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1. BIRDS

2. DO YOU
KNOW??????

19. ORIGIN AND RELATIONSHIPS
 A flying animal Figure below show Archeoptryx, a 147-
drowned and settled million-year-old reliative of modern bird
to the bottom of a
shallow marine lagoon
in Bavaria, 147 million
years ago and
eventually fossilized.
 Discovered in 1861 by
a workman splitting
slate in limestone
quarry.

20.  The fossil features:
 Size of a crow
 With a skull not unlike a modern birds
 bony teeth set in a sockets like those of
dinasours
 long bony tail
 Clawed fingers
 Abdominal ribs

21. Morphology of ancestor of bird
1. Skull 15. illium
2. cervical vertebrae (innominate bone)
3. Furcula 16. caudal vertebrae
4. coracoid 17. pygostyle
5. uncinate process 18. synsacrum
6. keel 19. scapula
7. patella 20. lumbar vertebrae
8. tarsometatarsus 21. humerus
9. digits 22. ulna
10. tibiotarsus (long leg 23. radius
bone) (10 and 11) 24. carpus
11. tibiotarsus(10 and 11)
12. Femur 25. metacarpus
13. ischium(innominate 26. digits
bone) 27. alula
14. Pubi ( innominate bone)

22. Living birds
Paleognathae Neognathae
- Flightless - Some can fly
- Have flat sternum - Have keeled sternum
- Poorly develop - Powerful flight muscles
pectoral muscles

23. CHARACTERISTICS OF
CLASS AVES
 Body usually spindle shaped, with 4 divisions :
head, neck, trunk and tail.
 Limbs paired;
 Forelimbs
 Posterior pair
 Epidermal covering of feathers and leg scales
 Thin integument of epidermis and dermis
 No sweat glands
 Oil or preen gland at the base of tail

24.  Fully ossified skeleton with air cavities
 No teeth
 Nervous system well developed
 Circulatory system consist of four-chambered
heart with two atria and two ventricles
 Endothermic
 Respiration by slightly expansible lungs, with an
air sacs among the visceral organs and skeleton

25.  Excretory system includes:
 Metanephric kidneys
 Ureters open into cloaca
 No bladder
 Semisolid urine
 Sexes separate
 Testes paired with the vas deferens opening
into the clocoa
 Females have left ovary and oviduct only

26.  Fertilization internal
 Amniotic eggs with much yolk and hard
 Calcareous shells
 Incubation external
 Sex determined by females heterogametic

27. MORPHOLOGY OF BIRDS
1. Beak 11. Primaries (longest
wing feather)
2. Head 12. Vent
3. Iris 13. Thigh
4. Pupil 14. Tibio-tarsal
5. Mantle (back) articulation
6. Lesser coverts 15. Tarsus
7. Scapulars 16. Feet
8. Coverts 17. Tibia
9. Tertials (=the 18. Belly
flight feathers 19. Flanks
that closest to 20. Breast
the bird's body 22. Wattle
along the wing)
10. Rump

28. RELAX FOR A WHILE………

29. 1. Ada 9 ekor burung di atas
pokok. 2 ekor telah mati
ditembak. Berapakah bilangan
burung yang tinggal di atas
pokok tersebut ???

30. Answer : 0 kerana
burung tentulah akan
lari setelah terdengar
bunyi tembakan
tersebut…

31. 2.Kenapa siput babi
jalan dengan
perlahan????

32. Answer : sebab dia confuse
dia siput ke dia babi.. Dia
berjalan lambat kerana
berfikir semasa berjalan

33. Structural and functional
adaptations for flight.

34. Feathers
 One of the most prominent features .
 Function;
 Provide insulation.
 Allow for flight.
 Feathers control what a bird looks like by
supplying the bird with colors.

35. Feathers
 Basic form;
 Hollow, central shaft called a rachis.
 A number of smaller side branches.
 The side branches are called barbs and are
linked together by a set of barbules and their
"hooklets" sometimes called 'Hamuli‘
 The base of the feather - where their are no
side branches - is called the calamus or quill.

36. Skeleton
 Birds have a lightweight skeleton.
 Most of the bones of flying birds are thin and
hollow.
 The keel-shaped sternum (breastbone) - the
powerful flight muscles attach to the body.

37. Skeleton
 Part of bone;
 Skull
 Neck
 Thorax and Sternum
 Pectoral Girdle
 Pelvic Girdle
 Wing
 Leg and Foot

38. Muscular system
 The muscle ventral (underneath) to the pectorals
is the supracoracoideus. It raises the wing
between wingbeats.
 The skin muscles help a bird in its flight by
adjusting the feathers, which are attached to the
skin muscle and help the bird in its flight
maneuvers.

39.  There are only a few muscles in the trunk and the
tail, but they are very strong and are essential
for the bird.
 The pygostyle controls all the movement in the
tail and controls the feathers in the tail.
 This gives the tail a larger surface area which
helps keep the bird in the air.

40. Digestive system
 The tongue of birds adapted to the type of food
the bird consumes.
 Birds have a two part stomach, a glandular portion
known as the proventriculus and a muscular
portion known as the gizzard.
 Avian large intestine is reduced to a
short, featureless connection between the small
intestine and the cloaca.
 The cloaca is the final holding area for the waste
products of digestion until they are voided
through the vent.

41. Circulatory system
 The avian heart has evolved into a large and
powerful organ with rapid muscular contractions.
 Generally the smaller the species the larger the
relative heart size.
 Birds have hearts larger and ones that beat
faster than mammals.

42. Respiratory system
 birds having relatively small lungs plus air sacs
that play an important role in respiration
 The air sacs permit a unidirectional flow of air
through the lungs.
 Unidirectional flow means that air moving through
bird lungs is largely 'fresh' air and has a higher
oxygen content.
 Therefore, in bird lungs, more oxygen is available
to diffuse into the blood.

43.  Air flow through the avian lungs and air sacs
during respiration.
 On first inhalation, air flows through the
trachea & primarily into the posterior (rear) air
sacs
 On first exhalation, air moves from the
posterior air sacs & into the lungs

44.  With the second inhalation, air moves from
the lungs & into the anterior (front) air sacs
 With the second exhalation, air moves from
the anterior air sacs back into the trachea &
out
 It takes two respiratory cycles to move one
"packet" of air completely through the avian
respiratory system.

45. Excretory system
 Birds excrete uric acid with their feces.
 The white material seen in bird droppings is uric
acid. It is not very toxic and is not very soluble in
water.
 Excretion of wastes in the form of uric acid
conserves water because it can be produced in a
concentrated form due to its low toxicity.

46.  Because it is relatively insoluble and nontoxic, it
can accumulate in eggs without damaging the
embryos.
 The synthesis of uric acid requires more energy
than urea synthesis.
 There is no urinary bladder in birds.

47. Nervous and sensory system
 The birds’ nervous system is very similar to
human.
 Both are made up of the brain, the spinal
cord, and countless nerves throughout the body
that transmit messages to and from the brain.
 Birds have well-developed brains, but the enlarged
portion seems to be the area responsible for
instinctive behavior. Therefore, birds, follow very
definite patterns of migration and nesting.

48. FLIGHT
 Bird wing as a lift device
 In birds, two kinds of wing slots have
developed :
1) The alula , or a group of small feathers
on the thumb, which
provides a mid -wing slot
2) Slotting between the primary feathers,
which provides a wing-tip slot.

49.  Flapping flight
 Two forces are required for flapping flight
 vertical lifting force to support the bird’s
weight
 horizontal thrusting force to move the
bird forward against resistive forces of
friction

50.  Basic forms of a bird wings
 Four types of bird wings are easily
recognized
 Elliptical Wings
 High-aspect Ratio Wings
 Dynamic soaring Wings
 High-lift Wings

51. Reproductive system
 Males repductive organ
Most of the year
- Testes tiny, bean-shaped bodes
During breeding season
- Testes will enlarge greatly as much as 300 times
their non-breeding size

52.  Females reproductive
organ
- Only left ovary and
oviduct develop (figure
1.2) ; those on the right
dwindle to vestigial
structures (loss of one
ovary is another
adaptation of birds for
reducing weight)

53. Nesting and care of young
Newly hatched bird divided
Altricial Precocial
- Naked and unable to walk or - Include
see at birth, remain in the quail, fowl, ducks, and most
nest for a weeks or more. water birds.
- Covered with down when
hatched and can run or swim
as soon as their plumage is
dry.

54. Cerita
tentang
katak kecil

55. Pada suatu hari ada sekumpulan
katak-katak kecil...
…yang berlumba-lumba.

56. Tujuannya adalah
untuk mencapai
puncak sebuah
menara yang
sangat
tinggi.

57. Penonton berkumpul
bersama mengelilingi
menara untuk
menyaksikan perlumbaan
dan memberikan semangat
kepada para peserta...

58. Perlumbaan pun
dimulakan...

59. Secara jujur:
Tak satupun penonton benar-benar
percaya bahawa katak-katak kecil
boleh berjaya mencapai puncak
menara.
Terdengar ada yang berkata:
"Oh, jalannya terlalu susahhhhh!!
Mereka TIDAK AKAN BOLEH sampai ke
puncak."
dan:
"Tidak ada kesempatan untuk
berjaya...Menaranya
terlalu tinggi...!!

60. Katak-Katak kecil mulai
berjatuhan.
Satu persatu...

61. ... Kecuali mereka yang tetap
bersemangat menaiki menara
perlahan-lahan semakin tinggi...
dan semakin tinggi..

62. Penonton terus bersorak
"Terlalu susah!!! Tak seekor pun yang akan
berjaya!!!"

63. Lebih banyak lagi katak
kecil penat dan
menyerah...

64. ...Tapi ada SATU yang tetap
melangkah hingga semakin
tinggi dan tinggi...
Dia tak mahu menyerah kalah!

65. Akhirnya yang lain telah menyerah
untuk menaiki menara. Kecuali
seekor katak kecil yang begitu
berusaha keras dan menjadi satu-
satunya yang BERJAYA sampai
KE PUNCAK!

66. SEMUA katak kecil yang lain
ingin tahu bagaimana katak itu
boleh melakukannya?
?

67. Seekor peserta bertanya
bagaimana cara katak yang berjaya
itu mempunyai kekuatan untuk
mencapai tujuan?
?

68. Ternyata...
Katak yang menjadi pemenang itu
adalah PEKAK!!!!
…… ……

69. Nasihat dari cerita ini
adalah:
Jangan sesekali mendengar kata orang lain
yang mempunyai kecenderungan negatif
ataupun pesimis...
…kerana mereka akan mengambil sebahagian
besar mimpimu dan menjauhkannya darimu.

70. Selalulah fikirkan kata-
kata bertuah yang ada.
Kerana segala sesuatu
yang kau dengar dan kau
baca boleh
mempengaruhi
perilakumu!

71. Kerana itu:
Selalulah tetap....
POSITIVE!

72. Dan yang terpenting:
Bersikap PEKAK jika
ada orang mengatakan
bahawa KAMU tidak
boleh mencapai cita-
citamu!

73. Selalulah
berfikir:
I can do this!

74. Are you sure you want quit?