Biopolymer lecture 1
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This document discusses biopolymers and biomaterials, including definitions of biopolymers as renewable and sustainable polymers derived from biological sources like carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Key properties and applications of common biopolymers like carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids are described. The document also provides an overview of biomaterials, their types and properties, as well as guidelines for evaluating biocompatibility.
![Books
Biorelated Polymers
Sustainable Polymer Science & Technology
[Emo Chiellini, Helena Gil, Gerhart Braunegg, Johanna
Buchert, Paul Gatenholm, Marten Van der Zee]
Biomaterials
An Introduction
[Joon Parks & R. S. Lakes]
Biomaterials
Principals & Applications
[Joon B. Park & Joseph D. Bronzino]](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)
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Biopolymer lecture 1
- 1. Advance polymers (607) Biopolymers Dr. Misbah Sultan
- 2. Books Biorelated Polymers Sustainable Polymer Science & Technology [Emo Chiellini, Helena Gil, Gerhart Braunegg, Johanna Buchert, Paul Gatenholm, Marten Van der Zee] Biomaterials An Introduction [Joon Parks & R. S. Lakes] Biomaterials Principals & Applications [Joon B. Park & Joseph D. Bronzino]
- 3. Contents Biopolymers introduction Biorenewable polymers • Carbohydrates • Proteins • Lipids • Nucleic acids Biomaterials
- 4. What are Biopolymers? Any biorelated polymeric material Biorenewable Biodegradable Biomaterials
- 5. Properties of Biopolymers • Renewable • Sustainable • Biodegradable • Non-Toxic • Non-Immunogenic • Non-Carcinogenic • Non-Thrombogenic • Carbon neutral
- 6. Applications of Biopolymers • Coatings • Fibers • Plastics • Adhesives • Cosmetics • Oil Industry • Paper • Textiles/clothing • Water treatment • Biomedical • Pharmaceutical • Automotive • Rubber
- 7. Why Biopolymers??? • Carbon neutral…low environmental footprints Petrochemicals will eventually deplete Biopolymers are Renewable & Sustainable industry
- 8. Biorenewable biopolymers • Polymers of biological origin Carbohydrates…..starch Proteins……haemoglobin Nucleic acids….DNA Lipids…..
- 10. Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are organic compounds 1C:2H:1O Source of energy……..sugars Store of energy………..starch Structural materials….polysaccharides Components of other molecules e.g. DNA, RNA, glycolipids, glycoproteins
- 11. Tree of Carbohydrates Monosaccharide Disaccharide Oligosaccharide Polysaccharide
- 12. Monosaccharide • Single monomer of carbohydrate….glucose • Simple sugar • 1C:2H:1O • A source of quick energy
- 13. Common Monosacchrides • Glucose – main source of energy • Fructose – fruits sugar/sweetest sugar • Galactose – milk sugar
- 14. Glucose Glucose Two ring-shape Structural formula. versions Straight chain glucose H-C=O 1 Glucose Used in glucose bending making |2 starch H-C-OH |3 flips HO-C-H either | bends way alpha-glucose 4 H-C-OH |5 H-C-OH |6 Used in CH2OH making cellulose Glucose bends itself into 4 different shapes millions of times a second beta-glucose
- 15. Monosaccharide isomers Galactose Glucose Fructose Same molecular formula, but different structural formulas
- 16. Disaccharides • “Di” means two • Two monosaccharides combine • Common Disaccharides are - Lactose (found in milk) - Maltose - Sucrose (table sugar)
- 17. Disaccharides Maltose Sucrose Lactose
- 18. Polysaccharides Poly means……..many Large sugars Structural materials Examples • Glycogen • Starch • Chitin • Cellulose
- 19. Functions of the Polysaccharides • Glycogen…….animals energy storage • Starch……… plants energy storage • Cellulose ……… cell walls • Chitin………… the exoskeleton of arthropods
- 20. Polysaccharides Cellulose
- 21. Polysaccharides Starch
- 22. Natural synthesis of carbohydrates
- 23. Proteins
- 24. Proteins • Polymers of amino acids covalently linked through peptide bonds • Natural organic molecules….C, H, O, N • Monomers…….amino acids
- 25. Building blocks of proteins • There are 20 different amino acids • All 20 amino acids share the same basic structure • Every amino acid contains - an amino group - a carboxyl group - a hydrogen atom - a central carbon atom - R (alkyl/aryl) group
- 27. R Groups of amino acids • Difference in amino acids…….. R groups • R group……simple or complex • R groups…different shapes & characteristics
- 28. Peptide bond -COOH group of one amino acid joined with the -NH2 group of the next amino acid through condensation polymerization
- 29. Polypeptide • A long chain of amino acids…POLYPEPTIDE • Proteins are composed of one or more polypeptides
- 30. Role of Proteins • Structural roles…….cytoskeleton • Catalysts……enzymes • Transporter………ions and molecules • Hormones
- 31. Common example of Proteins • Many enzymes are proteins • Biological catalysts • Lower the activation energy of chemical reactions • Increase the rate of chemical reactions
- 33. Sensitivity of Proteins • Temperature • pH • Denature proteins
- 34. LIPIDS
- 35. Lipids • Large, nonpolar organic molecules • LIPIDS do NOT Dissolve in Water! • Have a higher ratio of carbon and hydrogen atoms to oxygen atoms than carbohydrates • Lipids store more energy per gram than other organic compounds
- 36. Categories of Lipids • Fatty Acids • Triglycerides • Phospholipids • Waxes and Oils • Steroids
- 37. Fatty Acids • Linear carbon chains • On one end of the carbon chain is a carboxyl group • On the other end of the carbon chain is a methyl group
- 38. Fatty acid chain • The carboxyl end is polar and is hydrophilic • The carboxyl end will dissolve in water • The methyl end is nonpolar and is hydrophobic • The methyl end will not dissolve in water
- 39. Types of Fatty Acids • Unsaturted fatty acids……carbon chain contains double bonds • Saturated fatty acids……carbon chain contains single bonds
- 40. Triglycerides • One molecule of glycerol and three fatty acid chains • Saturated triglycerides…butter, fats and red meat • Unsaturated triglycerides….plant seeds
- 41. Phospholipids • One glycerol + two fatty acids + one phosphate group • Compose cell membranes
- 42. Waxes • A long fatty acid chain joined to a long alcohol chain • Waterproof • Form a protective coating in animals & plants
- 43. Steroids • Four fused carbon rings…..cholesterol • Many animal hormones are steroid compounds
- 44. Nucleic Acids
- 45. Nucleic Acids • Large and complex organic molecules that store and transfer genetic information in the cell • Types of nucleic acids i. DNA =deoxyribonucleic acid ii. RNA = Ribonucleic acid
- 46. Building blocks of Nucleic Acids • Monomers of nucleic acids are nucleotides • Components of a nucleotide - nitrogen base - sugar - phosphate
- 47. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) • Double helix • Found in the nucleus • Stores hereditary information
- 48. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) • Is a single helix • Can be found in the nucleus and the cytoplasm of the cell • Helps build proteins • Can act as an enzyme
- 49. ????????? Difference between biorenewable biopolymers and synthetic polymers????
- 50. Biomaterials Science for the benefit of life
- 51. Biomaterials Any material used to make devices to replace a part or a function of the living body in a safe, reliable, economic & physiologically acceptable manner OR Any material used to replace part of a living system or to function in intimate contact with living tissue OR A pharmacologically inert substance designed for implantation within or incorporation with living system Natural/synthetic/blend e.g. sutures, tooth fillings, bone replacements, artificial eyes etc.
- 53. Success of Biomaterial • Properties & biocompatibility • Health condition of recipient • Competency of the surgeon
- 54. Required characteristics of a Biomaterial 1. Biocompatibility 2. Pharmacologically acceptable 3. Chemically inert & stable 4. Adequate mechanical strength 5. Sound engineering design 6. Proper weight & density 7. Cost effective 8. Reproducible 9. Easy to process at large scale
- 55. Types of Biomaterials Materials Advantages Disadvantages Examples Polymers (nylon, Resilient Not strong Suture, blood silicon, polyester) Easy to fabricate Deform with time vessels, hip May degradable sockets Metals (Ti and its Strong, tough, May corrode Joint replacement, alloys, Ag, Au, Ductile Dense dental root stainless steels) Difficult to prepare implant, pacers, bone plates and screws Ceramics Very Brittle Dental and (alumina, zirconia, Biocompatible Not resilient orthopaedic hydroxyapetite) implants Composites Strong Difficult to prepare Dental resin, bone (carbon-carbon, Tailor made cement bone cement)
- 56. Polymeric Biomaterials • Natural polymeric biomaterials Collagen, Chitosan, Alginate • Synthetic polymeric biomaterials PVC, PP, PS, PU • Degradable polymeric biometrials PLA, PGLA
- 57. Natural Polymers as Biomaterials Polymers derived from living creatures “Scaffolds” grow cells to replace damaged tissue • Biodegradable • Non-toxic • Mechanically similar to the replaced tissue • Capable of attachment with other molecules Natural polymers used as biomaterials – Collagen, Chitosan and Alginate
- 58. Collagen • Consist of three intertwined protein chains, helical structure • Collagen…..non-toxic , minimal immune response • Can be processed into a variety formats – Porous sponges, Gels, and Sheets • Applications – Surgery, Drug delivery, Prosthetic implants and tissue-engineering of multiple organs
- 59. Chitosan • Derived from chitin, present in hard exoskeletons of shellfish like shrimp and crab • Chitosan desirable properties – Minimal foreign body reaction – Mild processing conditions – Controllable mechanical – biodegradation properties • Applications – In the engineering of cartilage, nerve, and liver tissue, – wound dressing and drug delivery devices
- 60. Alginate • A polysaccharide derived from brown seaweed -Can be processed easily in water -non-toxic -Biodegradable -controllable porosity • Forms a solid gel under mild processing conditions • Applications in Liver, nerve, heart, cartilage & tissue- engineering
- 61. Synthetic Polymers as Biomaterials • Advantages of Synthetic Polymers – Ease of manufacturability – process ability – reasonable cost • The Required Properties – Biocompatibility – Sterilizability – Physical Property – Manufacturability • Applications – Medical disposable supplies, Prosthetic materials, Dental materials, implants, dressings, polymeric drug delivery, tissue engineering products
- 62. Biodegradable Polymers as Biomaterials • Advantages on biodegradable polymer – Didn’t leave traces of residual in the implantation – Regenerate tissue • Desirable properties are - greater hydrophilicity - greater reactivity - greater porosity Most widely used Polylactide (PLA), Polyglycolide (PGA), Poly(glycolide-co-lactide) (PGLA) Applications Tissue screws, suture anchores, cartilage repair Drug-delivery system
- 63. Biocompatibility of biomaterials • The ability of a material to elicit an appropriate biological response in a specific application without producing a toxic, injurious, or immunological response in living tissue – Strongly determined by primary chemical structure • When an object is incorporated into the body without any immune responses it is said to be BIOCOMPATIBLE
- 64. Standardization of Biomaterials FDA (united states food and drug administration) Biocompatibility tests • acute systemic toxicity………denoting the part of circulatory system • Cytotoxicity…….toxic in living cell • Haemolysis….dissolution of erythrocytes in blood • Intravenous toxicity • Mutagenesis….permanent genetic alteration • Oral toxicity • Pyrogenicity….products produced by heat • Sensitization…making abnormally sensitive
- 65. Guidance on biocompatibility assessment Material characterization • Chemical structure of material • Degradation products • Residue level Toxicological data • Biological tests based on clinical trial
- 66. Guidance on biocompatibility assessment Supporting documents • Details of application…shape, size, form, contact time etc. • Chemical breakdown of all materials involved in the product • A review of all toxicity data • Prior use and details of effects • Toxicity standard tests • Final assessment including toxicological significance
- 67. Types of biomaterials based on surgical uses Permanent implants Muscular skeletal system…joints in upper & lower extremities & artificial limbs Cardiovascular system …valve, pacemaker, arteries, veins Digestive system…tooth filling, oesophagus, bile duct Nervous system…. Dura, hydrocephalus shunt Cosmetic implants…..nose, ear, teeth, eye
- 68. Types of biomaterials based on surgical uses Transient implants Extracorporeal assumption of organ function….heart, lung , kidney External dressings & partial implants….artificial skin, immersion fluids Aids to diagnosis….catheters, probes Orthopaedic fixation devices….screw, hip pins, bone plates, suture, surgical adhesives
- 69. Performance of Biomaterials • Fracture • Loosening • Infection • Wear r = 1-f r is reliability of implant f is failure
- 70. Future challenges • To more closely replicate complex tissue architecture and arrangement in vitro. • To better understand extracellular and intracellular modulators of cell function. • To develop novel materials and processing techniques that are compatible with biological interfaces • To find better strategies for immune acceptance
- 71. Biodegradable • Natural polymers Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) Cellulose composites/membranes Polylactide acid (PLA)/Starch blends • Synthetic polymers Polyesters Polyvinyl alcohol Polycaprolactone
- 72. How to read a paper • What is research paradigm?...............field with current state • What is particular problem area? • What is author’s thesis & argument? • What was strategic plan in experimental? • Does the paper succeed? • How the work should be followed up on?