to X-rays and is copper (2% beryllium, 98% used to make windows for copper) to form a wear X-ray tubes. When exposed resistant material, known as to alpha particles, such as beryllium bronze, used in those emitted by radium or gyroscopes and other devices polonium, beryllium emits where wear resistance is neutrons and is used as a important. neutron source. Beryllium is Beryllium is alloyed with also used as a moderator in nickel (2% beryllium, 98% nuclear reactors nickel) to make springs, spot- Used in spacecraft, missiles, welding electrodes and non- aircraft sparking tools. In the making of gyroscopes, Other beryllium alloys are various computer used in the windshield, brake equipment, watch springs disks and other structural and instruments that components of the space requires light-weight, shuttle. rigidity and dimensional stability.
- 6. Beryllium and its compounds are toxic and should not be tasted to verify the metal's sweetness. Beryllium metal is extremely stiff and lightweight and has a modulus of elasticity almost 50 percent greater than that of steel with only about one-fourth the weight Beryllium has one of the highest melting points of the light metals
- 7. "It's Elemental - The Element Beryllium." Science Education at Jefferson Lab. Web. 18 Nov. 2011. <http://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele004.html>. "Beryllium Minerals,Beryllium Properties,Beryllium Uses,Beryllium Information." Mineral Industries,World Minerals,Mineral Information,Properties of Minerals. Web. 18 Nov. 2011. <http://www.mineralszone.com/minerals/beryllium.html>. "Chemical Elements.com - Beryllium (Be)." Chemical Elements.com - An Interactive Periodic Table of the Elements. Web. 18 Nov. 2011. <http://www.chemicalelements.com/elements/be.html>. "Beryllium Facts - Periodic Table of the Elements." Chemistry - Periodic Table, Chemistry Projects, and Chemistry Homework Help. Web. 18 Nov. 2011. <http://chemistry.about.com/od/elementfacts/a/beryllium.htm>. "Understanding Beryllium." American Machinist. Web. 18 Nov. 2011. <http://www.americanmachinist.com/304/Issue/Article/False/21682/Issue>. "TOXIC BERYLLIUM: New Solutions for a Chronic Problem | Environmental Health Perspectives | Find Articles." Find Articles | News Articles, Magazine Back Issues & Reference Articles on All Topics. Web. 18 Nov. 2011. <http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0CYP/is_2_109/ai_77276621/>.