Biology unit 7 evolution phylogenetic tree notes
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A phylogenetic tree is a diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships between different organisms based on evidence from fossils, comparative anatomy, DNA, and geology. It depicts a common ancestor and the order in which organisms evolved, with the oldest organisms at the base and most recently evolved at the top. Organisms after a trait evolved after and contain that trait, while organisms before a trait evolved before and do not contain that trait, as demonstrated in the example tree.
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Biology unit 7 evolution evidence for evolution notes
This document discusses evidence for evolution including:
- Darwin noticed organisms adapt to environments and populations vary in traits. Lamarck incorrectly thought acquired traits could be inherited.
- Evidence includes fossil records, comparative anatomy, biogeography, carbon dating and genetics showing connections between living things and their adaptation over time.
- Comparative anatomy reveals homologous and vestigial structures provide evidence of common ancestry while analogous structures evolved for similar functions.
Biology unit 7 evolution intro to evolution and natural selection notes
This document provides an introduction to evolution and natural selection. It explains that evolution is a change in allele frequencies over time, driven by genetic variation, environmental changes, and the struggle for existence. Natural selection leads to traits that aid survival and reproduction being passed on, potentially resulting in new species. While organisms cannot mutate fully formed body parts, small mutations over thousands of years can lead to new structures. Various events like natural selection, genetic drift, migration and geographic isolation can promote evolutionary changes in populations.
Biology Unit 7 Notes: Evidence for Evolution & Phylogenetic Trees
The document provides evidence for evolution from several sources: fossil records, comparative anatomy, biogeography, carbon dating and genetics. It discusses how comparative anatomy of skeletal structures between animals can show homologous, analogous, and vestigial structures, indicating connections to common ancestors. Phylogenetic trees are diagrams that depict evolutionary relationships and order of evolution between organisms, informed by fossils, anatomy, DNA, and geology. They illustrate the progression from a common ancestor to more recently evolved organisms and the traits associated with different branches in their development.
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This document provides information about evidence for evolution through fossils, vestigial structures, similar skeletal structures, similar DNA, and similar embryonic structures. It defines key terms like fossils, ancestors, and vestigial structures. Examples of each type of evidence are described, such as whale leg bones as vestigial structures. Students are assigned a creative writing task or collage to explain the five types of evidence for evolution.
Biology unit 7 evolution phylogenetic tree notes
A phylogenetic tree is a diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships between different organisms, with the common ancestor at the base and more recently evolved organisms at the top. It is based on evidence from fossils, comparative anatomy, DNA, and geology. The tree illustrates the order in which organisms evolved over time and whether they contain certain traits that evolved in ancestral populations.
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Comparative anatomy provides evidence for evolution through the identification of homologous structures, analogous structures, and vestigial structures. Homologous structures are body parts with similar structures but different functions, indicating a close evolutionary relationship. Analogous structures have similar functions but different structures and no direct evolutionary relationship. Vestigial structures are remnants of structures that had a use in ancestral species but serve little purpose in current species.
Evolution Evidence and Evolutionary Thinking - The 3 Patterns of Evolution - ...
This document provides an overview of the types of evidence that support the theory of evolution. It discusses three main categories of evidence: 1) Similarities between species showing common ancestry, such as shared anatomical features, genetic sequences, and geographic distributions. 2) Progressions of species changing over time as seen in the fossil record of whales, horses, and other groups. 3) Remnants of past generations within species, like vestigial legs in whales and pseudogenes in human genomes. Specific examples are given for each type of evidence, such as finger bone structure shared by vertebrates and genetic similarities between humans and chimpanzees.
Homologous Structure (Evolution)
This document defines key terms related to homologous and analogous structures in biology. It explains that homologous structures share an ancestral structure, but may not have the same function, while analogous structures between species have similar functions but different underlying structures. Examples are given of homologous limb bones in vertebrates and vestigial structures providing evidence of evolution from common ancestors. References are also provided.
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Biology unit 7 evolution evidence for evolution notes
This document discusses evidence for evolution including:
- Darwin noticed organisms adapt to environments and populations vary in traits. Lamarck incorrectly thought acquired traits could be inherited.
- Evidence includes fossil records, comparative anatomy, biogeography, carbon dating and genetics showing connections between living things and their adaptation over time.
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Biology unit 7 evolution intro to evolution and natural selection notes
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Biology unit 7 evolution phylogenetic tree notes
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Comparative anatomy provides evidence for evolution through the identification of homologous structures, analogous structures, and vestigial structures. Homologous structures are body parts with similar structures but different functions, indicating a close evolutionary relationship. Analogous structures have similar functions but different structures and no direct evolutionary relationship. Vestigial structures are remnants of structures that had a use in ancestral species but serve little purpose in current species.
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Homologous Structure (Evolution)
This document defines key terms related to homologous and analogous structures in biology. It explains that homologous structures share an ancestral structure, but may not have the same function, while analogous structures between species have similar functions but different underlying structures. Examples are given of homologous limb bones in vertebrates and vestigial structures providing evidence of evolution from common ancestors. References are also provided.
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2) Biogeography and anatomical similarities between organisms indicate descent from a common ancestor.
3) Embryological and biological molecular evidence, such as similar DNA sequences, also support evolutionary relationships between organisms.
4) Analogous and homologous structures provide additional evidence for shared ancestry between species.
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This document outlines six types of evidence that support the theory of evolution:
1. Anatomical evidence such as homologous organs with the same pattern but different functions, analogous organs that evolved independently to serve the same purpose, and vestigial organs that are evolutionary remnants.
2. Fossil evidence showing that ancient species share similarities with modern species and intermediate forms that show evolutionary transitions between groups.
3. Embryonic evidence that embryos of different but related species resemble each other, indicating their shared evolutionary history.
4. Biogeographical evidence of how species are distributed geographically.
5. Molecular evidence from similarities in DNA and proteins.
6. Other unspecified evidence supporting evolution
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1) Fossil records, anatomy, DNA, and embryology provide evidence for evolution. Fossils show transitional forms and tracks of ancient organisms. Comparing DNA between species shows greater differences the more distantly related they are.
2) Anatomical evidence like whales having vestigial hind limbs and DNA comparisons support the theory that whales evolved from land mammals. Transitional whale fossils dating back 50-35 million years show the evolution of whales from land to sea dwellers.
3) Embryos of different species resemble each other more closely in early stages of development, providing further evidence they share a common ancestor and have evolved over time from that ancestor.
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This document summarizes different types of biological evidence that support the theory of evolution:
1. Comparative anatomy studies body structures across species and finds that more similar structures indicate a closer evolutionary relationship.
2. Embryology finds that more closely related species have more similar embryo development.
3. Molecular biology, such as comparing DNA sequences, finds that a higher similarity in genes and proteins indicates a closer evolutionary relationship between living species. This provides further evidence supporting theories from comparative anatomy and the fossil record.
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1) Charles Darwin formulated his theory of natural selection in the 1840s and began writing a book compiling evidence for evolution and explaining how natural selection provides a mechanism for the origin of species.
2) In 1858, Alfred Russel Wallace proposed a nearly identical theory of natural selection, prompting Darwin to publish On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection in 1859.
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Analogous structures are structures in different species that perform the same function but were not evolved from a common ancestor. They arose through convergent evolution as species adapted to similar environments. Examples include insect wings and bird wings, fish fins and penguin fins, and human, horse and dolphin limbs. While Carolus Linnaeus originally grouped species based only on appearance, analogous structures show that function, not appearance alone, determines evolutionary relationships, and natural selection leads to convergent adaptations over time.
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3. Molecular evidence from comparing DNA and protein sequences among living species also supports evolutionary relationships, with more similar sequences indicating more closely related species. Estimates of divergence times are also derived from "molecular clocks."
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1. Anatomical evidence such as homologous organs with the same pattern but different functions, analogous organs that evolved independently to serve the same purpose, and vestigial organs that are evolutionary remnants.
2. Fossil evidence showing that ancient species share similarities with modern species and intermediate forms that show evolutionary transitions between groups.
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This document provides evidence for biological evolution from several sources:
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- Embryonic development and biochemistry reveal similar genetic machinery and developmental stages across species.
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1) Fossil records, anatomy, DNA, and embryology provide evidence for evolution. Fossils show transitional forms and tracks of ancient organisms. Comparing DNA between species shows greater differences the more distantly related they are.
2) Anatomical evidence like whales having vestigial hind limbs and DNA comparisons support the theory that whales evolved from land mammals. Transitional whale fossils dating back 50-35 million years show the evolution of whales from land to sea dwellers.
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This document summarizes different types of biological evidence that support the theory of evolution:
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2. Embryology finds that more closely related species have more similar embryo development.
3. Molecular biology, such as comparing DNA sequences, finds that a higher similarity in genes and proteins indicates a closer evolutionary relationship between living species. This provides further evidence supporting theories from comparative anatomy and the fossil record.
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1) Charles Darwin formulated his theory of natural selection in the 1840s and began writing a book compiling evidence for evolution and explaining how natural selection provides a mechanism for the origin of species.
2) In 1858, Alfred Russel Wallace proposed a nearly identical theory of natural selection, prompting Darwin to publish On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection in 1859.
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Biology unit 5 genetics genetic engineering notes
Genetic engineering involves altering the genetic code of an organism. There are several common techniques: selective breeding exploits natural genetic variation; gene therapy replaces a faulty gene with a normal one using modified viruses; cell transformation inserts foreign DNA into a cell's genome to create transgenic organisms; and cloning produces genetically identical copies from a single cell. While gene therapy has had limited success so far, transgenic plants and animals have been created to improve traits like disease resistance and nutrient content.
Biology unit 6 dna rna protein synthesis protein synthesis notes
This document discusses RNA and protein synthesis. It defines RNA, its types including mRNA, rRNA and tRNA. Protein synthesis involves two main steps - transcription of DNA to mRNA in the nucleus, and translation of mRNA to amino acids to form a protein. Codons on mRNA pair with anticodons on tRNA to specify which amino acid is added to the growing polypeptide chain. Examples are given to demonstrate transcription of DNA to mRNA and translation of mRNA to amino acids.
Biology unit 6 dna rna protein synthesis mutation notes
Mutations are any changes in the sequence of nitrogenous bases in DNA. There are several types of mutations including missense, nonsense, silent, point, and frameshift mutations. Point mutations involve changing a single base through substitution, insertion, or deletion. Frameshift mutations are caused by insertions or deletions and shift the reading frame, altering the entire amino acid sequence.
Biology unit 5 genetics non mendelian genetics notes
This document provides an overview of non-Mendelian genetics. It describes several types of non-Mendelian inheritance patterns, including polygenic traits which are influenced by multiple genes, codominance where two dominant alleles are expressed together, and sex-linked traits which are carried on the X or Y chromosomes. Examples are given for codominant traits like flower color, incomplete dominance which results in a blended phenotype, and X-linked traits like baldness. The document provides instructions for setting up genetic problems and predicting outcomes for these different non-Mendelian inheritance patterns.
Phylogenetic studies
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Phylogenetic tree
The document describes the process of constructing a phylogenetic tree from mitochondrial DNA sequence data retrieved from online databases. It involves the following steps:
1) Retrieving sequence data from NCBI for humans, Neanderthals, chimpanzees, gorillas and other primates.
2) Aligning the sequences using ClustalW and viewing the alignment.
3) Using programs from the Phylip package like Seqboot, Dnadist, Neighbor and Consense to generate bootstrap trees, distance matrices and consensus trees.
4) Viewing and saving the phylogenetic trees in TreeView.
What is a phylogenetic tree
A phylogenetic tree is used to represent evolutionary relationships between organisms believed to have a common ancestry. Charles Darwin first represented evolutionary relationships as trees in his book On the Origin of Species. A phylogenetic tree connects organisms based on how closely related they are, with the distance between organisms on the tree indicating how long ago their common ancestor lived. While trees can provide insight, they have limitations and do not fully represent species histories due to factors like gene transfers.
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This document provides an overview of phylogenetic analysis, including:
1) Phylogenetic analysis involves inferring evolutionary relationships between taxa by building phylogenetic trees and analyzing character evolution.
2) Phylogenetic trees show the branching patterns and relationships between taxa, with internal nodes representing hypothetical ancestors.
3) Phylogenetic analysis can provide insights into questions like human evolution, disease transmission, and the origins of genetic elements.
Phylogenetic trees
This document outlines and provides examples of different phylogenetic tree construction methods, including UPGMA and neighbor joining. UPGMA assumes a constant mutation rate and joins clusters based on average distances. Neighbor joining does not assume a constant rate and finds the tree that best satisfies the four-point criterion of additive distances. The examples demonstrate the step-by-step process of applying these methods to distance matrices to build phylogenetic trees through an iterative clustering approach.
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- 2. (1) What is a Phylogenetic Tree? • A diagram used to show the evolutionary relationships between different organisms. • Also Includes: – The common ancestor. – The order organisms evolved in. • Based off of Evidence: – Fossils + Comparative Anatomy – DNA – Geology
- 3. (2) The Common Ancestor • The organism by which all other organisms evolved from. • The most primitive ancestor for that type of organism.
- 4. (3) The Parts • Bottom / Base = Oldest Organism/s • Top = Most recently evolved organisms • Organisms after a trait: – Evolved after that trait existed in populations. – Contain those traits. • Organisms before a trait: – Evolved before that trait existed in populations. – Do NOT contain those traits.
- 5. (4) Example 1 2 3 4 5 6 Multicellular Gills Lungs Wings Live Birth LimbsFins Eggs On 4 On 2
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