Stress & HPA axis - VCE U4 Psych
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This file accompanies a YouTube file - covering the HPA axis, the Fight-Flight response & the role of cortisol in the stress response. See www.ePsychVCE.com for link
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The document discusses the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and its role in the central stress response system. The HPA axis activates in response to stressors and involves the hypothalamus releasing corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) which stimulates the pituitary gland to release adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). ACTH then signals the adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol, helping the body adapt. If stress continues long-term, the HPA axis can become dysregulated, impairing the body's defenses and health. The General Adaptation Syndrome model also describes the three stages - alarm, resistance, and exhaustion - that the body progresses
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Inflammation is a major contributing factor to chronic modern illness and is driven, in part, by chronic stress and HPA-axis over stimulation. Mental health conditions, in particular clinical depression, are increasingly linked with neuroinflammation. As such, anti-inflammatory interventions are known to result in significant clinical benefits.
During this webinar Dr Bailey will discuss the biological mechanisms linking stress, chronic inflammation and mood disorders, together with a review of the current evidence for a targeted, anti-inflammatory nutrition approach to treatment. Nina will also clarify why some of the recent trials have failed to report benefits and how to optimise your anti-inflammatory interventions to treat clients with anxiety, depression, schizophrenia and PTSD.
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The document discusses cognitive disorders including delirium, dementia, and amnestic disorders, outlining their symptoms, causes, assessments, and treatment approaches. Several types of dementia are described such as Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, and Parkinson's disease. Nursing interventions focus on promoting safety, adequate nutrition and hygiene, emotional support, and structured routines.
neurobiology of stress
The document discusses the neurobiology of stress. It defines stress and outlines the key components of the stress response including activation of the HPA axis and sympathetic nervous system. This leads to release of stress hormones like cortisol and catecholamines. Prolonged stress can sensitize brain circuits and increase vulnerability to mental health issues. Genetics also influence individual stress responses. Psychoneuroimmunology explores bidirectional communication between the brain, behavior and immune system in stress.
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This document discusses long term potentiation (LTP) and long term depression (LTD), which are forms of synaptic plasticity. LTP involves strengthening synapses through calcium-dependent phosphorylation, while LTD weakens synapses through dephosphorylation. LTP occurs with high frequency stimulation and increases AMPA receptors, while LTD occurs with low frequency stimulation and decreases AMPA receptors. LTP follows specificity and associativity rules, and can awaken silent synapses in the developing brain. In the cerebellum, pairing parallel fiber and climbing fiber activity induces LTD through calcium-triggered AMPA receptor internalization in Purkinje cells.
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The document discusses the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and its role in the central stress response system. The HPA axis activates in response to stressors and involves the hypothalamus releasing corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) which stimulates the pituitary gland to release adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). ACTH then signals the adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol, helping the body adapt. If stress continues long-term, the HPA axis can become dysregulated, impairing the body's defenses and health. The General Adaptation Syndrome model also describes the three stages - alarm, resistance, and exhaustion - that the body progresses
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Inflammation is a major contributing factor to chronic modern illness and is driven, in part, by chronic stress and HPA-axis over stimulation. Mental health conditions, in particular clinical depression, are increasingly linked with neuroinflammation. As such, anti-inflammatory interventions are known to result in significant clinical benefits.
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Hypothalamus pituitary axis
The document discusses the hypothalamic-pituitary-target gland feedback system, where the hypothalamus releases hormones that signal the pituitary gland, which then secretes hormones to regulate target glands like the thyroid and adrenals. The pituitary is divided into the anterior and posterior lobes, with the anterior secreting hormones like TSH, ACTH, LH and FSH that regulate other glands, and the posterior storing and releasing vasopressin and oxytocin.
Cognitive disorders
The document discusses cognitive disorders including delirium, dementia, and amnestic disorders, outlining their symptoms, causes, assessments, and treatment approaches. Several types of dementia are described such as Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, and Parkinson's disease. Nursing interventions focus on promoting safety, adequate nutrition and hygiene, emotional support, and structured routines.
neurobiology of stress
The document discusses the neurobiology of stress. It defines stress and outlines the key components of the stress response including activation of the HPA axis and sympathetic nervous system. This leads to release of stress hormones like cortisol and catecholamines. Prolonged stress can sensitize brain circuits and increase vulnerability to mental health issues. Genetics also influence individual stress responses. Psychoneuroimmunology explores bidirectional communication between the brain, behavior and immune system in stress.
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This document discusses psycho neuroimmunology, which is the study of the interaction between psychological processes, the nervous system, and the immune system. It introduces key concepts like the mind-body connection, the role of stress and emotions in immune function, and the involvement of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and neurotransmitters. Chronic stress can compromise immune function and increase depression and disease risk by impacting neurogenesis in the hippocampus. Psychological interventions may boost immune responses to help fight cancer and other illnesses.
Long term potentiation
This document discusses long term potentiation (LTP) and long term depression (LTD), which are forms of synaptic plasticity. LTP involves strengthening synapses through calcium-dependent phosphorylation, while LTD weakens synapses through dephosphorylation. LTP occurs with high frequency stimulation and increases AMPA receptors, while LTD occurs with low frequency stimulation and decreases AMPA receptors. LTP follows specificity and associativity rules, and can awaken silent synapses in the developing brain. In the cerebellum, pairing parallel fiber and climbing fiber activity induces LTD through calcium-triggered AMPA receptor internalization in Purkinje cells.
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The document discusses neurotransmitters and their roles in the nervous system. It outlines the criteria for classifying a molecule as a neurotransmitter, identifies major types of neurotransmitters including amino acids, amines, and peptides. It describes the mechanism of neurotransmitter release and action, and discusses clinical disorders that can arise from disruptions in neurotransmitter metabolism such as Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, and addiction.
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1. The document discusses the neurobiology of stress, including how stress is defined and the physiological stress response pathways in the body. It describes the stress response as involving the nervous, neuroendocrine, and endocrine systems.
2. Key parts of the stress response include the activation of the sympathetic nervous system and HPA axis, resulting in the "fight or flight" response. Prolonged stress can impact various organ systems in the body as target organs.
3. Coping strategies are discussed as ways to potentially attenuate the stress response and reestablish homeostasis, with adaptive coping being more beneficial than maladaptive coping.
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This document discusses the role of glutamate in psychiatry. It notes that glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain and is involved in memory, emotions, cognition, and various psychiatric conditions like depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, and drug addiction. It then discusses the specific implications of glutamate for anxiety disorders, mood disorders, addiction disorders, and schizophrenia. Finally, it outlines the future implications of targeting glutamate systems for the treatment of these conditions, noting potential drug candidates and the promise of drugs like ketamine for rapidly treating depression.
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(a) Several brain areas have been found to have abnormal activity or structure in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) compared to healthy controls, including the prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, and orbitofrontal cortex.
(b) Imaging studies have found both hypoactivity and hyperactivity in different areas, and treatment has been shown to help normalize some of these abnormalities.
(c) The prefrontal cortex and limbic system including the hippocampus and amygdala appear to be particularly involved, and their structural and functional connections may contribute to MDD.
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This document provides an overview of the neurobiology of depression. It discusses the etiology of depression including genetic predisposition and adverse life experiences. It then examines various neurochemical and hormonal abnormalities associated with depression such as decreased serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine, and BDNF. Brain regions involved like the prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and hippocampus are also outlined. Functional and structural changes in these regions are noted. Recent advances in deep brain stimulation and anti-inflammatory treatments are also summarized.
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Hormones affect almost every system in the body and can be classified by their structure and function. The document discusses steroid and peptide hormones and how hormones maintain homeostasis and control reproductive functions. It also examines the hierarchical control of hormones and how stress hormones like cortisol are involved in the fight or flight response during times of stress. Sex hormones contribute to differences in brain structure and cognitive abilities between males and females.
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The document summarizes the endocrinal response to stress. It discusses how stress activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis through corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and arginine vasopressin (AVP). CRF plays a central role in regulating the stress response and release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from the pituitary gland which then stimulates glucocorticoid release from the adrenal cortex. Glucocorticoids provide feedback inhibition of the HPA axis to terminate the stress response.
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This document summarizes key concepts in psychiatry related to mood disorders such as depression and bipolar disorder. It discusses mood and affect, defines major depression and manic/hypomanic episodes, and explores the epidemiology and potential biological and psychosocial factors involved in these conditions. Specific brain regions implicated include the prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, hippocampus, and amygdala. Genetic and environmental influences are also reviewed.
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1. Schizophrenia is a chronic neuropsychiatric disorder affecting about 1% of the world's population that imposes a large economic burden.
2. While the exact causes remain unclear, current research suggests schizophrenia involves alterations in brain development and circuits during early development. Genetics also play a role as risk factors.
3. Recent advances in treatment include new atypical antipsychotic medications that target both dopamine and serotonin receptors, as well as research into alternative treatments targeting negative symptoms, cognitive impairments, and underlying neuropathology and metabolic abnormalities.
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The hypothalamus is a small region located inferior to the thalamus that regulates many essential body functions such as blood pressure, heart rate, temperature, hunger, and hormone secretion through the autonomic nervous system, endocrine system, and limbic system. It is divided into anterior, middle, and posterior regions that control different processes like circadian rhythms, reproduction, feeding, and emotional responses. The hypothalamus communicates with the pituitary gland to regulate hormone release and various homeostatic mechanisms in the body.
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The document discusses stress, its types (eustress and distress), stages (alarm, resistance, exhaustion), physiology involving the sympathetic-adreno-medullary axis and hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis. It then covers stress-related disorders like depression and diabetes, their symptoms, diagnosis, relation to stress, and management using yoga and naturopathy. It also discusses lifestyle-related disorders like obesity and their prevention and management with yoga and naturopathy case studies provided as examples.
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3. Coping strategies are discussed as ways to potentially attenuate the stress response and reestablish homeostasis, with adaptive coping being more beneficial than maladaptive coping.
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(a) Several brain areas have been found to have abnormal activity or structure in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) compared to healthy controls, including the prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, and orbitofrontal cortex.
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This document provides an overview of the neurobiology of depression. It discusses the etiology of depression including genetic predisposition and adverse life experiences. It then examines various neurochemical and hormonal abnormalities associated with depression such as decreased serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine, and BDNF. Brain regions involved like the prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and hippocampus are also outlined. Functional and structural changes in these regions are noted. Recent advances in deep brain stimulation and anti-inflammatory treatments are also summarized.
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Neuropeptides are small protein-like molecules that neurons use to communicate with each other. They are responsible for many brain functions including analgesia, food intake, learning and memory, metabolism, and social behaviors. Some key neuropeptides discussed are Neuropeptide Y, which regulates appetite, and Tachykinins like Substance P which mediates pain. Arginine vasopressin regulates water balance and social behaviors through G protein-coupled receptors.
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This is a presentation made on stress and related problems related to physiological aspects of it. It also explains General Adaption Syndrome i.e our bodies response to stressor hormone like Oxytocin and cortisol in basic 3 stages, also some of the sympathetic and parasympathetic functions. It gives you general idea about the "Stress curve" .
Hormones and Stress
Hormones affect almost every system in the body and can be classified by their structure and function. The document discusses steroid and peptide hormones and how hormones maintain homeostasis and control reproductive functions. It also examines the hierarchical control of hormones and how stress hormones like cortisol are involved in the fight or flight response during times of stress. Sex hormones contribute to differences in brain structure and cognitive abilities between males and females.
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This document summarizes key concepts in psychiatry related to mood disorders such as depression and bipolar disorder. It discusses mood and affect, defines major depression and manic/hypomanic episodes, and explores the epidemiology and potential biological and psychosocial factors involved in these conditions. Specific brain regions implicated include the prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, hippocampus, and amygdala. Genetic and environmental influences are also reviewed.
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The document provides an overview of psychiatry and mental health topics. It defines mental health according to the WHO as a state of complete physical, mental, social and spiritual well-being. More than two-fifths of total disabilities worldwide are due to mental illnesses such as schizophrenia, depression, and substance abuse disorders. It discusses classification systems for psychiatric disorders, biological, psychological and social factors in mental illnesses, and specific conditions such as mood disorders, psychotic disorders, personality disorders, and more.
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1. Schizophrenia is a chronic neuropsychiatric disorder affecting about 1% of the world's population that imposes a large economic burden.
2. While the exact causes remain unclear, current research suggests schizophrenia involves alterations in brain development and circuits during early development. Genetics also play a role as risk factors.
3. Recent advances in treatment include new atypical antipsychotic medications that target both dopamine and serotonin receptors, as well as research into alternative treatments targeting negative symptoms, cognitive impairments, and underlying neuropathology and metabolic abnormalities.
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This document discusses novel neurotransmitters beyond the classical ones. It describes nitric oxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide, endocannabinoids, eicosanoids, and neurosteroids. Nitric oxide is produced in neurons from arginine and acts through cGMP. It is involved in long term potentiation and erectile function. Carbon monoxide regulates olfaction and vasodilation. Hydrogen sulfide is produced from cysteine and acts as a gaseous messenger. Endocannabinoids like anandamide signal retrogradely through CB1 receptors. Eicosanoids are derived from arachidonic acid. Neurosteroids are synthesized in the brain from cholesterol and include allopregn
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The document discusses the structure and function of neurons. It describes the key parts of a neuron including the dendrites, soma, axon, myelin sheath, and axon terminals. It explains that neurons transmit information through electrical and chemical processes. Specifically, an electrical impulse called an action potential travels along the axon, and neurotransmitters are released at the synapse between neurons to allow communication.
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The hypothalamus is a small region located inferior to the thalamus that regulates many essential body functions such as blood pressure, heart rate, temperature, hunger, and hormone secretion through the autonomic nervous system, endocrine system, and limbic system. It is divided into anterior, middle, and posterior regions that control different processes like circadian rhythms, reproduction, feeding, and emotional responses. The hypothalamus communicates with the pituitary gland to regulate hormone release and various homeostatic mechanisms in the body.
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While we tend to think of stress as inherently negative (distress), it’s also recognised that there is a positive form of stress – referred to as eustress – which includes motivation, excitement, and energy. There are two emotions that are particularly associated with the stress response – anger and fear, which respectively result in the desire to fight or flight.
Dr Shelagh Wright provides a fascinating overview of what happens to the human body in dealing with stress – looking at the nervous system, the neuroendocrine system, etc. She says that the experience of chronic pain is potentially the most damaging form of stress. To effectively survive persistent pain, one needs to learn how to manage it and its stresses.
For people living with fibromyalgia, these insights are particularly relevant. Fibromyalgia is a common chronic widespread pain disorder; neurochemical imbalances in the central nervous system are associated with central amplification of pain perception.
Following Lazarus and Folkman (1984), Dr Wright highlights that effective coping depends on resources related to health and energy, positive belief, problem-solving skills, social skills and material resources. She explains strategies such as emotion-focused coping (e.g. stress control techniques), relaxation techniques (e.g. diaphragmatic breathing or pranayama in yoga), progressive muscular relaxation, autogenic training, and cognitive behavioural therapies.
By practicing approaches such as these, people can learn to better deal with stress and experience a more balanced life.
Dr Shelagh Wright is a chartered psychologist and registered nurse. Having qualified with Wirral Autogenic Training Centre in 2001, she retrained as an autogenic therapist with the British Autogenic Society in 2016 and established her business, AutogenicTrainingIreland.
Stress management & relaxation techniques - Dr. Shelagh Wright
While we tend to think of stress as inherently negative (distress), it’s also recognised that there is a positive form of stress – referred to as eustress – which includes motivation, excitement, and energy. There are two emotions that are particularly associated with the stress response – anger and fear, which respectively result in the desire to fight or flight.
Dr Shelagh Wright provides a fascinating overview of what happens to the human body in dealing with stress – looking at the nervous system, the neuroendocrine system, etc. She says that the experience of chronic pain is potentially the most damaging form of stress. To effectively survive persistent pain, one needs to learn how to manage it and its stresses.
For people living with fibromyalgia, these insights are particularly relevant. Fibromyalgia is a common chronic widespread pain disorder; neurochemical imbalances in the central nervous system are associated with central amplification of pain perception.
Following Lazarus and Folkman (1984), Dr Wright highlights that effective coping depends on resources related to health and energy, positive belief, problem-solving skills, social skills and material resources. She explains strategies such as emotion-focused coping (e.g. stress control techniques), relaxation techniques (e.g. diaphragmatic breathing or pranayama in yoga), progressive muscular relaxation, autogenic training, and cognitive behavioural therapies.
By practicing approaches such as these, people can learn to better deal with stress and experience a more balanced life.
Dr Shelagh Wright is a chartered psychologist and registered nurse. Having qualified with Wirral Autogenic Training Centre in 2001, she retrained as an autogenic therapist with the British Autogenic Society in 2016 and established her business, AutogenicTrainingIreland.
Stress class notes
Drugs and alcohol work by interfering with the normal functioning of neurotransmitters in the brain. Specifically:
- Drugs like cocaine and methamphetamine directly or indirectly increase levels of dopamine in the brain's reward pathway, overwhelming the system and making the drugs immediately rewarding.
- Opioids like heroin activate the body's natural opioid receptors in the brain, replicating the feeling of euphoria we get from things we naturally find rewarding.
- Alcohol enhances the effects of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA, sedating the brain and reducing anxiety. It also interferes with glutamate, our major excitatory neurotransmitter.
- Marijuana activates the brain's cannabinoid receptors, altering the effects of neurotransmit
Arousal and Anxiety in Sport
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1. In CC, the response is involuntary and precedes the stimulus, while in OC the response is voluntary and occurs after reinforcement.
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3. The timing of the stimulus and response differ between the two: in CC the stimulus precedes the response, while in OC the response precedes reinforcement.
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Stress & HPA axis - VCE U4 Psych
- 1. Stress • Stress defined: Key descriptors 1. physiological or psychological tension 2. internal or external forces 3. exceeding a persons resources for their ability to cope • Stress: involves both psychological & physiological changes • What’s good about stress? • What’s bad about stress?
- 2. Fight or Flight response • Definition: Key descriptors • automatic response • prepares animal • to confront - OR • flee • a physically or psychological threatening situation • It’s an adaptive response because? • Triggered by _____________ nervous system • Activates the HPA axis
- 3. HPA axis • Hypothalamus triggers the release of • CRH (Corticotrophin releasing hormone) which activates the • Pituitary Gland which releases the hormone • ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone) which is carried by the blood to the • Adrenal gland which releases stress hormones • Cortisol/ Adrenalin and Noradrenalin • To assist the body deal with the stressor
- 4. Cortisol • Cortisol is a stress hormone • Aids metabolism of fats, proteins, carb’s & increases glucose levels in the blood providing additional energy for muscles • That is helpful in the short- term i.e. In the short term it acts to restore homeostasis • Harmful in the long-term (weakens the immune system) • It is released by the Adrenal Gland - but • Regulated by Pituitary Gland
Editor's Notes
- Stress helps performance
- Hypothalamus, pituitary gland, Adrenalin
- Cortisol released by Adrenal cortexAdrenalin/ noradrenalin released by adrenal medula
- Released by HPA axis Crying reduces cortisol levels which explains why you feel better