This document provides an overview of biomedical polymers, including their classification, properties, applications, and selection parameters. It discusses natural polymers like collagen, cellulose, alginates, and chitosan as well as synthetic polymers such as PTFE, polyethylene, polypropylene, and PMMA. Applications highlighted include contact lenses, artificial joints, sutures, drug delivery systems, and more. The document concludes that biomedical polymers are biomaterials used for medical applications and that research continues to develop stronger and more biocompatible polymer prosthetics.
The following slides contain introduction to biomedical polymers, their properties and classification. These polymers are classified in the basis of their sources as natural and synthetic polymers. synthetic polymers are classified on the basis of their functionality. Selection parameter and applications of biomedical polymers are also included.
Introduction
Nanoparticle characterization techniques
Electron Microscope
Scanning electron microscope
Transmission electron Microscope
X-ray powder diffraction
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
The following slides contain introduction to biomedical polymers, their properties and classification. These polymers are classified in the basis of their sources as natural and synthetic polymers. synthetic polymers are classified on the basis of their functionality. Selection parameter and applications of biomedical polymers are also included.
Introduction
Nanoparticle characterization techniques
Electron Microscope
Scanning electron microscope
Transmission electron Microscope
X-ray powder diffraction
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
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5. Flexibility;
Resistance to biochemical attack;
Good biocompatibility;
Light weight;
Available in a wide variety of compositions with
adequate physical and mechanical properties and
Can be easily manufactured into products with
the desired shape.
Properties Of Biomedical Polymers
5
7. Natural polymers, or polymers, derived from living
creatures, are of great interest in the biomaterials
field.
Properties of natural polymers:
Biodegradable;
Non-toxic/ non-inflammatory;
Mechanically similar to the tissue to be replaced;
Highly porous;
Natural polymers
7
8. Encouraging of cell attachments and growth;
Easy and cheap to manufacture
Capable of attachment with other molecules (
to potentially increase scaffold interaction
with normal tissue).
8
9. Example of natural polymers
A. Collagen
B. Cellulose
C. Alginates
D. Dextrans and
E. Chitosan
9
10. Collagen
• Consist of three intertwined protein
chains, helical structure
• Collagen…..non-toxic, minimal
immune response
• Can be processed into a variety
formats
–Porous sponges, Gels, and Sheets
• Applications
–Surgery, Drug delivery, Prosthetic
implants and tissue-engineering of
multiple organs
10
11. Derived from chitin, present in hard exoskeletons
of shellfish like shrimp and crab
Chitosan desirable properties
Minimal foreign body reaction
Controllable mechanical biodegradation
properties
Applications
In the engineering of cartilage, nerve, and liver
tissue,
wound dressing and drug delivery devices
Chitosan
11
12. Alginate
• A polysaccharide derived from brown
seaweed
Can be processed easily in water
Non-toxic
Biodegradable
Controllable porosity
• Forms a solid gel under mild processing
conditions
• Applications in
Liver, nerve, heart, cartilage & tissue-
engineering 12
13. Synthetic Polymers
Advantages of Synthetic Polymers
Ease of manufacturability
process ability
reasonable cost
The Required Properties
Biocompatibility
Sterilizability
Physical Property
Manufacturability
13
17. • Polymers that are sufficiently biostable to allow their
long term use in artificial organs blood pumps, blood
vessel prostheses, heart valves, skeletal joints, kidney
prostheses.
• A polymer must fulfill certain critical requirements if
it is to be used in an artificial organ.
It must be physiologically inert
The polymer itself should be stable during many
years of exposure to hydrolytic or oxidative
conditions at body temperature
Biostable Polymers
17
18. It must be strong and resistant to impact (when
it is used as structural material to replace the
bone).
The polymer must be sufficiently stable
chemically or thermally that it can be sterilized
by chemicals or by heat.
18
19. Polymers that are bioerodible materials that will
serve a short term purpose in the body and then
decompose to small molecules that can be
metabolized or excreted, sometimes with the
concurrent release of drug molecules.
Mostly bioerodible polymers used as surgical
sutures, tissue in growth materials, or controlled
release of drug.
Bioerodible Polymers
19
20. Water-soluble polymers (usually bioerodible) that
form part of plasma or whole blood substitute
solutions or which function as macromolecular
drugs.
Applications:
Improvement in the behavior of pharmaceuticals.
Used in synthetic blood substitutes as viscosity
enhancers or as oxygen-transport macromolecules.
Water Soluble Polymers
20
21. The design and selection of biomaterials depend on
different properties –
Host Response
Biocompatibility
Biofunctionality
Functional Tissue Structure and Pathobiology
Toxicology
Appropriate Design and Manufacturability
Mechanical Properties of Biomedical polymers
Selection Parameters For Biomedical
Polymers
21
22. Host Response: The response of the host organism (local
and systemic) to the implanted polymeric material or device.
Biocompatibility : The ability of a material to perform with
an appropriate host response, in a specific application.
Toxicology: Should not be toxic.
Appropriate Design and Manufacturability:
Biomaterials should be machinable, moldable, extrudable.
Mechanical Properties of Biomedical polymers:
Tensile strength, yield strength, elastic modulus, surface
finish, creep, and hardness.
22
23. Cardiovascular Applications
Bones, Joints, And Teeth
Contact Lenses And Intraocular Lenses
Artificial Kidney And Hemodialysis Materials
Oxygen-Transport Membranes
Surgical Sutures
Tissue Ingrowth Polymers
Controlled Release Of Drugs
Application
23
24. Heart Valves and Vascular Prostheses
The Artificial Heart
Heart pump designs
24
25. Damaged heart valves, weakened arterial
walls, and blocked arteries constitute some of
the commonest cardiovascular disorders.
Silicone rubber is used because of its
inertness, elasticity, and low capacity to cause
blood clotting.
Poly(tetrafluoroethylene)
25
26. Artificial Heart
Artificial hearts are a mechanical device, they
are typically used in order to bridge the time
to heart transplantation, or to permanently
replace the heart in case transplantation is
impossible.
26
27. Artificial Heart
The heart is conceptually simple, it’s formed by
synthetic materials and power supplies. A
possible consequence it could be the body
rejection. These complications limited the
lifespan of early human recipients to hours or
days
27
28. ABIO HEART
It’s the last artificial heart invented. It’s
made by titanium and a special plastic in
which the blood doesn’t stick. The heart has
got flexible walls with silicon, a motor that
moves it, and in the valve it controls the
pressure.
5 years are the life of this hearts.
28
30. Bones, Joints, And Teeth
Occasionally repaired with the use of polyurethanes,
epoxy resins, and rapid curing vinyl resins.
Silicone rubber rods and closed cell sponges- replacement
finger and wrist joints.
Elbow joints- vinyl polymers and nylon
Knee joints- cellophane and, more recently, silicone
rubber
Poly(methyl methacrylate) is the principal polymer used
both for acrylic teeth and for the base material
30
32. • The function of a kidney is to remove low molecular
weight waste products from the bloodstream.
• Artificial kidneys have function by passage of the
blood between the walls of a dialysis cell which is
immersed in a circulating fluid.
• Cellophane- Semipermeable dialysis membranes
• The polymer is "heparinized" to prevent blood
clotting-polycarbonate or cellulose acetate fibers.
Artificial Kidney And Hemodialysis
Materials
32
33. Surgical work on the heart frequently requires the
use of a heart lung machine to circulate and
oxygenate the blood.
Poly(dimethylsiloxane) membranes are highly
efficient gas transporters.
It is of interest that silicons rubber has
approximately six times the oxygen permeability of
fluorosilicones.
Oxygen-Transport Membranes
33
34. Poly(glycolic acid), or condensation copolymers of
glycolic acid with lactic acid.
A high tensile strength and is
compatible
The polymer degrades by hydrolysis to nontoxic
glycolic acid.
34
35. Drug release by diffusion
Early encapsulation and entrapment systems
released the drug from within the polymer via
molecular diffusion
◦ When the polymer absorbs water it swells in size
◦ Swelling created voids throughout the interior polymer
◦ Smaller molecule drugs can escape via the voids at a
known rate controlled by molecular diffusion (a function
of temperature and drug size)
Add
water
Add
time
35
36. Drug release by erosion
• Modern delivery systems employ biodegradable
polymers
– When the polymer is exposed to water hydrolysis occurs
– Hydrolysis degrades the large polymers into smaller
biocompatible compounds
– Bulk erosion process – Surface erosion process
mer
Polymer
mer mer mer mer mer mer mer mer
Water attacks bond
mer mer mer mer mer mer mer mer mer
mer mer mer mer mer mer mer mer mer 36
37. Bulk erosion
(e.g. poly lactide, polyglycolic acid)
◦ When the polymer is exposed to water hydrolysis
occurs
◦ Hydrolysis degrades the large polymers into smaller
biocompatible compounds
◦ These small compound diffuse out of the matrix through
the voids caused by swelling
◦ Loss of the small compounds accelerates the formation
of voids thus the exit of drug molecules
Add
water
Add
time
37
38. Surface erosion
(e.g., polyanhydrides)
–When the polymer is exposed to water hydrolysis
occurs
–Hydrolysis degrades the large polymers into smaller
biocompatible compounds
–These small compound diffuse from the interface of
the polymer
–Loss of the small compounds reveals drug trapped
within
–Note these polymer do not swell.
Add
water
Add
time
38
39. 39
Biomedical polymers are essentially a biomaterial,
that is used and adapted for a medical application.
Biomedical polymer can have a beginning
functional, such as being used for a heart valve and
more interactive purpose such as hydroxyapatite
coated in implant and such implants are lunching
upwards of twenty year. Many prostheses and
implants made from polymers have been in use for
the last three decades and there is a continuous
search for more biocompatible and stronger
polymer prosthetic materials.
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