This presentation includes the types of roofs and roof covering materials. this presentation explained briefly about the pitched roofs, curved roofs and flat roofs.
Definition,
functions,
types of foundations,
foundation loads,
selection criteria for foundations based on soil conditions,
bearing capacity of soil,
methods of testing,
method of improving bearing capacity of soil,
settlement of foundations,
precautions against settlement,
shallow and deep foundations,
different types of foundations – wall footing (strip footing), isolated footing, combined footing, raft foundation, pile foundation etc.
structural glazing and curtain wall
MATERIAL USED
parts of structural glazing and curtain wall
history of glazing
glass description
case study according material
This presentation includes the types of roofs and roof covering materials. this presentation explained briefly about the pitched roofs, curved roofs and flat roofs.
Definition,
functions,
types of foundations,
foundation loads,
selection criteria for foundations based on soil conditions,
bearing capacity of soil,
methods of testing,
method of improving bearing capacity of soil,
settlement of foundations,
precautions against settlement,
shallow and deep foundations,
different types of foundations – wall footing (strip footing), isolated footing, combined footing, raft foundation, pile foundation etc.
structural glazing and curtain wall
MATERIAL USED
parts of structural glazing and curtain wall
history of glazing
glass description
case study according material
Cavity walls, Building construction, passive coolingDhvaniR2
there is informations about cavity walls
passive cooling elemensts
thre is types of it
construction techniques
dinations
drawings and sketches
Normal 275 mm (11 inches) cavity wall is suitable for buildings nor exceeding two stories in height, consists of two half brick (4-1/2 inch walls with 2 inches cavity.
Cavity prevents the dampness from the outer leaf percolating into the inner leaf.
They provide excellent insulation from heat and sound.
When used in tropical countries: sufficient precautions must be taken to see that they do not become breeding places for lizards and insects.
Inner leaf is found to take a greater portion of the imposed load transmitted by floor and roof.
Two leaves of the wall are bounded together with ties usually placed 900 mm apart vertically and 450 mm horizontally in every 6th course staggered.
This gives more than 2 ties/ sq.m.
Cavity walls are those which are constructed in that way that an empty space or cavity is left between the single wall.
Also known as hollow wall
A little space is lifted between these two walls for insulation purposes.
These two walls having little space between them for insulation purpose are known as leaves of the cavity walls.
Out wall is called external leaf,
Internal wall is called internal leaf,
The empty space or cavity size should be in between 4 to 10 cm.
External and internal leaves should have 10 cm thickness.
These two leaves of cavity wall are interconnected by links or metal ties for strong bond.
The slums have been defined, and classified on the basis of the development of nation they are located in, the location in context of the city, and in Indian context, as per the guidelines issued by the DDA (Delhi Development Authority).
1. Case studies of residential cum commercial buildings in Ranchi, i.e., Jascon Plaza, and Narsaria Tower.
2. Case study of Ranchi Club in order to have a study of amenities to be provided in design of building.
3. Case Study of Blessington Heights, Ranchi, for its services.
4. Case Study of Hotel Radisson Blu, Ranchi, for its elevated swimming pool, and other recreational facilities.
5. Literature Study of Spanish Gardens, Guwahati, a residential cum commercial complex.
6.Literature Study of UniTech Warehouse, Kolkata, for the study of commercial spaces.
It is a complete literature study for Amusement Park cum Resort.
In the first section, the study for amusement park and resort has been done for Orlando Universal, Florida. The study includes the Volcano Bay, the Islands of Adventure, the Universal Studios, and the City Walk. It also contains the study of the 5 resorts at Orlando Universal, i.e., the Loews Royal Pacific Hotel, the Hard Rock Hotel, the Loews Portofino Bay Hotel & Spa, the Loews Sapphire Falls Resort, and the Cabana Bay Beach Resort.
In the second section, the design requirements for a 3-star hotel as per the H&R Division, Ministry of Tourism, Government of India have been included.
The third section contains a study for a multi-cuisine restaurant for 120 diners.
The last section is the Site Study and Climatology Study for the site given for design.
A detailed study of Chinese Gardens with reference to concept, geography, design philosophy, characteristics, elements, and symbolism. Also, includes the two classifications, i.e., Imperial Style and Scholarly Style, with examples such as Shanglin Garden, Ganquan Garden, Yuanming Garden, Beihai Garden, the Humble Administrator's Garden, and the Summer Palace.
A literature study on architecture by Ar Eero Saarinen with description of some of his works, i.e., the Gateway Arch, the MIT Chapel, the TWA Terminal, and the Miller House.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
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How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
2. What is a Cavity Wall?
Cavity wall is a double
wall consisting of two
separate walls, called
“skins” or “leaves” of
masonry separated by
an air space and joined
together by metal ties
at suitable intervals.
These walls are
generally exterior walls,
although sometimes
used as interior walls
3. Construction Details
General features:
The two leaves of a cavity wall may
be of equal thickness if it is a non
load bearing wall, or the internal leaf
may be thicker than the external
leaf, to meet the structural
requirements.
The inner and outer skins of the wall
are adequately tied together by
means of special wall ties at the rate
of at least five ties per square meter
of wall.
The cavity should neither be less
than 40 mm nor more than 100 mm in
width.
To prevent moisture to enter, it is
essential to provide a vertical damp
proof course at window and door
reveals. The damp proof course
should be flexible.
5. Early Cavity Walls
Most walls comprised two half-brick
leaves with a 50mm cavity.
The two halves of the wall were tied at
regular intervals with steel or wrought
iron wall ties.
The external leaf of brickwork was laid in
facing bricks, the internal leaf in
commons.
A few early cavity walls had an external
leaf one brick thick and, in some early
forms of construction, the DPC ran right
across the cavity.
DPCs (to prevent rising damp) were in
common use by the early 1900s. They
could be made from lead, pitch, asphalt
and slate.
6. Building Regulations
According to building codes the double wall is generally 265mm or 275mm thick,
consisting of 102.5mm inner and outer skins and a 60-70 mm cavity (adequate for 2
storied domestic building) .
The inner leaf is increased to 215 mm or more in thickness when heavier load or floors
have to be supported
For stone faced buildings, the outer leaf is 103-206mm and inner leaf is 102.5mm. The
width of cavity in between varies from 50-75mm.
7. Position of Cavity at Foundations:
Cavity Extending up to Concrete
Bed
The cavity extends right upto the base of
the footing, of the footing, with damp
proof course introduced just below the
floor level. This is the more common
arrangement.
However, if the brick work below G.L. is
not carefully constructed, water will
enter through the joints, collect in cavity
and travel through inner leaf, causing
dampness in the flooring. The following
type remedies the stated problem.
8. Position of Cavity at Foundations
The portion of the cavity between top of
the foundation concrete and the G.L. be
filled with 1:2:4 concrete at least 150 mm
below D.P.C.
Separate D.P.C. is provided for both the
leaves.
Rain water gaining access to the cavity
through the outer leaf, and collecting in
the cavity may be drained off by the
provision of narrow outlets or weep holes.
Cavity Concreted upto
G.L.
9. Position of Cavity at Parapet Level
In the case of flat roofs,
with a parapet, the cavity
may extend either up to
the bottom of coping or
upto a level slightly
above the flat roof.
When the cavity extends
upto the bottom of
coping, D.P.C. course is
provided between the
bottom of coping and top
of cavity, so that rain
water does not enter the
cavity.
When the cavity is
terminated just above the
flat roof, one D.P.C. is
provided over the top of
the cavity and another
12. Wall ties are mostly mild steel thoroughly galvanised or
dipped in hot tar and sanded to protect from rust.
Stainless steel is used now used.
These are various patterns; the washer shown is to hold
insulation boards in position against the inner leaf.
These ties must be placed at distances not exceeding 900
mm horizontally and 450 mm vertically, and should be
staggered.
Ties must be placed at 300 mm vertical intervals at all
angles and door and window jambs to increase stability.
WallTies
14. Example
Present house in Jaipur
built in 2005 is an
exposed bricks(wire
cut bricks) house with
cavity walls. Two brick
and mortar walls
having a gap of 4" in
between. For strength,
both walls have been
tied at regular
intervals by placing
5mm "S" shaped rod -
thus giving the outer
wall the strength of a
normal 9" one.
15. Advantages of cavity walls.
Advantages of cavity walls:
There is no possibility of the moisture travelling from
the outer wall to the inner wall.
The layer of air in the cavity being non-conductor of
heat, and reduces the transmission of heat from the
external face to internal one.
This acts as damp barrier, reduces the cooling cost of
the building.
Economy- A 275 mm cavity wall costs less to construct
than a 328 mm solid wall
Cheaper than exterior or interior wall insulation.
Maintains existing wall thickness.
Minimal disruption to install
Can reduce condensation
16. Disadvantages
Cavity walls were first built, in exposed coastal areas, in order to keep out wind-driven
rain. Filling the cavity with insulation will always hold the risk that moisture will be able to
find its way across to the inside, whatever the insulation material.
There is also the possibility that the installation will leave unfilled air pockets –causing
‘cold spots’ on the inside walls which attract condensation.
Another problem concerns wall-tie corrosion; cavity insulation makes the outer brick leaf
colder, and therefore wetter, which can accelerate rusting of the wall ties. And if the ties
then have to be replaced, there is no satisfactory way of refilling the holes in the
insulation, whatever the material.
Thermal bridging problems.
Thickness of insulation is restricted by width of cavity.
Significant parts of the UK are unsuitable due to their exposure.
There are significant number of buildings with mortar droppings on ties within the cavity
which result in penetrating dampness.
Settlement and saturation of cavity-fill leading to cold bridging
17. Precautions
Damp proof course should be laid separately for two walls.
The cavity should be properly drained and ventilated by providing weep holes.
Cavity should be kept clear of dropping of mortar or brick, rubbish etc during
construction.
Vermin's or mosquitoes should not be there in the cavity wall.