This document summarizes the functions of different parts of the brain and nervous system. It discusses the roles of the frontal, temporal, parietal and occipital lobes in functions like movement, language, memory, emotion and vision. It also describes the basal ganglia, autonomic nervous system, limbic system and various neurotransmitters involved in diseases like Parkinson's, schizophrenia and anxiety disorders. Finally, it briefly outlines the roles of amino acids and neuropeptides in the brain.
The term problem-solving refers to the mental process that people go through to discover, analyze and solve problems.
A problem can be defined as ‘where there is a need to bridge gap between a current situation and a desired situation”.
Broadly there are three types of problemdiagnostic problems – working out what’s gone wrong and fixing it – for example, a machine or a process isn’t working properly and needs to be fixed or improved design problems – identifying what needs to be done to create a new product or process and planning how to do itcontingency problems – resource planning and working with others to plan and manage a project, such as organising an event.Problems with personal or emotional relationships are not a problem although they often make for interesting scenarios.
This PPT contains Unit 2 Biology of behaviour for F.Y.B.Sc. Nursing students. The biology of behavior, also known as behavioral neuroscience or psychobiology, explores the relationship between biological processes and behavior. It delves into how the brain, nervous system, and other physiological factors influence behavior, emotions, thoughts, and actions. Understanding this relationship helps us comprehend various aspects of human and animal behavior.
The term problem-solving refers to the mental process that people go through to discover, analyze and solve problems.
A problem can be defined as ‘where there is a need to bridge gap between a current situation and a desired situation”.
Broadly there are three types of problemdiagnostic problems – working out what’s gone wrong and fixing it – for example, a machine or a process isn’t working properly and needs to be fixed or improved design problems – identifying what needs to be done to create a new product or process and planning how to do itcontingency problems – resource planning and working with others to plan and manage a project, such as organising an event.Problems with personal or emotional relationships are not a problem although they often make for interesting scenarios.
This PPT contains Unit 2 Biology of behaviour for F.Y.B.Sc. Nursing students. The biology of behavior, also known as behavioral neuroscience or psychobiology, explores the relationship between biological processes and behavior. It delves into how the brain, nervous system, and other physiological factors influence behavior, emotions, thoughts, and actions. Understanding this relationship helps us comprehend various aspects of human and animal behavior.
This Presentation is on the Topic of Perception types Motion Perception and Time Perception and the Topic of Attention and its kinds.This Presentation contain Real Life Examples and Its very easy to understand these Topics b these contents.
This Presentation is on the Topic of Perception types Motion Perception and Time Perception and the Topic of Attention and its kinds.This Presentation contain Real Life Examples and Its very easy to understand these Topics b these contents.
The central nervous system (CNS) is the part of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord. The CNS is so named because it integrates the received information and coordinates and influences the activity of all parts of the bodies of bilaterally symmetric animals
2. FRONTAL LOBE: Voluntary movement Language production (left) Motor prosody (right) Comportment Executive function Motivation TEMPORAL LOBES Audition Language comprehension (left) Sensory prosody (right) Memory Emotion PARIETAL LOBES: Tactile sensation Visuospatial function (right) Reading (left) Calculation (L) OCCIPITAL LOBES: Vision Visual perception
3. THE BASAL GANGLIA Mediate postural tone PARTS: Corpus striatum – caudate and putamen Caudate acts as gatekeeper to allow the motor system to perform only those acts that are goal-directed. Studies correlated decreased activation of caudate with OC behavior, Tics and Tourette’s disorder. Globus pallidus - receives input from the corpus striatum and projects fibers to the thalamus. This is damaged in Wilson’s disease and carbon monoxide poisoning, resulting in dystonic posturing and flapping movements of arms and legs. Substantia nigra – degenerates in Parkinson’s disease Subthalamic nucleus – yield ballistic movements, sudden limb jerks.
4. THE AUTONOMIC MOTOR SYSTEM PARASYMPATHETIC – slows heart rate and begins the process of digestion. SYMPATHETIC – mediates flight or fight response, with increased heart rate, shunting of blood away from the viscera, and increased respiration.
5. Limbic System The limbic system is comprised of Hippocampus: involved in learning and memory Amygdala: involved in emotion; may mediate anxiety and panic Mammillary Bodies The fornix is a fiber bundle that interconnects the hippocampus with the mammillary bodies The limbic system had been implicated in neuropathological studies of schizophrenia. The 4 A’s of Eugen Bleuler refer to brain functions served in part by the limbic structures.
11. The serotonergic pathway showing the effects of schizophrenia The two key serotonergic pathways in schizophrenia are the projections from the dorsal raphe nuclei into the substantianigraand the projections from the rostralraphe nuclei ascending into the cerebral cortex, limbic regions and basal ganglia. The up-regulation of these pathways leads to hypofunction of the dopaminergic system, and this effect may be responsible for the negative symptoms of schizophrenia. The serotonergic nuclei in the brainstem that give rise to descending serotonergic axons remain unaffected in schizophrenia.
12. AMINO ACIDS Amino acids are the most abundant neurotransmitters in the brain. Nichols suggested: “amino acids synapses exceed those of all the other neurotransmitters combined…amino acids are responsible for almost all the fast signaling between neurons, leaving predominantly modulatory roles for the other transmitters.”
13. Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter and is distributed in all regions of the brain. The major conditions associated with this NT are EXCITOTOXICITY and SCHIZOPHRENIA. GABA is the major inhibitory NT. The major conditions associated with this are ANXIETY and SEIZURE DISORDER. Glycine does double duty as a mandatory adjunctive NT for glutamate activity and as independent inhibitory NT at its own receptors. Improvement of NMDA receptor activity by occupancy of the glycine-binding site has been hypothesized to present an adjunctive mode for the treatment of shizophrenia.
14. Neuropeptides Function of Neuropeptides: There are cells in the brain that produce various neuropeptides, and these neuropeptides do just about everything. They can be either pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory, with anti-inflammatory being preferred. They are responsible for many functions: They control our mood, energy levels, pain and pleasure reception, body weight, and ability to solve problems; they also form memories and regulate our immune system. These active little messengers in the brain actually turn on cellular function in the skin.
15. Substance P – Huntingtons dse., dementia of the Alzheimer’s type, and mood disorders. Neurotensin – involved in pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Cholecystokinin – causes anxiety and triggers panic attacks in people with panic disorder. Somatostatin – Huntington’s disease and dementia of the Alzheimer’s type. Vasopressin and Oxytocin - involved in regulation of mood. Neuropeptide Y – stimulates appetite.
