Chapter 6 - The Environment and Change Over Time
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This document discusses key concepts in evolutionary biology including theories of evolution, the fossil record, fossil formation processes, methods of dating fossils, the geologic time scale, extinctions, Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection, adaptations, interactions between species, examples of evolution in different contexts, and modern evidence that supports evolutionary theory. Key ideas covered are Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection, the incompleteness of the fossil record, different fossil formation processes, relative and absolute dating methods, and how comparative anatomy, vestigial structures, embryology, and molecular biology provide further evidence of evolution.
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Evolution
This document provides an overview of the theory of evolution, including key concepts like Lamarck's theory, Darwin's theory of natural selection and common descent, evidence of evolution from fossils, comparative anatomy, embryology, biogeography and molecular biology, and misconceptions about evolution. It discusses how evolution leads to diversity of life on Earth through genetic variations being subject to natural selection, with organisms better adapted to their environments being more likely to survive and pass on their traits. The document also references sources for further information.
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The fossil record provides evidence of evolution by showing progressive changes in species over time. Layers of sedimentary rock often contain fossils, with newer layers covering older ones to create a timeline. Younger fossils in the lower, newer layers resemble modern species more closely than older fossils in higher layers. Transitional fossils that display characteristics between groups provide links between past and present species, such as Archaeopteryx showing traits of both birds and their dinosaur ancestors, and Tiktaalik displaying features of both fish and early land vertebrates. The fossil record is an incomplete record but reveals how species have changed over millions of years.
Patterns of Evolution
The document discusses several key concepts relating to evolution and the fossil record, including:
- Microevolution involves small changes within a species over short time periods, while macroevolution describes large changes over millions of years that result in new species through speciation events.
- The geologic column provides evidence of evolution through its layered fossil and rock formations arranged from oldest to youngest, though it has gaps and inconsistencies that are puzzling.
- The Cambrian explosion saw a sudden appearance of many animal phyla without clear precursor fossils, challenging gradual evolution theories.
- Comparative anatomy and embryology provide evidence of common ancestry through homologous structures, though their interpretation differs between evolutionary and creationist viewpoints.
BIODIVERSITY:EVOLUTION
FEATURING THE SUMMARY OF SCIENCE 10 UNIT 3 MODULE 3
GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE
THEORIES OF EVOLUTION
BIODIVERSITY
FOSSILS
RELATIVE DATING METHOD
RADIOMETRIC DATING METHOD
HOMOLOGOUS
ANALOGOUS
THEORY OF NATURAL SELECTION
Evidence of evolution
The document provides evidence for evolution from the fossil record, geology, comparative anatomy, biogeography, embryology, and biochemistry. It discusses how fossils are formed through various processes like compression and petrification. Dating methods like relative dating examine rock layers while radiometric dating uses radioactive isotopes to determine absolute ages. Comparisons of homologous and analogous structures in organisms support common descent. Similarities in embryonic development and DNA across species also provide evidence that organisms share a common ancestry.
Evolution (A Consolidated PPT)
I tried to integrate basic and important concepts of evolution from different ppt that can be downloaded here in slideshare to have a consolidated theme about evolution.
Biodiversity and Evolution
This slide presentation aims to help teachers and students in studying biodiversity and evolution. It consists of images, definition of terms all related to biodiversity and evolution.
Evolution presentation I & II.
Charles Darwin developed the theory of evolution by natural selection after observing variations in species during his voyage on the HMS Beagle. The document discusses the key points of Darwin's theory, including that 1) organisms produce more offspring than can survive, 2) individuals vary, 3) those best adapted to the environment survive and pass on their traits, leading populations to become better adapted over time. It also describes Darwin's observations of finches on the Galapagos Islands which provided evidence for his theory of evolution.
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This document provides an overview of the theory of evolution, including key concepts like Lamarck's theory, Darwin's theory of natural selection and common descent, evidence of evolution from fossils, comparative anatomy, embryology, biogeography and molecular biology, and misconceptions about evolution. It discusses how evolution leads to diversity of life on Earth through genetic variations being subject to natural selection, with organisms better adapted to their environments being more likely to survive and pass on their traits. The document also references sources for further information.
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The fossil record provides evidence of evolution by showing progressive changes in species over time. Layers of sedimentary rock often contain fossils, with newer layers covering older ones to create a timeline. Younger fossils in the lower, newer layers resemble modern species more closely than older fossils in higher layers. Transitional fossils that display characteristics between groups provide links between past and present species, such as Archaeopteryx showing traits of both birds and their dinosaur ancestors, and Tiktaalik displaying features of both fish and early land vertebrates. The fossil record is an incomplete record but reveals how species have changed over millions of years.
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The document discusses several key concepts relating to evolution and the fossil record, including:
- Microevolution involves small changes within a species over short time periods, while macroevolution describes large changes over millions of years that result in new species through speciation events.
- The geologic column provides evidence of evolution through its layered fossil and rock formations arranged from oldest to youngest, though it has gaps and inconsistencies that are puzzling.
- The Cambrian explosion saw a sudden appearance of many animal phyla without clear precursor fossils, challenging gradual evolution theories.
- Comparative anatomy and embryology provide evidence of common ancestry through homologous structures, though their interpretation differs between evolutionary and creationist viewpoints.
BIODIVERSITY:EVOLUTION
FEATURING THE SUMMARY OF SCIENCE 10 UNIT 3 MODULE 3
GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE
THEORIES OF EVOLUTION
BIODIVERSITY
FOSSILS
RELATIVE DATING METHOD
RADIOMETRIC DATING METHOD
HOMOLOGOUS
ANALOGOUS
THEORY OF NATURAL SELECTION
Evidence of evolution
The document provides evidence for evolution from the fossil record, geology, comparative anatomy, biogeography, embryology, and biochemistry. It discusses how fossils are formed through various processes like compression and petrification. Dating methods like relative dating examine rock layers while radiometric dating uses radioactive isotopes to determine absolute ages. Comparisons of homologous and analogous structures in organisms support common descent. Similarities in embryonic development and DNA across species also provide evidence that organisms share a common ancestry.
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I tried to integrate basic and important concepts of evolution from different ppt that can be downloaded here in slideshare to have a consolidated theme about evolution.
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This slide presentation aims to help teachers and students in studying biodiversity and evolution. It consists of images, definition of terms all related to biodiversity and evolution.
Evolution presentation I & II.
Charles Darwin developed the theory of evolution by natural selection after observing variations in species during his voyage on the HMS Beagle. The document discusses the key points of Darwin's theory, including that 1) organisms produce more offspring than can survive, 2) individuals vary, 3) those best adapted to the environment survive and pass on their traits, leading populations to become better adapted over time. It also describes Darwin's observations of finches on the Galapagos Islands which provided evidence for his theory of evolution.
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Evolution is the process by which organisms acquire adaptations over time. There are several lines of evidence that support the theory of evolution, including:
- Comparative anatomy, which looks at anatomical similarities between species and finds homologous structures that suggest a common ancestor.
- DNA analysis, where closer genetic relationships are found between species that share more similarities in their DNA sequences.
- The fossil record, where fossils in older rock layers tend to resemble more ancient organisms, while fossils in newer layers more closely resemble present-day species.
Evidence For Evolution
The document discusses multiple lines of evidence that support the theory of evolution through natural selection, as proposed by Charles Darwin.
1. Hierarchical organization of life forms reflects evolutionary relationships, with more closely related organisms having more recent common ancestors.
2. The fossil record provides evidence of transitional forms and examples of evolution over time, such as the evolution of horses and whales.
3. Comparative anatomy reveals homologous and vestigial structures that indicate common descent with modification.
4. Comparative embryology shows that more closely related organisms have more similar embryonic development.
5. Molecular biology evidence, like DNA and protein comparisons, provides very strong support for evolution through the finding of common ancestry.
Evidence Of Evolution
This document provides evidence for evolution from three areas: the fossil record, anatomy and development, and biological molecules. It summarizes that the fossil record shows a progression of life forms over time and can be used to predict intermediary forms. Comparisons of anatomy reveal homologous structures that share common ancestry. Analysis of proteins and nucleic acids finds relationships that reflect the fossil evidence and support gradual changes over generations as predicted by evolution.
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This document contains information about evolution to be used for a pre-test. It provides 25 statements about evolution to be answered as true or false, reflecting scientific consensus. It then provides clarification on 14 of the statements, explaining why they are false according to biological evolution as understood by science. Key points made include that evolution is a demonstrated fact, not a belief; it occurs via descent with modification from earlier species over time; and natural selection is the primary mechanism of evolution.
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This document provides information about evidence for evolution through fossils, vestigial structures, similar skeletal structures, similar DNA, and similar embryonic structures. It defines key terms like fossils, ancestors, and vestigial structures. Examples of each type of evidence are described, such as whale leg bones as vestigial structures. Students are assigned a creative writing task or collage to explain the five types of evidence for evolution.
Evidence of Evolution
This document provides an overview of the evidence that supports the theory of evolution through natural selection. It discusses multiple lines of evidence from various scientific disciplines, including fossils and the fossil record, comparative anatomy, embryology, biochemistry, and geology. The development of evolutionary theory from early naturalists like Darwin to modern understanding is also summarized. Key events that shaped understanding, such as Darwin's voyage on the Beagle and subsequent publication of On the Origin of Species, are also briefly outlined.
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The document discusses evidence for evolution from various fields including biogeography, fossils, comparative anatomy, embryology, biochemistry and genetics. It explains key concepts in evolution like macroevolutionary events, morphological divergence and convergence, reproductive isolation mechanisms, molecular clocks and models of speciation. Continental drift theory and plate tectonics helped explain distribution of fossils and living species, while radiometric dating techniques helped establish geological timescales.
Ch 6.3 evidence of evolution
This document summarizes different types of biological evidence that support the theory of evolution:
1. Comparative anatomy studies body structures across species and finds that more similar structures indicate a closer evolutionary relationship.
2. Embryology finds that more closely related species have more similar embryo development.
3. Molecular biology, such as comparing DNA sequences, finds that a higher similarity in genes and proteins indicates a closer evolutionary relationship between living species. This provides further evidence supporting theories from comparative anatomy and the fossil record.
Evidence of evolution
1) Fossil records, anatomy, DNA, and embryology provide evidence for evolution. Fossils show transitional forms and tracks of ancient organisms. Comparing DNA between species shows greater differences the more distantly related they are.
2) Anatomical evidence like whales having vestigial hind limbs and DNA comparisons support the theory that whales evolved from land mammals. Transitional whale fossils dating back 50-35 million years show the evolution of whales from land to sea dwellers.
3) Embryos of different species resemble each other more closely in early stages of development, providing further evidence they share a common ancestor and have evolved over time from that ancestor.
Evolution
There are three main theories of evolution: special creation, Lamarckism, and Darwinism. Special creation believes organisms were created in their current form with no evolution. Lamarckism proposes that acquired traits can be inherited, such as giraffes developing long necks, but it was rejected as traits are not inherited. Darwinism theorizes that populations vary, there is a struggle for existence, and natural selection leads to the survival of the fittest whose variations are inherited, resulting in evolution and speciation over generations.
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It states that the present day complex plants and animals have evolved from earlier simpler forms of life by gradual changes. SEQUENTIAL EVOLUTION ,DIVERGENT EVOLUTION, Theories of evolution.
Evidence of evolution ss
This document provides evidence for biological evolution from several sources:
- Fossil records show succession of organisms over time and increased diversity after catastrophic events.
- Homology and analogy demonstrate that structures in different species share common ancestry or adaptations to environment.
- Embryonic development and biochemistry reveal similar genetic machinery and developmental stages across species.
Origin of life
- Earth formed approximately 4.6 billion years ago with a harsh atmosphere of high heat, water vapor, volcanic activity, and no breathable oxygen.
- Early theories on the origin of life included that it began extraterrestrially or through creationism, but the prevailing theory of chemical evolution suggests that organic compounds formed on the early Earth and combined to produce life.
- The Miller-Urey experiment demonstrated that organic compounds like amino acids and nucleotides can form when basic gases like methane and ammonia are exposed to electric sparks simulating lightning, supporting chemical evolution as a viable theory for how life began.
Evolution Power Point
Charles Darwin developed the theory of evolution by natural selection based on his observations during a voyage aboard the HMS Beagle. He noticed variations between species on different islands that helped some individuals survive and reproduce more than others. Over generations, beneficial variations became more common in populations through the natural selection process. Evolution can occur gradually over a long period of time or in short bursts through punctuated equilibrium. The fossil record, homologous and vestigial structures, and similarities in DNA provide evidence that evolution has occurred.
Evidence of evolution
The document discusses multiple lines of evidence that support evolution, including the fossil record, comparative anatomy, biogeography, embryology, and biochemistry. It explains how fossils are formed through processes like compression, petrification, and becoming molds or casts, and how fossils are used to relatively or absolutely date organisms. Comparative anatomy examines homologous and analogous structures between organisms. Biogeography and continental drift help explain the distribution of species. Embryology shows that embryos of different species resemble each other at early stages. Biochemistry finds that DNA and proteins are similar between closely related species.
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The document provides evidence from multiple scientific disciplines to support the theory of evolution. It discusses how fossils, geology, comparative anatomy and biochemistry, and other fields have contributed overwhelming evidence that life has changed over time through natural selection and common descent. The fossil record shows how life on Earth has diversified from a few common ancestors over billions of years. Comparative anatomy reveals homologous and analogous structures that support evolutionary relationships between organisms. Radiometric dating has precisely determined the age of fossils and Earth to be billions of years old, supporting the vast timescale evolution requires. Together this evidence from various sciences has established evolution as the fundamental explanatory framework of biology.
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This document summarizes key aspects of fossils and the geologic column according to a young-earth creationist perspective. It describes how fossils are formed, different types of fossils, issues with dating methods, and anomalies in the fossil record that are puzzling from an evolutionary viewpoint but align with a global flood model. The document casts doubt on assumptions of deep time and presents alternative explanations for the fossil record based on a literal interpretation of Genesis.
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Natural selection is the process by which evolution occurs according to Darwin's theory of evolution. It involves overproduction of offspring, variation between individuals, competition for limited resources, and the survival and reproduction of individuals with favorable variations best suited to the environment, leading to the passing on of these favorable traits and descent with modification from ancestral forms over many generations.
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This document provides information about evolution and the origin of life on Earth. It discusses several key points:
1) Evolutionary biology is the study of the history of life forms on Earth. The solar system and universe originated billions of years ago. Life first appeared on Earth around 4-4.5 billion years ago.
2) Several theories have been proposed to explain the origin of life, including theories of abiogenesis, biogenesis, panspermia, and special creation. Modern science supports that life originated through natural processes like abiogenesis.
3) Evolution occurs through natural selection and the accumulation of hereditary variations that provide survival and reproductive advantages. Fossils, homologous structures, and molecular evidence provide support
Definition of evolution
The document discusses evolution and how it occurs through various processes. Fossil records provide evidence of evolution by showing how organisms have changed over time as new species developed. Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection explains how organisms compete for resources and favorable variations are more likely to be passed on, leading to the emergence of new species over generations. The document also discusses different types of evolution like microevolution within species and macroevolution between species or higher taxa.
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Evolution is the process of change over time through natural selection. The document summarizes key evidence and theories of evolution, including:
1. Evidence from the fossil record shows gradual changes in life forms over billions of years. Comparative anatomy and embryology also provide evidence of common descent.
2. Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection proposed that heritable variations arise by mutation and are selected if they confer a survival or reproductive advantage. This results in adaptation and potentially speciation.
3. Modern theories incorporate genetics and show how variation arises from sexual reproduction, mutation, and recombination of genes, and how selection can change allele frequencies to drive evolution or maintain genetic equilibrium.
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The document discusses the history of life on Earth from its origins to early multicellular life. It describes early scientific theories on the beginning of life and experiments providing evidence against spontaneous generation. Modern scientists believe life began through natural chemical reactions forming organic molecules, as supported by the Miller-Urey experiment. Early life was prokaryotic and anaerobic, with eukaryotes and complex cells developing later through endosymbiosis. Fossils provide evidence of the progression and environments of early life. Radiometric dating allows determining the absolute ages of fossils.
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Evolution is the process by which organisms acquire adaptations over time. There are several lines of evidence that support the theory of evolution, including:
- Comparative anatomy, which looks at anatomical similarities between species and finds homologous structures that suggest a common ancestor.
- DNA analysis, where closer genetic relationships are found between species that share more similarities in their DNA sequences.
- The fossil record, where fossils in older rock layers tend to resemble more ancient organisms, while fossils in newer layers more closely resemble present-day species.
Evidence For Evolution
The document discusses multiple lines of evidence that support the theory of evolution through natural selection, as proposed by Charles Darwin.
1. Hierarchical organization of life forms reflects evolutionary relationships, with more closely related organisms having more recent common ancestors.
2. The fossil record provides evidence of transitional forms and examples of evolution over time, such as the evolution of horses and whales.
3. Comparative anatomy reveals homologous and vestigial structures that indicate common descent with modification.
4. Comparative embryology shows that more closely related organisms have more similar embryonic development.
5. Molecular biology evidence, like DNA and protein comparisons, provides very strong support for evolution through the finding of common ancestry.
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This document provides evidence for evolution from three areas: the fossil record, anatomy and development, and biological molecules. It summarizes that the fossil record shows a progression of life forms over time and can be used to predict intermediary forms. Comparisons of anatomy reveal homologous structures that share common ancestry. Analysis of proteins and nucleic acids finds relationships that reflect the fossil evidence and support gradual changes over generations as predicted by evolution.
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This document provides information about evidence for evolution through fossils, vestigial structures, similar skeletal structures, similar DNA, and similar embryonic structures. It defines key terms like fossils, ancestors, and vestigial structures. Examples of each type of evidence are described, such as whale leg bones as vestigial structures. Students are assigned a creative writing task or collage to explain the five types of evidence for evolution.
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This document provides an overview of the evidence that supports the theory of evolution through natural selection. It discusses multiple lines of evidence from various scientific disciplines, including fossils and the fossil record, comparative anatomy, embryology, biochemistry, and geology. The development of evolutionary theory from early naturalists like Darwin to modern understanding is also summarized. Key events that shaped understanding, such as Darwin's voyage on the Beagle and subsequent publication of On the Origin of Species, are also briefly outlined.
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The document discusses evidence for evolution from various fields including biogeography, fossils, comparative anatomy, embryology, biochemistry and genetics. It explains key concepts in evolution like macroevolutionary events, morphological divergence and convergence, reproductive isolation mechanisms, molecular clocks and models of speciation. Continental drift theory and plate tectonics helped explain distribution of fossils and living species, while radiometric dating techniques helped establish geological timescales.
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This document summarizes different types of biological evidence that support the theory of evolution:
1. Comparative anatomy studies body structures across species and finds that more similar structures indicate a closer evolutionary relationship.
2. Embryology finds that more closely related species have more similar embryo development.
3. Molecular biology, such as comparing DNA sequences, finds that a higher similarity in genes and proteins indicates a closer evolutionary relationship between living species. This provides further evidence supporting theories from comparative anatomy and the fossil record.
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1) Fossil records, anatomy, DNA, and embryology provide evidence for evolution. Fossils show transitional forms and tracks of ancient organisms. Comparing DNA between species shows greater differences the more distantly related they are.
2) Anatomical evidence like whales having vestigial hind limbs and DNA comparisons support the theory that whales evolved from land mammals. Transitional whale fossils dating back 50-35 million years show the evolution of whales from land to sea dwellers.
3) Embryos of different species resemble each other more closely in early stages of development, providing further evidence they share a common ancestor and have evolved over time from that ancestor.
Evolution
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It states that the present day complex plants and animals have evolved from earlier simpler forms of life by gradual changes. SEQUENTIAL EVOLUTION ,DIVERGENT EVOLUTION, Theories of evolution.
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This document provides evidence for biological evolution from several sources:
- Fossil records show succession of organisms over time and increased diversity after catastrophic events.
- Homology and analogy demonstrate that structures in different species share common ancestry or adaptations to environment.
- Embryonic development and biochemistry reveal similar genetic machinery and developmental stages across species.
Origin of life
- Earth formed approximately 4.6 billion years ago with a harsh atmosphere of high heat, water vapor, volcanic activity, and no breathable oxygen.
- Early theories on the origin of life included that it began extraterrestrially or through creationism, but the prevailing theory of chemical evolution suggests that organic compounds formed on the early Earth and combined to produce life.
- The Miller-Urey experiment demonstrated that organic compounds like amino acids and nucleotides can form when basic gases like methane and ammonia are exposed to electric sparks simulating lightning, supporting chemical evolution as a viable theory for how life began.
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Charles Darwin developed the theory of evolution by natural selection based on his observations during a voyage aboard the HMS Beagle. He noticed variations between species on different islands that helped some individuals survive and reproduce more than others. Over generations, beneficial variations became more common in populations through the natural selection process. Evolution can occur gradually over a long period of time or in short bursts through punctuated equilibrium. The fossil record, homologous and vestigial structures, and similarities in DNA provide evidence that evolution has occurred.
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The document discusses multiple lines of evidence that support evolution, including the fossil record, comparative anatomy, biogeography, embryology, and biochemistry. It explains how fossils are formed through processes like compression, petrification, and becoming molds or casts, and how fossils are used to relatively or absolutely date organisms. Comparative anatomy examines homologous and analogous structures between organisms. Biogeography and continental drift help explain the distribution of species. Embryology shows that embryos of different species resemble each other at early stages. Biochemistry finds that DNA and proteins are similar between closely related species.
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This document provides information about evolution and the origin of life on Earth. It discusses several key points:
1) Evolutionary biology is the study of the history of life forms on Earth. The solar system and universe originated billions of years ago. Life first appeared on Earth around 4-4.5 billion years ago.
2) Several theories have been proposed to explain the origin of life, including theories of abiogenesis, biogenesis, panspermia, and special creation. Modern science supports that life originated through natural processes like abiogenesis.
3) Evolution occurs through natural selection and the accumulation of hereditary variations that provide survival and reproductive advantages. Fossils, homologous structures, and molecular evidence provide support
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The document discusses evolution and how it occurs through various processes. Fossil records provide evidence of evolution by showing how organisms have changed over time as new species developed. Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection explains how organisms compete for resources and favorable variations are more likely to be passed on, leading to the emergence of new species over generations. The document also discusses different types of evolution like microevolution within species and macroevolution between species or higher taxa.
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Lecture 2 : Evolutionary Patterns, Rates And Trends
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Evolution is the process of change over time through natural selection. The document summarizes key evidence and theories of evolution, including:
1. Evidence from the fossil record shows gradual changes in life forms over billions of years. Comparative anatomy and embryology also provide evidence of common descent.
2. Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection proposed that heritable variations arise by mutation and are selected if they confer a survival or reproductive advantage. This results in adaptation and potentially speciation.
3. Modern theories incorporate genetics and show how variation arises from sexual reproduction, mutation, and recombination of genes, and how selection can change allele frequencies to drive evolution or maintain genetic equilibrium.
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The document discusses the history of life on Earth from its origins to early multicellular life. It describes early scientific theories on the beginning of life and experiments providing evidence against spontaneous generation. Modern scientists believe life began through natural chemical reactions forming organic molecules, as supported by the Miller-Urey experiment. Early life was prokaryotic and anaerobic, with eukaryotes and complex cells developing later through endosymbiosis. Fossils provide evidence of the progression and environments of early life. Radiometric dating allows determining the absolute ages of fossils.
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2) Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection proposed that variations within a species provide advantages for survival and reproduction, leading to changes in populations over generations.
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Charles Darwin developed the theory of evolution by natural selection based on observations and evidence from his voyage on the HMS Beagle. He proposed that (1) natural variation exists between individuals of a species, (2) there is a struggle for existence as members of a species compete for limited resources, and (3) the individuals best suited for their environment (the fittest) will survive and pass on their traits, leading to the evolution of species over time. Darwin provided evidence from fossils, biogeography, embryology, and homologous structures to support his theory of common descent and evolution.
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- Modern evolutionary theory holds that evolution occurs gradually within populations as individuals vary and natural selection acts upon these heritable variations. While Darwin's theory of evolution is widely accepted, he did not explain the mechanisms of variation.
- Hugo de Vries proposed the "mutation theory" in the early 1900s, observing large sudden variations in primrose plants that bred true. He believed new species evolved via large mutations.
- Populations, not individuals, evolve as gene pools change over generations through natural selection acting on heritable genetic variations introduced by mutations and sexual reproduction.
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The document discusses evidence that supports the theory of evolution from fossils, DNA, and anatomical structures. It provides examples of transitional fossils that help fill gaps in the fossil record including fossils that show whales evolving from land mammals. Similar DNA and embryonic development between species also provide evidence they shared a common ancestor. The document examines fossil and genetic evidence that hippopotamuses and whales are related as their DNA sequences are very similar, suggesting they shared a common hoofed land mammal ancestor.
Biology - Chp 15 - Darwins Theory Of Evolution - PowerPoint
- Charles Darwin developed the theory of evolution by natural selection based on observations he made during his voyage on the HMS Beagle from 1831 to 1836.
- He noticed that species varied between different locations and began to hypothesize that species evolved over time through natural selection, where individuals better suited to their environment were more likely to survive and pass on their traits.
- In his 1859 book On the Origin of Species, Darwin outlined his theory that evolution occurred gradually through natural selection acting on small inherited variations, resulting in the descent of all species from common ancestors and the diversification of life over deep time.
evolution_ppt.pptx
The document discusses evidence that supports biological evolution over time, including:
- Comparative anatomy studies show that homologous structures in different species suggest common ancestry.
- Vestigial structures provide evidence that species descended from ancestral forms that used those structures.
- Molecular biology research indicates that organisms with similar DNA sequences share a common ancestor.
evolution_ppt.pptx
The document discusses evidence that supports biological evolution over time, including:
- Comparative anatomy studies show that homologous structures in different species suggest common ancestry.
- Vestigial structures provide evidence that species descended from ancestral forms that used those structures.
- Molecular biology research indicates that organisms with similar DNA sequences share a common ancestor.
The evolution of living things
1) Adaptations are physical or behavioral characteristics that help organisms survive and reproduce in their environments.
2) The fossil record provides evidence that species have changed over time as the Earth has changed, with newer fossil layers containing organisms more similar to present-day species.
3) Comparing anatomical and DNA evidence across living and extinct species, scientists have determined that species are related through common ancestors and have gradually changed over millions of years through the process of evolution.
2-ScientistsThroughHistoryClass_1_.ppt
Scientists Through History provides a timeline of famous scientists and their accomplishments, including:
- Aristotle established the foundations of taxonomy and defined nature's scale.
- Leonardo da Vinci studied anatomy extensively and tried to recreate bird flight.
- Antony van Leeuwenhoek invented the simple microscope and was the first to observe bacteria and other microorganisms.
- Robert Hooke coined the term "cell" after observing cork under the microscope and made other advances in physics.
- Charles Darwin developed the theory of evolution by natural selection, providing a mechanism by which species evolved over generations.
Similar to Chapter 6 - The Environment and Change Over Time (20)
AP BIO Evolution and Natural Selection speciation 2.ppt
AP BIO Evolution and Natural Selection speciation 2.ppt
Biology - Chp 15 - Darwins Theory Of Evolution - PowerPoint
Biology - Chp 15 - Darwins Theory Of Evolution - PowerPoint
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Micronuclei test.M.sc.zoology.fisheries.
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
bordetella pertussis.................................ppt
Bordettela is a gram negative cocobacilli spread by air born drop let
3D Hybrid PIC simulation of the plasma expansion (ISSS-14)
3D Particle-In-Cell (PIC) algorithm,
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如何办理(uvic毕业证书)维多利亚大学毕业证本科学位证书原版一模一样
原版纸张【微信：741003700 】【(uvic毕业证书)维多利亚大学毕业证】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原海外各大学 Bachelor Diploma degree, Master Degree Diploma
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
waterlessdyeingtechnolgyusing carbon dioxide chemicalspdf
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Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvement
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptx
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
Thornton ESPP slides UK WW Network 4_6_24.pdf
ESPP presentation to EU Waste Water Network, 4th June 2024 “EU policies driving nutrient removal and recycling
and the revised UWWTD (Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive)”
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
Classification
Metal ion ion indicators
Masking and demasking reagents
Estimation of Magnisium sulphate
Calcium gluconate
Complexometric Titration/ chelatometry titration/chelating titration, introduction, Types-
1.Direct Titration
2.Back Titration
3.Replacement Titration
4.Indirect Titration
Masking agent, Demasking agents
formation of complex
comparition between masking and demasking agents,
Indicators/Metal ion indicators/ Metallochromic indicators/pM indicators,
Visual Technique,PM indicators (metallochromic), Indicators of pH, Redox Indicators
Instrumental Techniques-Photometry
Potentiometry
Miscellaneous methods.
Complex titration with EDTA.
THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST(TAT) cognitive abilities, creativity, and critic...
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hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skillsShallowest Oil Discovery of Turkiye.pptx
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The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
SAR of Medicinal Chemistry 1st by dk.pdf
In this presentation include the prototype drug SAR on thus or with their examples .
Syllabus of Second Year B. Pharmacy
2019 PATTERN.
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
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Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
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bordetella pertussis.................................ppt
bordetella pertussis.................................ppt
3D Hybrid PIC simulation of the plasma expansion (ISSS-14)
3D Hybrid PIC simulation of the plasma expansion (ISSS-14)
waterlessdyeingtechnolgyusing carbon dioxide chemicalspdf
waterlessdyeingtechnolgyusing carbon dioxide chemicalspdf
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Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...
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The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptx
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EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST(TAT) cognitive abilities, creativity, and critic...
THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST(TAT) cognitive abilities, creativity, and critic...
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
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Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
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Chapter 6 - The Environment and Change Over Time
- 2. What is a theory? A system of ideas intended to explain something, especially one based on general principles independent of the thing to be explained. In English...it’s a group of ideas that support a biological aspect of the world
- 3. Fossil Record Made up of all the fossils ever discovered on Earth
- 4. Fossil Record The fossil record is HUGE but it is still incomplete There are fossils that have yet to be discovered
- 5. Fossil Formation Mineralization: rock-forming minerals and water fill small spaced in the tissues of organisms
- 6. Fossil Formation Carbonization: dead organism is compressed over time
- 7. Fossil Formation Molds and Casts: sediment hardens around the organism Mold: impression of an organism in a rock Cast: a fossil copy of an organism in a rock
- 8. Fossil Formation Trace fossils: preserved evidence of the activity of an organism
- 9. Fossil Formation Original material: original tissues of organisms are buried in the absence of oxygen for long periods
- 10. Aging Fossils Relative-age dating: scientists look at the age of rocks nearby to determine the relative order in which the organism appeared on Earth
- 11. Aging Fossils Absolute-age dating: scientists look at radioactive decay to get a precise age in years Radioactive decay changes over time so scientists know which isotopes to look at
- 12. Geologic Time Scale A chart that divides Earth’s history into different time units Most recent eon is the Phanerozoic
- 14. Extinctions Occurs when the last individual organism of a species dies Mass extinctions occur when many species become extinct within a few million years or less (Dinosaurs)
- 15. Biological Evolution Change over time in populations of related organisms
- 16. Real World Example Your cell phone is completely different than the cell phone I had when I was your age
- 18. Charles Darwin English naturalist (a person who studies plants and animals by observing them) Mid 1800’s Developed a theory of how evolution works
- 19. Darwin’s Theory If you look at which animals are ancestors, you can see the evolution of the species over time Darwin looked at tortoises
- 20. Darwin’s Theory Variation: a slight difference in an inherited trait of individual members of a species A result of sexual reproduction Remember, offspring will gain traits from both parents
- 21. Darwin’s Theory Natural selection: the process by which populations of organisms with variations that help them survive in their environments live longer, compete better, and reproduce more than those that do not have the variations
- 23. Adaptations An inherited trait that increases an organism’s chance of surviving and reproducing in its environment 3 types: functional, structural, behavioral
- 25. Interactions Camouflage: an adaptation that allows a species to blend in with its environment Mimicry: resemblance of one species to another species
- 27. Fossils Many fossils in the fossil record are species that could not adapt to change The ability to adapt could mean life or death for some species
- 29. Artificial Selection Selective Breeding: the breeding of organisms for desired characteristics Dog breeding
- 32. Comparative Anatomy The study of similarities and differences among structures of living species
- 33. Homologous Structures Body parts of organisms that are similar in structure and position but different in function
- 34. Analogous Structures Body parts that perform a similar function but differ in structure
- 35. Vestigial Structures Body parts that have lost their original function through evolution
- 36. Developmental Biology Embryology: the science of development of embryos from fertilization to birth Pharyngeal pouches: embryos of different species often resemble each other at different stages of development
- 37. Molecular Biology Organisms have similar genes We know how species are related based on their DNA
- 38. Evolution Today Evolution has led to a high level of diversity within populations Scientists study evolution at the molecular level now