The document discusses biopolymers, which are polymers produced by living organisms. It covers various types of biodegradable polymers including synthetic polymers like polylactic acid (PLA) and natural polymers like starch. The mechanisms of polymer biodegradation are described. Applications of biodegradable polymers in areas like biomedical, packaging and agriculture are also mentioned. Factors affecting the biodegradation of polymers are discussed. Current trends in biopolymers including their use as alternatives to petroleum-based plastics are summarized.
Polyhydroxyalkanoates as an example of natural biodegredable polymers .
PHAs are biodegredable biopolyesters produced by a variety of gram negative and gram positive bacteria.
They have a variety of applications in the industrial and medical fields .
Polyhydroxyalkanoates as an example of natural biodegredable polymers .
PHAs are biodegredable biopolyesters produced by a variety of gram negative and gram positive bacteria.
They have a variety of applications in the industrial and medical fields .
Introduction to biopolymers,
Biocompatible and biodegradable polymers,
Applications of biopolymers,
Biopolymers used in advanced drug delivery systems-
Cellulose and its derivatives,
chitosan,
PLGA,
Polyanhydride,
polycaprolactone.
Biopolymers are polymers that can be found in or manufactured by, living organisms. These also involve polymers that are obtained from renewable resources that can be used to manufacture Bioplastics by polymerization. Bioplastics are the plastics that are created by using biodegradable polymers
The following slides contain introduction to biomedical polymers, their properties and classification. These polymers are classified in the basis of their sources as natural and synthetic polymers. synthetic polymers are classified on the basis of their functionality. Selection parameter and applications of biomedical polymers are also included.
Today the world is facing problem related to spread of plastic all around us which cause infection and pollution. PET {poly(ethylene terephthalate)} is extensively used throughout the world. PET is made from petroleum and is widely used in textile industries and plastic bottles. Most of the PET product simply end up by land filling and never enter the recycling process. About 56 million ton of PET was produce worldwide in 2013 alone. Currently the only PET products being recycled are bottles, but the amount of recycled account are just 37% of the total production volume of PET bottle i.e. 6.13 million tons. Currently the chemical method is being used to recycle PET waste, which is quite energy consuming process and shows only assimilation of PET waste. Various microorganisms have also been reported to assimilate PET waste. However, assimilation is not the final solution of this problem as it is only a partial degradation. Recently, a novel microorganism Ideonella sakaiensis strain 201-F6 has been identified which uses PET as an energy resource and is able to produce environment friendly bi products such as ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid. Scientists also discovered two enzymes (PETase and MHETase) produced by the strain 201-F6 which hydrolyze PET. Based on the property of PETase and MHETase it is now understood that the strain 201-F6 is capable to use PET as its major energy source and convert it into easily degradable components.
Natural polymers by Dr. khlaed shmareekhخالد شماريخ
the presentation is about the natural polymers i.e. classification, applications, properties and examples. it is in 25 pages in shortcuted manner and simple method.
Powerpoint presentation on bioplastics, history of bioplastics, Producing bioplastics, Biodegradable polymers, PHB: case study. producing PHB, History of PHB, Strains to produce PHB, applications of PHB, Companies using PHB, Companies using bioplastics, Current status of Bioplastic, Potential of Bioplastics, Conclusion
A bioreactor is an installation for the production of microorganisms outside their natural but inside an artificial environment. The prefix “photo” particularly describes the bio-reactor's property to cultivate phototrophic microorganisms, or organisms which grow on by utilizing light energy.
These organisms use the process of photosynthesis to build their own biomass from light and carbon dioxide. Members of this group are Plants, Mosses, Microalgae, Cyanobacteria and Purple Bacteria.
Photobioreactor or PBR, is the controlled supply of specific environmental conditions for respective species.
Photobioreactor allows much higher growth rates and purity levels than anywhere in natural or habitats similar to nature.
The function of the bioreactor is to provide a suitable environment in
which an organism can efficiently produce a target product—the target product might be.
Cell biomass
Metabolite
Bioconversion Product
The performance of any bioreactor depends on the following key factors:
Agitation rate
Oxygen transfer
pH
Temperature
There is no universal bioreactor.
The general requirements of the bioreactor are as follows:
The design and construction of bioreactors must keep sterility from the start point to end of the process.
Optimal mixing with low, uniform shear.
Adequate mass transfer, oxygen.
Clearly defined flow conditions.
Feeding substrate with prevention of under or overdosing.
Suspension of solids.
Gentle heat transfer.
Compliance with design requirements such as: ability to be sterilized; simple construction; simple measuring, control, regulating techniques; scale-up; flexibility; long term stability; compatibility with up- downstream processes; antifoaming measures.
Introduction to biopolymers,
Biocompatible and biodegradable polymers,
Applications of biopolymers,
Biopolymers used in advanced drug delivery systems-
Cellulose and its derivatives,
chitosan,
PLGA,
Polyanhydride,
polycaprolactone.
Biopolymers are polymers that can be found in or manufactured by, living organisms. These also involve polymers that are obtained from renewable resources that can be used to manufacture Bioplastics by polymerization. Bioplastics are the plastics that are created by using biodegradable polymers
The following slides contain introduction to biomedical polymers, their properties and classification. These polymers are classified in the basis of their sources as natural and synthetic polymers. synthetic polymers are classified on the basis of their functionality. Selection parameter and applications of biomedical polymers are also included.
Today the world is facing problem related to spread of plastic all around us which cause infection and pollution. PET {poly(ethylene terephthalate)} is extensively used throughout the world. PET is made from petroleum and is widely used in textile industries and plastic bottles. Most of the PET product simply end up by land filling and never enter the recycling process. About 56 million ton of PET was produce worldwide in 2013 alone. Currently the only PET products being recycled are bottles, but the amount of recycled account are just 37% of the total production volume of PET bottle i.e. 6.13 million tons. Currently the chemical method is being used to recycle PET waste, which is quite energy consuming process and shows only assimilation of PET waste. Various microorganisms have also been reported to assimilate PET waste. However, assimilation is not the final solution of this problem as it is only a partial degradation. Recently, a novel microorganism Ideonella sakaiensis strain 201-F6 has been identified which uses PET as an energy resource and is able to produce environment friendly bi products such as ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid. Scientists also discovered two enzymes (PETase and MHETase) produced by the strain 201-F6 which hydrolyze PET. Based on the property of PETase and MHETase it is now understood that the strain 201-F6 is capable to use PET as its major energy source and convert it into easily degradable components.
Natural polymers by Dr. khlaed shmareekhخالد شماريخ
the presentation is about the natural polymers i.e. classification, applications, properties and examples. it is in 25 pages in shortcuted manner and simple method.
Powerpoint presentation on bioplastics, history of bioplastics, Producing bioplastics, Biodegradable polymers, PHB: case study. producing PHB, History of PHB, Strains to produce PHB, applications of PHB, Companies using PHB, Companies using bioplastics, Current status of Bioplastic, Potential of Bioplastics, Conclusion
A bioreactor is an installation for the production of microorganisms outside their natural but inside an artificial environment. The prefix “photo” particularly describes the bio-reactor's property to cultivate phototrophic microorganisms, or organisms which grow on by utilizing light energy.
These organisms use the process of photosynthesis to build their own biomass from light and carbon dioxide. Members of this group are Plants, Mosses, Microalgae, Cyanobacteria and Purple Bacteria.
Photobioreactor or PBR, is the controlled supply of specific environmental conditions for respective species.
Photobioreactor allows much higher growth rates and purity levels than anywhere in natural or habitats similar to nature.
The function of the bioreactor is to provide a suitable environment in
which an organism can efficiently produce a target product—the target product might be.
Cell biomass
Metabolite
Bioconversion Product
The performance of any bioreactor depends on the following key factors:
Agitation rate
Oxygen transfer
pH
Temperature
There is no universal bioreactor.
The general requirements of the bioreactor are as follows:
The design and construction of bioreactors must keep sterility from the start point to end of the process.
Optimal mixing with low, uniform shear.
Adequate mass transfer, oxygen.
Clearly defined flow conditions.
Feeding substrate with prevention of under or overdosing.
Suspension of solids.
Gentle heat transfer.
Compliance with design requirements such as: ability to be sterilized; simple construction; simple measuring, control, regulating techniques; scale-up; flexibility; long term stability; compatibility with up- downstream processes; antifoaming measures.
Introduction
Types of Biodegradable plastic
Renewable resources
Non-renewable
Other biodegradable plastics
Properties of biodegradable plastics
Mechanism of Biodegradation of plastics
Factors affecting biodegradation
Applications of Biodegradable plastics
Advantage of biodegradable plastic
Disadvantage of biodegradable plastic
Conclusion
References
Microbial products are products derived from various microscopic organisms. Microbial products may consist of the organisms themselves and/or the metabolites they produce.
Microbial products are products derived from various microscopic organisms. Microbial products may consist of the organisms themselves and/or the metabolites they produce.
In the recent years, bio-based and biodegradable products have raised great interest since sustainable development policies tend to expand with the decreasing reserve of fossil fuel and the growing concern for the environment. Bio-Polymers are a form of polymers derived from plant sources such as sweet potatoes, soya bean oil, sugarcane, hemp oil, and corn starch. These polymers are naturally degraded by the action of microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi and algae. Bio-plastics can help alleviate the energy crisis as well as reduce the dependence on fossil fuels of our society. They have some remarkable properties which make it suitable for different applications. This paper tries to give an insight about Bio-plastics, their composition, preparation, properties, special cases, advantages disadvantages, commercial viability, its life cycle, marketing and pricing of these products.
As a result, the market of these environmentally friendly materials is in rapid expansion,
10 –20 % per year.
Introduction
Types
Characteristics of Biopolymer
Applications
Conclusion
References
Biopolymers are polymers produced from natural sources either
chemically synthesized from a biological material or entirely
biosynthesized by living organisms.
It deals about advantages,Disadvantages, Properties and types of biodegradable plastics and their applications in day today's world. It also says about the use bioplastics and its benefits.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
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June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
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Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
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2. CONTENTS
Introduction of polymers.
Biodegradable polymers.
Classification of biodegradable polymers.
Polymer Degradation mechanisms
a) Bioerosion mechanism.
b) Enzymatic or chemical degradation.
Synthetic biodegradable polymers.
Natural biodegradable polymers.
Factors affecting biodegradation of polymers.
Applications of biodegradable polymers.
Conclusion.
References.
NeethuAsokan
3. BIOPOLYMER
The term "polymer" derives from the ancient Greek word
polus, meaning "many, much" and meros meaning "parts", and
refers to a molecule whose structure is composed of multiple
repeating units.
The term was coined in 1833 by Jons Jacob Berzelius.
Biopolymers are polymers produced by living organisms.
Since they are polymers, biopolymers contain monomeric
units that are covalently bonded to form larger structures.
NeethuAsokan
4. BIOPOLYMERS AS MATERIALS
Some biopolymers- such as Polylactic acid (PLA),
naturally occurring, and poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB)
can be used as plastics, replacing the need for polystyrene
or polyethylene based plastics.
Some plastics are now referred to as being 'degradable',
'oxy-degradable' or 'UV-degradable'. This means that they
break down when exposed to light or air, but these plastics
are still primarily (as much as 98 per cent) oil-based and are
not currently certified as 'biodegradable' under certain
international laws.
Biopolymers, however, will break down and some are
suitable for domestic composting.
NeethuAsokan
5. BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS
Biodegradable polymers are defined as polymers
comprised of monomers linked to one another
through functional groups and have unstable links in
the backbone.
They are broken down into biologically acceptable
molecules that are metabolized and removed from
the body via normal metabolic pathways.
Based on biodegradability polymers are classified as:
1. Biodegradable polymers
eg: collagen, poly glycolic acid etc.,
2. Non biodegradable polymers
eg: poly vinyl chloride, polyethylene etc.,
NeethuAsokan
6. CHARACTERISTICS OF AN IDEAL
POLYMER
Should be versatile and possess a wide range of
mechanical, physical, chemical properties.
Should be non-toxic and have good mechanical
strength and should be easily administered.
Should be inexpensive
Should be easy to fabricate.
Should be inert to host tissue and compatible with
environment.
NeethuAsokan
9. POLYMER DEGRADATION
Polymer degradation is a change in the properties
The term 'biodegradation' is limited to the description of
chemical processes
‘Bioerosion' may be restricted to refer to physical
processes that result in weight loss of a polymer device.
The bioerosion of polymers is basically of two types :-
1) Bulk erosion
2) Surface erosion
NeethuAsokan
10. TYPES OF BIOEROSION
1) Bulk erosion
• Degradation takes place throughout
the whole of the sample.
• Ingress of water is faster than the
rate of degradation
Eg : Polylactic acid (PLA)
Polyglycolic acid (PGA)
2) Surface erosion
• Sample is eroded from the surface.
• Mass loss is faster than the ingress
of water into the bulk.
Eg: Polyanhydrides ,
Polyorthoesters
NeethuAsokan
11. Chemical or enzymatic degradation – It is mediated
by water, enzymes, microorganisms.
TRANSFORMATION OF SIDE CHAINS
CLEAVAGE OF CROSSLINKS
CLEAVAGE OF BACKBONE
NeethuAsokan
12. CLASSIFICATION OF BIODEGRADABLE
POLYMERS BASED ON THE SOURCE
1) Synthetic biodegradable polymers:
eg: Aliphatic poly(esters)
Polyanhydrides
Polyphosphazenes
polyaminoacids
Poly orthoesters etc.,
2) Natural biodegradable polymers:
eg: Albumin
Collagen
Dextran
Gelatin
Pectin, starch etc.,
NeethuAsokan
13. SYNTHETIC BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS
1) Aliphatic poly(esters)
These are prepared by polymerization of cyclic ester.
Aliphatic polyesters include:
a) POLY (GLYCOLIC ACID)
b) POLY (LACTIC ACID)
c)POLY (CAPROLACTONE)
POLY (GLYCOLIC ACID) ---(--O—C-CH2---)n
POLY (LACTIC ACID) --(--O---C—CH---)n
NeethuAsokan
15. POLYLACTIC ACID
Poly(lactic acid) or polylactide (PLA) is a thermoplastic
aliphatic polyester commonly derived from renewable
resources, such as
• corn starch (in the United States),
• tapioca products (roots, chips or starch mostly in Asia) or
• sugarcanes (in the rest of world).
It can biodegrade under certain conditions, such as the
presence of oxygen, and is difficult to recycle.
NeethuAsokan
16. POLYGLYCOLIC ACID
Biodegradable, thermoplastic polymer and the simplest
linear, aliphatic polyester.
It is a tough fibre-forming polymer.
Due to its hydrolytic instability its use has been limited.
It has a glass transition elevated degree of temperature
between 35-40ºC., crystallinity, around 45ºC.
Degraded by hydrolysis, and broken down by certain
enzymes.
Applications
Used to deliver drugs in the form of microspheres, implants
etc.,
Examples of drugs delivered include steroid hormones,
antibiotics, anti cancer agents etc.,
NeethuAsokan
19. POLYLACTIC ACID (PLA): BIODEGRATABILITY
PLA is considered both as biodegradable and as
biocompatible in contact with living tissues
PLA can be degraded by abiotic degradation. During the
biodegradation process, and only in a second step, the
enzymes degrade the residual oligomers till final
mineralization (biotic degradation).
As long as the basic monomers (lactic acid) are produced
from renewable resources (carbohydrates) by fermentation,
PLA complies with the rising worldwide concept of
sustainable development and is classified as an
environmentally friendly material.
NeethuAsokan
20. APPLICATIONS
Biomedical :
Sutures, dialysis media and drug delivery devices. The
total degradation time of PLA is a few years. It is also being
evaluated as a material for tissue engineering.
Bioplastic:
Useful for producing loose-fill packaging, compost
bags, food packaging, and disposable tableware. In the form of
fibers and non-woven textiles, PLA also has many potential
uses, for example as upholstery, disposable garments,
feminine hygiene products, and diapers.
NeethuAsokan
21. Due to PLA's relatively low glass transition
temperature, PLA cups cannot hold hot
liquids. However, much research is
devoted to developing a heat resistant PLA
Mulch film made of polylactic acid
(PLA)-blend bio-flex
Biodegradable cups at a restaurant
NeethuAsokan
23. BIOPLASTICS FROM MICROORGANISMS
Benefits
• 100 % biodegradable
• Produced from natural,
renewable resources
• Able to be recycled,
composted or burned
without producing toxic
byproducts
Degradable polymers that are naturally degraded by
the action of microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi
and algae
NeethuAsokan
26. IMPORTANCE
2003- north america
107 billion pounds of
synthetic plastics produced
from petroleum
take >50 years to degrade
improper disposal and failure
to recycle overflowing
landfills
NeethuAsokan
28. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs)
• Produced under conditions of:
– Low limiting nutrients (P, S, N, O)
– Excess carbon
2 different types:
Short-chain-length 3-5 Carbons
Medium-chain-length 6-14 Carbons
~250 different bacteria have been found to produce
some form of PHAs
NeethuAsokan
29. Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB)
• Short-chain-length PHA
• Produced in activated sludge
• Found in Alcaligenes eutrophus
• Accumulated intracellularly as
granules (>80% cell dry weight)
Lee et al., 1996
NeethuAsokan
31. PHB: polyhydroxybutyrate
Intracellular microbial plastic first found in Bacillus megaterium
80 different types of PHAs formed from 3-hydroxyalkanoate acid monomers
3-14 carbons in length
Energy store when nutrient is limited
Alcaligenes eutrophus to produce PHB
Polymer had low thermal stability and brittle
Addition of propionate to culture produced P (3HB-co-3HV)
and polymer was flexible and tough
HB: hydroxybutyrate HV: hydroxyvalerate
Marketed as BIOPOLTM used to make films, coated paper,
compost bags, disposable foodwares , bottles.
COST is still HIGHER than chemically synthesized polymers
Propylene: 1$/kg
PHVB: 3-5$/kg
NeethuAsokan
32. Recovery of PHAs from Cells
• PHA producing microorganisms stained with Sudan
black or Nile blue
• Cells separated out by centrifugation or filtration
• PHA is recovered using solvents (chloroform) to
break cell wall & extract polymer
• Purification of polymer
NeethuAsokan
33. Bioplastic Properties
• Some are stiff and brittle
– Crystalline structure rigidity
• Some are rubbery and moldable
• Properties may be manipulated by blending
polymers or genetic modifications
• Degrades at 185°C
• Moisture resistant, water insoluble, optically pure,
impermeable to oxygen.
• Must maintain stability during manufacture and use
but degrade rapidly when disposed of or recycled
NeethuAsokan
34. Biodegradation
• Fastest in anaerobic sewage and slowest in seawater
• Depends on temperature, light, moisture, exposed
surface area, pH and microbial activity
• Degrading microbes colonize polymer surface &
secrete PHA depolymerases
• PHA CO2 + H2O (aerobically)
• PHA CO2 + H2O + CH4 (anaerobically)
NeethuAsokan
36. NATURAL POLYMERS
These are the polymers obtained from natural resources, and are
generally non-toxic.
Natural polymers are formed in nature during the growth cycles of
all organisms.
NATURAL POLYMERS
PROTEINS Polysaccharides
Eg: COLLAGEN
ALBUMIN
FIBRIN
Eg : DEXTRAN
CHITOSAN
STARCH
ADVANTAGES :
1) Readily & Abundantly Available.
2) Comparatively Inexpensive.
3) Non toxic products.
4) Can be modified to get semi synthetic forms.
NeethuAsokan
37. FACTORS AFFECTING BIODEGRADATION OF
POLYMERS
Morphological factors
Shape & size
Variation of diffusion coefficient and mechanical stresses
Chemical factors
Chemical structure & composition
Presence of ionic group and configuration structure
Molecular weight and presence of low molecular weight
compounds
Physical factors
Processing condition
Sterilization process
NeethuAsokan
38. CURRENT TRENDS IN BIOPOLYMER
This study on biopolymers market estimates the
global demand for biopolymers and market value
for 2012 and projects the expected demand and
market value of the same by 2018.
As a part of quantitative analysis, the study
segments the global market by type, application
and geography with current market estimation and
forecast till 2018.
The segmentation by type includes bio-PET, bio-
PE, PLA, PHA, bio-PBS, starch blends, and
regenerated cellulose; while on the basis of its
application the segmentation includes packaging,
bottles, fibers, agriculture, automotive, injection
molding and others.
NeethuAsokan
39. APPLICATIONS OF BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS
Biodegradable polymer for ocular, tissue engineering, vascular,
orthopedic, skin adhesive & surgical glues.
Bio degradable drug system for therapeutic agents such as anti
tumor, anti-inflammatory agent.
Polymeric materials are used in and on soil to improve aeration, and
promote plant growth and health.
Many biomaterials, especially heart valve replacements and blood
vessels, are made of polymers like Dacron, Teflon and polyurethane.
NeethuAsokan
41. ADVANTAGES OF BIOPLASTICS
• Less energy requriment
• Low CO2 emission
• Low green house gas emission
• Low water consumption
NeethuAsokan
42. ADVANTAGES OF BIOPOLYMERS
Localized delivery of drug
Sustained delivery of drug
Stabilization of drug
Decrease in dosing frequency
Reduce side effects
Improved patient compliance
Controllable degradation rate
NeethuAsokan
43. DISADVANTAGE
Bioplastics don't always readily decompose. Some need
relatively high temperatures and can still take many years to
break down. Even then, they may leave behind toxic residues.
Bioplastics are made from plants such as corn and maize, so
land that could be used to grow food for the world is being
used to "grow plastic" instead.
Some bioplastics, such as PLA, are made from genetically
modified corn.
Bioplastics cannot be easily recycled. To most people, PLA
looks very similar to PET but, if the two are mixed up in a
recycling bin, the whole collection becomes impossible to
recycle.
NeethuAsokan
44. Numerous synthetic biodegradable polymers are available
and still being developed for sustained and targeted drug
delivery applications.
Biodegradable polymers have proven their potential for the
development of new, advanced and efficient DDS and
capable of delivering a wide range of bioactive materials.
However, only few have entered the market since many
drugs faces the problem of sensitivity to heat, shear forces
and interaction between polymers.
These problems can be overcome by fully understanding
the degradation mechanism to adjust the release profile.
Conclusion
NeethuAsokan
45. REFERENCES
Biotechnology/ U.Sathyanarayana.
A text book of biotechnology/R.C.Dubey &
Maheshwari.
Biodegradable polymers.ppt
Bioplastic.1.ppt
Recent Developments in Biopolymers/Vicki Flaris,
Gurpreet Singh(2009).
Biopolymers in Medical Applications: Senthil S.
Kumar.
www.bioplastics24.com
NeethuAsokan