Specialities in Birds respiratory system: Air sacs, specialized parabronchi , Unidirectional flow
Benifits of air sacs, Benefit of 2 respiratory cycles
Bird-like respiratory systems in dinosaurs
Rate of breathings in birds
In this book following points has been defined and described.
Define anatomy
Discuss the different fields of anatomy
Identify and describe the integumentary system
Identify and describe the musculoskeletal system
Identify and describe the cardiovascular system
Identify and describe the lymphatic system
Identify and describe the digestive system
Identify and describe the respiratory system
Identify and describe the endocrine system
Identify and describe the urinary system
Identify and describe the reproductive system
Identify and describe the nervous system and special senses
Specialities in Birds respiratory system: Air sacs, specialized parabronchi , Unidirectional flow
Benifits of air sacs, Benefit of 2 respiratory cycles
Bird-like respiratory systems in dinosaurs
Rate of breathings in birds
In this book following points has been defined and described.
Define anatomy
Discuss the different fields of anatomy
Identify and describe the integumentary system
Identify and describe the musculoskeletal system
Identify and describe the cardiovascular system
Identify and describe the lymphatic system
Identify and describe the digestive system
Identify and describe the respiratory system
Identify and describe the endocrine system
Identify and describe the urinary system
Identify and describe the reproductive system
Identify and describe the nervous system and special senses
An overview of the internal organs of the female chicken is shown in figures and number of different systems are represented and they will be discussed individually.Contents:
Digestive system
Respiratory system
Skeletal system
Muscle system
Reproductive system - female
Reproductive system - male
Circulatory system
Nervous system
Excretory system
Immune system
An overview of the internal organs of the female chicken is shown in Figure 3.1. A
number of different systems are represented and they will be discussed individually.
ESTROUS CYCLE: Reproductive cycle of female, generally defined as period from one estrus to the next.
Two phases:
Follicular Phase
Luteal phase
TYPES OF ESTROUS CYCLE
An overview of the internal organs of the female chicken is shown in figures and number of different systems are represented and they will be discussed individually.Contents:
Digestive system
Respiratory system
Skeletal system
Muscle system
Reproductive system - female
Reproductive system - male
Circulatory system
Nervous system
Excretory system
Immune system
An overview of the internal organs of the female chicken is shown in Figure 3.1. A
number of different systems are represented and they will be discussed individually.
ESTROUS CYCLE: Reproductive cycle of female, generally defined as period from one estrus to the next.
Two phases:
Follicular Phase
Luteal phase
TYPES OF ESTROUS CYCLE
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Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
1. Dr. Raja Samba Murthy. K
GVM/2018-20
MVSc Poultry Science
NTR CVSc, Gannavaram
AVIAN SKELETAL SYSTEM
2.
3. • While fowls are not able to fly well, they still retain that
ability to some extent.
• These modifications include:
• Pneumatic bones where the air sacs of the respiratory
system connect with the cavity of some of the long bones.
• Fusion of some vertebral sections to provide the rigidity
required for flight.
• The sternum provides a large surface area for the strong
attachment of the main muscles used for flight.
• Compared to other animals, the size of the head has been
reduced significantly as a large head would be a hindrance
when flying.
4. The neck is quite long in most bird species to enable:
Protection of the delicate tissues of the brain from too much
jarring when landing.The flexibility of the neck acts as a shock
absorber.
The bird to adjust its centre of gravity when the bird changes
from the upright position of walking or perching to the more
horizontal position of flight.
The long tail of many other animals has been reduced to a very
short section of fused bones called the pygostyle.
The ribs have been modified by the inclusion of the uncinate
process .
5.
6. Vertebrae
The vertebral column has 39 separate bones and is divided
into five sections or groups –
Cervical vertebrae,
Thoracic vertebrae,
Lumbar vertebrae,
Sacral vertebrae and
Coccygeal vertebrae.
The vertebral formula is C13,T7, L+S14 & C5 = 39
7.
8.
9. Atlas
The atlas-axis at the base of the skull is quite different to
all other bones of the vertebral column.
The atlas is small and ring-like with a deep cavity for
articulation (moving together) with a condyle at the base
of the skull.
10. Axis
The axis, or epistropheus.
It possess a small process, the dens, which allows the axis to
articulate with the occipital condyle.
This joint allows the head to turn on the neck.
11. The seven thoracic vertebrae carry the ribs and all except the
last have large ventral processes for the attachment of
muscles.
It is very difficult to separate the seventh thoracic, lumber,
sacral and first coccygeal vertebrae because they are so
closely fused for strength. -Synsacrum
Consequently, the lumbar and sacral vertebrae are usually
treated as one group.
The last of the coccygeal are fused to form the pygostyle and
provides a strong foundation for the tail feathers.
12. Ribs
There are seven pairs of ribs originating on the thoracic
vertebrae.
All except the first and last have uncinate (meaning hooked or
bent)processes , which adds strength to the thoracic cavity and
it will not collapse during flight.
13. Sternum or breastbone
The breast bone is attached to five or six pairs of ribs
which protect the chickens internal organs.
14. Metasternum
The caudal medial projection, or metasternum, is the
longest projection and carries the tall plate like ridge or
sternal crest or keel or carina.
This crest is more commonly called the keel bone and
provides a suitable attachment for the major muscles of
flight – the pectoralis and subcontractors muscles.
15. Skull
The skull is divided into two regions:
Rounded cranium
Conical facial region
Two very thin bones, the sphenoid and ethmoid bones,
together form the very thin septum that separates the
orbits.
16.
17. The forelimb or wing
They are essentially pentadactyl (five digits) limbs modified for the
special purpose of flight.
The wing skeleton may be divided into:
The shoulder girdle:
Scapula
Coracoid
Clavicle
The wing:
The upper arm – or humerus
The forearm – radius and ulna
The manus or hand – carpus, metacarpus and digits
18. Scapula and coracoid
The scapula is narrow, thin and slightly curved.
At the cranial end a section of a cavity receives the head of the
humerus.
The coracoid is the strongest bone of the shoulder girdle.
One end carries a flattened articular surface to fit into the sternum.
19. Clavicle
The clavicle or collarbone is thin, rod-like and slightly bent.
Its upper, or dorsal, end is connected with the coracoid
bone.
The other end is joined to that of the other wing to form the
“wish-bone”.
The combined clavicles form a bone called the furcula.
20.
21. Humerus, radius and ulna
The humerus is a long bone with an ovoid head for articulation
with the scapula.
It is a pneumatic bone with a connection with the clavicular air
sac.
The two bones of the forearm are the ulna (the thicker and
longer), and the radius that lies laterally to the ulna.
The large space between the ulna and radius is called the
interosseus space.
22.
23. Manus (hand)
The manus, consists of the carpus, metacarpus and the digits.
The carpus of an adult contains only two bones – the ulnare and
radiale that represent the proximal row of mammalian carpal
bones.
In the embryo, cartilaginous nodules represent the distal row but
these fuse with the metacarpus and disappear.
In the adult, the metacarpus is in the form of a single bone that is
produced by the union of three elements that correspond to the
first, second and third metacarpal bones.
Modification and fusion has reduced the number of recognisable
digits to
24. The leg
The significant features of the skeleton of this limb are:
The hipbone is firmly fixed to the vertebral column.
There is no ventral union between the two hipbones.
There is no independent tarsus.
The leg skeleton may be divided into:
The pelvic girdle or hip bones:
Ileum
Ischium
Pubis or pin bones
The leg:
Femur or thighbone
Tibia and fibia
Pes or foot – tarsus, metatarsus and digits or toes
25. Femur, tibia and fibula
The femur is a typical long bone and is quite thick and bent.
The proximal end has a prominent head that fits loosely into the
acetabulum.
The distal end carries the deep pulley shaped surface for the
patella (knee cap) and two convex condyles that articulate with
tibia.
The tibia is a much longer bone than the fibula (greatly reduced)
The proximal row of tarsal bones is fused to the distal end of the
tibia.
26.
27. Feet
In the adult fowl there is no independent
tarsus.
In the embryo, the two rows exist but the
proximal fuses with the tibia.
The adult tarsometatarsus is a long bone
actually formed by the union of the second,
third and fourth metatarsal bones and distal
tarsus
In male chickens a small conical projection
on the medial side supports the spur.
Most fowl breeds have four digits – three
facing forwards and one facing back.
28. Bone formation
The skeleton provides support and protection for the remainder
of the systems and tissue.
The chemical composition is also quite variable although it
mainly consists of calcium and phosphorus in the form
of hydroxyapetite [3Ca3(PO4)2.Ca(OH)2] crystals deposited
on a fine matrix of collagen fibres, along with other cell types.
29. Deposition and adsorption of bone
The metabolic activity in bones is continuous and the
microscopic structure is constantly changing.
Small cells, called osteoblasts, are responsible for depositing
new bone tissue, while large polynucleate cells, called
osteoclasts, resorb existing bone.
Other cells, called osteocytes, found in the calcified mass of
bone, help maintain the bone structure.
Thus the skeleton is a major reservoir of calcium and
phosphorus.
30. The microstructure of the bone changes continuously as bone is a
target for a number of influences.
Other influences include:
The level of certain hormones e.g. growth hormone,
parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, oestrogenic and androgenic
hormones in the blood
The level of vitamin D in the diet
Young chickens are very sensitive to vitamin D deficiency.
In the layer hen, the skeleton is particularly vulnerable to the
demands made for calcium for eggshell formation
31. Stages of bone development
It is usual to find that bones pass through three stages as
they develop:
Prechondral or membranous stage
Chondral or cartilaginous stage
Ossification stage (bone formation)
32. Most of the bones of the fowl go through the cartilaginous stage.
A few such as the bones of the skull omit this stage.
The membranous stage takes place in the egg during embryo
development.
Only the cartilaginous stage and the ossification stages are easily
identified.
The secretion of special cells called chondroblasts, brings about
cartilage formation.
The ossification process then hardens the cartilage when the bone
takes up minerals, mainly calcium carbonate.
Long bones are usually hollow with the hollow filled with bone
marrow and extensions of the air sacs.
33.
34.
35. Compact bone is modified by the formation of special cavities that
eventually mineralise by depositing concentric layers of new bone.
The new structure is called the haversian system.
If a transverse section (slice) of bone is examined under a
microscope, a large number of small canals that run more or less
parallel to the long axis will be seen.
These canals are called haversian canals and carry the blood vessels
and nerve fibres.
Surrounding these canals are small spaces called lacunae.
A special bone cell called an osteocyte is found in each lacunae.
Nutrients pass from the blood vessels in the haversian canals to the
bone through small canals called canaliculi.
36.
37. Medullary bone (layer fatigue)
A very unique feature of the female avian skeleton is the way the
bird lays down a supply of highly unstable secondary bone in the
marrow cavities of bones during the reproductive period.
This bone is called medullary bone and because of its instability,
provides a very ready source of calcium for eggshells.
Without this medullary bone the eggshells would be very thin and
weak.
Examples:– tibia, femur, pubic bones, ribs, ulna, toes, and
scapula.
38. Medullary bone starts to develop about 10-14 days before the
first egg is laid as a result of the presence of oestrogen and
androgen in the blood as the pullet reaches sexual maturity.
This function remains for the length of her laying life.
Approximately two weeks before egg production starts the
pullet flock should be changed from the growing to the layer
diet which is higher in calcium.
If pullets come into production at too young an age, they may
deplete body reserves of calcium that may result in thinner
shelled eggs and /or a drop in production.
This should not occur if production is delayed to an age best
suited to the strain of layer
39. If a calcium deficient diet is provided to a layer, it will deplete
her skeleton of calcium and thus make the bird significantly
weaker.
Eggshells will also become thinner and production will decline.
A condition of paralysis, called cage layer fatigue, may be seen
in layers housed in laying cages.
When seen, it is always associated with birds in very high
production and takes the form of muscular paralysis and
osteoporosis (weak bones).
While the cause is not fully understood, the birds usually
recover quite quickly when taken out of the cages and placed on
the floor for a short period.