VCE U4 Psychology - Brain mechanisms involved in learning
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Glutamate is the main excitatory neurotransmitter involved in learning and long-term potentiation. It activates NMDA receptors on dendrites which are vital for learning, as shown by experiments where blocking NMDA receptors prevented spatial learning in rats. The hippocampus, amygdala, thalamus, and cerebellum are also involved in learning. The hippocampus is responsible for spatial learning and declarative memory formation. The amygdala is important for emotional learning and fear conditioning. The thalamus initiates and processes fear responses. The cerebellum is involved in motor learning.
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The limbic system is a set of brain structures located in the cerebrum that are involved in emotion, behavior, motivation, learning, and memory. It contains structures like the amygdala, hippocampus, hypothalamus, and cingulate gyrus. The limbic system plays important roles in processing emotions, regulating motivation and behavior related to survival, and forming memories. Damage to areas like the hippocampus can cause problems with forming new memories. Stimulation of different limbic structures in humans can produce feelings of reward or punishment and influence behaviors.
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1) Emotions consist of physiological responses, feelings, and behaviors that work together. They help mobilize energy for dealing with important situations.
2) The amygdala plays a key role in processing fear and other emotions. It detects emotionally arousing stimuli and coordinates behavioral and physiological responses.
3) Serotonin and prefrontal cortex activity help regulate aggression levels. Low serotonin is associated with more aggression.
Limbic system
The limbic system is a ring of structures located in the medial temporal lobe that is involved in emotion, motivation, learning, and memory. It includes structures like the hippocampus, amygdala, cingulate gyrus, and hypothalamus that are interconnected. Damage or dysfunction of the limbic system can cause disorders like abnormal emotional states, changes in motivation and drives, and episodic memory problems. The limbic system generates emotions and interprets sensory experiences as pleasant or unpleasant, influencing behavior. It also plays a role in learning, addiction, and various psychological disorders through its effects on neurotransmitters like dopamine and serotonin.
Introduction to neuroscience presentation on memory and learning
The document discusses memory, learning, and the brain structures involved. It covers:
- The hippocampus is central to declarative memory formation and transferring memories from short-term to long-term memory. Damage results in anterograde amnesia.
- Patient H.M.'s case showed the hippocampus is critical for forming new memories after its removal, causing anterograde amnesia.
- Structures like the amygdala and ventral striatum are also involved in emotional memory formation and reward conditioning.
- Synaptic plasticity mechanisms like long-term potentiation in the hippocampus are thought to underlie memory formation and storage at the cellular level.
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Amagdala And Its Functions
The amygdala is an almond-shaped group of nuclei located deep in the temporal lobe of the brain. It is responsible for processing emotions and emotional behaviors like fear, aggression, and pleasure. It also helps store emotional memories so that threats can be recognized. The amygdala receives sensory information and is involved in fear conditioning by associating stimuli with unpleasant responses. Certain disorders are associated with abnormal amygdala structure or function, such as anxiety, depression, and autism.
Limbic system
The document discusses the limbic system, a set of brain structures located on the inner edge of the cortex that regulates emotion and memory. It outlines the key structures of the limbic system including the amygdala, hippocampus, cingulate gyrus, fornix, and mammillary bodies. It describes the functions of these structures in memory, emotional processing, learning, and homeostasis. Damage or dysfunction in limbic system structures can impact conditions like anxiety, addiction, obesity, and neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's.
MOOC FINAL.pdf
1. The study of neurobiology investigates how the nervous system, brain, and structures like the spinal cord work.
2. Child abuse is considered a public health issue, and researchers have been studying how exposure to traumatic life events affects children's mental health for decades. However, this raises questions about how trauma affects brain development.
3. Exposure to frequent or chronic traumatic experiences can negatively impact neurobiological development, especially factors like the child's age during initial trauma and the frequency and nature of traumatic events.
Amygdala
The amygdala is an almond-shaped group of neurons located in the medial temporal lobe that plays a key role in processing emotions like fear and anger. It detects threatening stimuli and prepares the body's defense response. The amygdala also helps store emotional memories to recognize threats in the future. It is involved in sexual arousal and aggression levels. A case study of a woman with bilateral amygdala damage showed an inability to experience fear while other emotions remained intact, demonstrating the amygdala's central role in processing fear.
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VCE U4 Psychology - Brain mechanisms involved in learning
- 1. Brain mechanisms involved in learning
- 2. Glutamate • It is the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter in the nervous system • It plays a key role in learning (LTP), highly concentrated in Hippocampus, amygdala • Stored in the vesicles of the presynaptic neuron • Nerve impulses (action potential) triggers release into the synapse • Glutamite then binds with specialised receptors on the dendrites of the postsynaptic neuron
- 3. NMDA (N-methyl D-aspartate) • A specialised receptor (found on dendrites) that receives Glutamate (vital to LTP)
- 4. NMDA (N-methyl D-aspartate) • Evidence: Morris water maze experiment - NDMA blocked - rats unable to spatially learn (no LTP) • Tissen's (2000) study on modified NMDA receptors of mice
- 5. Hippocampus • largely responsible for LTP • Consolidation of declarative memories • involved in spatial learning and navigation • Along with the thalamus & amygdala – it is responsible for intiating and processing fear response • Evidence: MRI's indicate a larger right hippocampus area of London cab drivers compared to population • Morris water maze experiment with removal of Hippocampus
- 6. Amygdala • Responsible for emotional learning, • fear conditioning (classical conditioning), • It is also involved in positive conditioning • Evidence: fMRI show greater amygdala activity when consolidating memories more emotional (stressful) in nature in comparison to semantic type memories • People who have had their amygdala removed (for example in treatment of extreme cases of epilepsy) not only lose their ability to fear, they also do not recognize anger in others. • Anxiety disorders/ phobias = greater activity in amygdala • Bipolar patients have reduced volume in amygdala
- 7. Thalamus • Thalamus: is one of the brain structures for initiating & processing fear response (part of classical conditioning) • It is also responsible for spatial learning • Evidence - rats with damaged thalamic regions showed no improved in formation of repetitive maze task.
- 8. Cerebellum • Involve in motor learning (making fine adjustments to movements) • involved some emotional functions such as regulating fear and pleasure responses, • it is even involved in triggering some reflexive motor responses (conditioned responses) such as an eye blink in response to a conditioned stimulus such as a tone • Evidence: Neuroimaging - show higher cerebellum activity when observing/ imagining a sequence of movements