Pn. Laila recently found out she is pregnant but suspects she may be carrying twins. There are several ways to determine if a pregnancy is single or multiple including: ultrasound to see multiple babies, Doppler heartbeat count to check for more than one heartbeat, HcG and AFP blood tests which may have abnormal levels with twins, and increased weight gain and symptoms compared to a single pregnancy. Identical twins are from one fertilized egg that splits, while fraternal twins develop from two separate eggs and one or two sperm. Risks are higher with identical twins that share a placenta and/or amniotic sac.
Pre-natal development of child
A project to promote conceptual learning for all;
Dr. Amjad ali arain; University of Sind; Faculty of Education; Pakistan
Pre-natal development of child
A project to promote conceptual learning for all;
Dr. Amjad ali arain; University of Sind; Faculty of Education; Pakistan
What are the early signs of pregnancy? Get an answer from the Watford ultrasound baby scan clinic.
For any pregnancy scans in Watford you can visit us
https://windowtothewomb.co.uk/studios/watford-baby-scan-studio/
A Surrogate is a process of arrangement for women to carry and give birth to a child who will be raised by others. For more info visit http://ivfsurrogacy.com/surrogacy-india/
A woman who desires to conceive a baby must know the best days of the month when her fertility is at its peak. It is to be noted that during periods there is almost no chance to conceive.
What are the signs that notify you of your baby? Know earliest signs of pregnancy and the list of complications which you might feel & observe in that duration. Keep yourself prepare!
What are the early signs of pregnancy? Get an answer from the Watford ultrasound baby scan clinic.
For any pregnancy scans in Watford you can visit us
https://windowtothewomb.co.uk/studios/watford-baby-scan-studio/
A Surrogate is a process of arrangement for women to carry and give birth to a child who will be raised by others. For more info visit http://ivfsurrogacy.com/surrogacy-india/
A woman who desires to conceive a baby must know the best days of the month when her fertility is at its peak. It is to be noted that during periods there is almost no chance to conceive.
What are the signs that notify you of your baby? Know earliest signs of pregnancy and the list of complications which you might feel & observe in that duration. Keep yourself prepare!
Wondering if you could be pregnant? Do you even know the presumptive, probable and positive signs of pregnancy? After a couple of weeks since you did lovemaking and now can’t wait for the confirmation, you’re confuse and still holding with the feeling of being pregnant. Can you distinguish those signs and symptoms? Are you familiar with their differences? Let’s find out each distinction.
Raynaud's disease, also known as Raynaud's phenomenon or Raynaud's syndrome, is a condition that affects blood flow to certain parts of the body—usually the fingers and toes. In Raynaud's disease, smaller arteries that supply blood to the skin constrict excessively in response to cold or stress, limiting blood supply to affected areas (vasospasm). This can lead to numbness, tingling, and color changes in the affected areas, typically turning them white or blue.
Ultrasound examination of the third trimester of pregnancyMohamed Gamal
This presentation discuss the examination of ultrasound in the third trimester of pregnancy and What will usually be checked at third-trimester ultrasound.
Elizabeth GonzalezDr. Alain Llanes RojasAdvanced Primary.docxchristinemaritza
Elizabeth Gonzalez
Dr. Alain Llanes Rojas
Advanced Primary Family
Reproductive Health across
the lifespan
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Labor and Birth Processes
A woman and the fetus during the late pregnancy prepares for labor process. During this period the fetus is ready for extra uterine life. There are several physiologic adaptations that a woman undergoes which prepares her for birth and motherhood. The end of pregnancy is represented by the labor and birth process which ushers in a extra uterine life for the newborn and a change for the family.
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Birth Process
Giving Birth In United States
Model of birth
Medical model
Midwifery
Site of birth
Home
Birth center
Hospital
Stages of Labor
First stage: latent, active, transition
Dilatation
Second stage
Pushing and birth
Third stage
Delivery of placenta
First Stage DILATATION
The first stage of labor is divided into three phases: latent, active, and transition.
The first, the latent phase, is the longest and least intense. During this phase, contractions become more frequent, helping your cervix to dilate so your baby can pass through the birth canal
Active phase
You may feel intense pain or pressure in your back or abdomen during each contraction.
Transition phase
During transition, the cervix fully dilates to 10 centimeters. Contractions are very strong, painful, and frequent, coming every three to four minutes and lasting from 60 to 90 seconds.
Second stage: PUSHING AND BIRTH
Begins when the cervix is completely opened. At this point, your doctor will give you the OK to push. Your pushing, along with the force of your contractions, will propel your baby through the birth canal. The fontanels (soft spots) on your baby's head allow it to fit through the narrow canal.
Your baby's head crowns when the widest part of it reaches the vaginal opening. As soon as your baby's head comes out, your doctor will suction amniotic fluid, blood, and mucus from his or her nose and mouth
Third stage: DELIVERY OF THE PLACENTA
After your baby is delivered, you enter the final stage of labor. In this stage, you deliver the placenta, the organ that nourished your baby inside the womb.
Each woman and each labor is different. The amount of time spent in each stage of delivery will vary. If this is your first pregnancy, labor and delivery usually lasts about 12 to 14 hours. The process is usually shorter for subsequent pregnancies.
Stages of Labor
Labor Process
True Vs False Labor
True labor
Discomfort in the abdomen and the back
The cervix dilates
Sedation cannot stop the discomfort
Contractions at regular intervals
Gradually intensity increase
False labor
Intensity always remains to be the same
No cervical dilatation
Sedation can relieve discomfort
Contractions at irregular intervals
Pain Management In Active Labor
Hydrotherapy
Backrubs
Analgesia
Birth ball
Waling/movement
Medications
Several drugs are used to help ease the pain of la.
2. SHARIFAH ROQAIYAH BT SYED MUD PUAD NURUL HUSNA BT ALIAS SITI SARAH BT MOHD SAIFUDDIN YIP SOOK HAN NOOR ASYIKIN BT KAMARAZAMAN
3. Pregnant mothers often suspect that they are carrying more than one baby (or more). Suddenly your pregnancy is filled with double and delight, probably a double dose of anxienty also. People are very fascinated with twins and other multiples. It seems mysterious how one pregnancy can result in more than one baby.
4. One day, Pn. Laila received the surprise of her life. She is having pregnant!” Her mind is whiring with question. How do I know its twin ? It is twins ? Could you behaving more than one ? How do I know its twins ? What are some of the signals of a multiple pregnancy ? How twins are made ? How did this happen ? If I’ve had twins, how can find out whether my babies are identical or none identical ? You as a doctor, what would you tell Pn. Laila regarding to twins pregnancy ?
9. ULTRASOUND CONFIRMATION AN IMAGING TEST THAT USES SOUND WAVES TO SEE HOW A FETUS DEVELOPING IN THE MOTHER WOMB. A CLEAR, WATER-BASED GEL WILL BE PLACED ON MOTHER’S BELLY AND PELVIS AREA AND THEN MOVES A HAND-HELD PROBE OVER THE AREA. THE GEL HELPS THE PROBE TRANSMIT SOUND WAVES. THESE WAVES BOUNCE OFF THE BODY STRUCTURES, INCLUDING THE DEVELOPING FETUS, TO CREATE A PICTURE ON THE ULTRASOUND MACHINE.
11. DOPPLER HEARTBEAT COUNT Using harmless sound waves, a Doppler systems can detect fetal heartbeat. If there are more than one heartbeat detected, indicating a multiple pregnancy. HAND-HELD DOPPLER
12. HcG (HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN) LEVELS TEST HcG is a glycoprotein hormone detectable in pregnant women's blood or urine about 10 days post-conception. It increases at a rapid rate, peaking about 10 weeks into the pregnancy. Twins may produce an elevated level of HcG. However, the standard HcG level for twins also falls within the normal range for singletons.
14. AFP (ALPHAFETOPROTEIN) SCREENING Alpha-fetoprotein screening is a blood test that measures the level of alpha-fetoprotein in the mothers' blood during the second trimester. AFP is a protein normally produced by the fetal liver and is present in the fluid surrounding the fetus (amniotic fluid), and crosses the placenta into the mother's blood. Abnormal levels of AFP may indicate twin pregnancy . This is because more than one fetus is making the protein.
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16. Pregnant mother suspected that they are carrying more than one baby. Suddenly her pregnancy is filled with double delight and probably a double dose anxiety also. People are very fascinated with twins and other multiples. It seems mysterious how one pregnancy can result in more than one baby. One day Pn. Laila received the surprise of her life. She having pregnant.
18. If the pregnancy is twin, it have a big difference with carrying for just one baby. The pregnant mother will know whether her pregnancy is twin or not by : Checking their weight. When a woman carries twins, she gains more weight than average and her uterus is also larger than normal for her projected due dates.
19. Check if you having a more symptoms than expected like experienced an increase in morning sickness) and it effects might be more severe than normal Verify for hcG level, if it is abnormal high level of this hormone, maybe the pregnant mother carry a twins. Find out if there is more than one fetal heartbeat in uterus. If you are having twins, a doctor should be able to hear two different heartbeats when he places a doppler device (doptone) on your abdomen.
20. Take a routine ultrasound. During a routine ultrasound, your doctor should be able to detect whether or not you are actually pregnant with twins.
21. 2 ) What is the comparison between identical and non-identical twin?
24. Fraternal (Non-identical) twins are formed when two egg cells are fertilized; each egg by a different sperm so that two embryos are formed. Fraternal twins can be of the same or opposite sex and they don't have to look at all alike. Identical twins are formed when one egg after being fertilized by one sperm, divides into two halves. The two halves are genetically identical. Identical twins are usually of the same sex. Conjoined (Siamese) twins are formed exactly like identical twins, but during the split, the embryo does not separate completely to form two separate babies and the twins develop attached to one another.
25. 4 ) What are the common symptoms of twin pregnancy ?
26. Weight Gain Early weight gain of up to ten pounds in the first trimester can result due to increased blood volume and uterine size. By the end of the second trimester, most mothers of twins have gained fifteen to twenty-five pounds, whereas singleton pregnancies usually produce gains of ten to twenty pounds.
27. Measuring large for gestational age Increased uterus size can be a strong indicator of multiple pregnancy.
31. 5 ) There are 3 different way that identical twins can develop. How it develop?
32. і) Only one placenta that feeds the babies, but there can be two amniotic sacs. There is 1 placenta and 2 amniotic sacs then the pregnancy is referred to as having a “ mono-chorial ” placenta and is “ bi-amniotic “.
33. іі) Only one placenta and one amniotic sac The pregnancy is referred to as having a “ mono-chorial” placenta and is “ mono-amniotic”
34. ііі) Two placentae and each embryo has its own amniotic sac There are two placentas and two amniotic sacs Referred to as having a “bi-chorial” pregnancy and is “ bi-amniotic”.
35. 6 ) What are the types of twins? twins dizygotic monozygotic Bi-chorial and Bi-amniotic Mono-chorial And Bi-amniotic Mono-chorial and mono-amniotic Siamese twin