Biology Unit 7 Notes: Evidence for Evolution & Phylogenetic Trees
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The document provides evidence for evolution from several sources: fossil records, comparative anatomy, biogeography, carbon dating and genetics. It discusses how comparative anatomy of skeletal structures between animals can show homologous, analogous, and vestigial structures, indicating connections to common ancestors. Phylogenetic trees are diagrams that depict evolutionary relationships and order of evolution between organisms, informed by fossils, anatomy, DNA, and geology. They illustrate the progression from a common ancestor to more recently evolved organisms and the traits associated with different branches in their development.
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This document provides information about evidence for evolution through fossils, vestigial structures, similar skeletal structures, similar DNA, and similar embryonic structures. It defines key terms like fossils, ancestors, and vestigial structures. Examples of each type of evidence are described, such as whale leg bones as vestigial structures. Students are assigned a creative writing task or collage to explain the five types of evidence for evolution.
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Comparative anatomy provides evidence for evolution through the identification of homologous structures, analogous structures, and vestigial structures. Homologous structures are body parts with similar structures but different functions, indicating a close evolutionary relationship. Analogous structures have similar functions but different structures and no direct evolutionary relationship. Vestigial structures are remnants of structures that had a use in ancestral species but serve little purpose in current species.
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This document provides an overview of the types of evidence that support the theory of evolution. It discusses three main categories of evidence: 1) Similarities between species showing common ancestry, such as shared anatomical features, genetic sequences, and geographic distributions. 2) Progressions of species changing over time as seen in the fossil record of whales, horses, and other groups. 3) Remnants of past generations within species, like vestigial legs in whales and pseudogenes in human genomes. Specific examples are given for each type of evidence, such as finger bone structure shared by vertebrates and genetic similarities between humans and chimpanzees.
Evidence For Evolution
Evolution is the change in genetic makeup of a population over generations through processes like natural selection and genetic drift. The document provides evidence for evolution from fossils showing successive changes in ancient organisms, homologous and vestigial anatomical structures, similarities in DNA and proteins between species, and developmental similarities between embryos of different species. Examples are given of observable evolution like industrial melanism and antibiotic resistance in bacteria.
Homologous Structure (Evolution)
This document defines key terms related to homologous and analogous structures in biology. It explains that homologous structures share an ancestral structure, but may not have the same function, while analogous structures between species have similar functions but different underlying structures. Examples are given of homologous limb bones in vertebrates and vestigial structures providing evidence of evolution from common ancestors. References are also provided.
Ch. 6.3 Evidence of Evolution
1. The document discusses multiple lines of evidence that support biological evolution, including homologous and vestigial structures, developmental biology, DNA and protein comparisons, and molecular clocks.
2. Comparative anatomy of homologous and analogous structures in living species indicates common descent from ancestral species. Studies of embryos and developmental biology show similarities that suggest relatedness.
3. Molecular evidence from comparing DNA and protein sequences among living species also supports evolutionary relationships, with more similar sequences indicating more closely related species. Estimates of divergence times are also derived from "molecular clocks."
Evidence for evolution powerpoint
The document discusses several types of evidence that support the scientific theory of evolution, including the fossil record, comparative anatomy, and biogeography. It explains that the fossil record provides evidence of evolutionary transitions from one species to another through transitional fossils. Comparative anatomy shows homologous structures that indicate common ancestry, as well as vestigial structures that have no function and provide evidence the species evolved. Biogeography seeks to explain how closely related species ended up in different parts of the world.
Embryology on evolution
The document discusses Darwin's use of embryology as evidence for evolution. It notes that embryos of different but related species often resemble each other closely, even if the adult forms are quite different. It also states that variations between adult forms usually arise later in development, while embryonic structures remain similar. Therefore, similarities in embryonic development provide evidence that species share a common ancestor.
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This document provides information about evidence for evolution through fossils, vestigial structures, similar skeletal structures, similar DNA, and similar embryonic structures. It defines key terms like fossils, ancestors, and vestigial structures. Examples of each type of evidence are described, such as whale leg bones as vestigial structures. Students are assigned a creative writing task or collage to explain the five types of evidence for evolution.
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Comparative anatomy provides evidence for evolution through the identification of homologous structures, analogous structures, and vestigial structures. Homologous structures are body parts with similar structures but different functions, indicating a close evolutionary relationship. Analogous structures have similar functions but different structures and no direct evolutionary relationship. Vestigial structures are remnants of structures that had a use in ancestral species but serve little purpose in current species.
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Evidence For Evolution
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Homologous Structure (Evolution)
This document defines key terms related to homologous and analogous structures in biology. It explains that homologous structures share an ancestral structure, but may not have the same function, while analogous structures between species have similar functions but different underlying structures. Examples are given of homologous limb bones in vertebrates and vestigial structures providing evidence of evolution from common ancestors. References are also provided.
Ch. 6.3 Evidence of Evolution
1. The document discusses multiple lines of evidence that support biological evolution, including homologous and vestigial structures, developmental biology, DNA and protein comparisons, and molecular clocks.
2. Comparative anatomy of homologous and analogous structures in living species indicates common descent from ancestral species. Studies of embryos and developmental biology show similarities that suggest relatedness.
3. Molecular evidence from comparing DNA and protein sequences among living species also supports evolutionary relationships, with more similar sequences indicating more closely related species. Estimates of divergence times are also derived from "molecular clocks."
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The document discusses several types of evidence that support the scientific theory of evolution, including the fossil record, comparative anatomy, and biogeography. It explains that the fossil record provides evidence of evolutionary transitions from one species to another through transitional fossils. Comparative anatomy shows homologous structures that indicate common ancestry, as well as vestigial structures that have no function and provide evidence the species evolved. Biogeography seeks to explain how closely related species ended up in different parts of the world.
Embryology on evolution
The document discusses Darwin's use of embryology as evidence for evolution. It notes that embryos of different but related species often resemble each other closely, even if the adult forms are quite different. It also states that variations between adult forms usually arise later in development, while embryonic structures remain similar. Therefore, similarities in embryonic development provide evidence that species share a common ancestor.
Biology unit 7 evolution evidence for evolution notes
This document discusses evidence for evolution including:
- Darwin noticed organisms adapt to environments and populations vary in traits. Lamarck incorrectly thought acquired traits could be inherited.
- Evidence includes fossil records, comparative anatomy, biogeography, carbon dating and genetics showing connections between living things and their adaptation over time.
- Comparative anatomy reveals homologous and vestigial structures provide evidence of common ancestry while analogous structures evolved for similar functions.
Evidence of evolution ss
This document provides evidence for biological evolution from several sources:
- Fossil records show succession of organisms over time and increased diversity after catastrophic events.
- Homology and analogy demonstrate that structures in different species share common ancestry or adaptations to environment.
- Embryonic development and biochemistry reveal similar genetic machinery and developmental stages across species.
Evidence Of Evolution
Charles Darwin observed evidence of evolution during his voyage on the Beagle to the Galapagos Islands, including Darwin's finches with varying beak sizes and Galapagos tortoises with different shell shapes. Biologists look at homologous structures rather than analogous structures to determine evolutionary relationships between species because homologous structures originated from a shared ancestor, such as the homologous structures of beaks and forelimbs across species.
Homologous Structures
The theory of evolution proposes that species change over time through the processes of mutation, adaptation, natural selection, and extinction. Genetic mutations may result in new traits being passed on to offspring, some of which can help organisms better survive and reproduce in their environment. Over many generations, species adapt as beneficial traits become more common through natural selection. If a species does not adapt to environmental changes, it risks extinction. Fossils, genetic similarities between species, the distribution of organisms, and anatomical evidence such as homologous structures provide scientific support for the theory of evolution.
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Evidence of evolution
1) Fossil records, anatomy, DNA, and embryology provide evidence for evolution. Fossils show transitional forms and tracks of ancient organisms. Comparing DNA between species shows greater differences the more distantly related they are.
2) Anatomical evidence like whales having vestigial hind limbs and DNA comparisons support the theory that whales evolved from land mammals. Transitional whale fossils dating back 50-35 million years show the evolution of whales from land to sea dwellers.
3) Embryos of different species resemble each other more closely in early stages of development, providing further evidence they share a common ancestor and have evolved over time from that ancestor.
Evidence of evolution
The document discusses multiple lines of evidence that support evolution, including the fossil record, comparative anatomy, biogeography, embryology, and biochemistry. It explains how fossils are formed through processes like compression, petrification, and becoming molds or casts, and how fossils are used to relatively or absolutely date organisms. Comparative anatomy examines homologous and analogous structures between organisms. Biogeography and continental drift help explain the distribution of species. Embryology shows that embryos of different species resemble each other at early stages. Biochemistry finds that DNA and proteins are similar between closely related species.
Evidence for evolution
This document provides evidence for evolution from 5 areas of scientific study: the fossil record, comparative anatomy, comparative embryology, molecular biology, and biogeography. Each area is summarized briefly: the fossil record shows transitional forms; comparative anatomy examines homologous, analogous, and vestigial structures; comparative embryology shows similarities in development of related species; molecular biology compares DNA/protein sequences; and biogeography looks at species distribution and examples of divergent and convergent evolution.
Ch 6.3 evidence of evolution
This document summarizes different types of biological evidence that support the theory of evolution:
1. Comparative anatomy studies body structures across species and finds that more similar structures indicate a closer evolutionary relationship.
2. Embryology finds that more closely related species have more similar embryo development.
3. Molecular biology, such as comparing DNA sequences, finds that a higher similarity in genes and proteins indicates a closer evolutionary relationship between living species. This provides further evidence supporting theories from comparative anatomy and the fossil record.
Biology unit 7 evolution phylogenetic tree notes
A phylogenetic tree is a diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships between different organisms, with the common ancestor at the base and more recently evolved organisms at the top. It is based on evidence from fossils, comparative anatomy, DNA, and geology. The tree illustrates the order in which organisms evolved over time and whether they contain certain traits that evolved in ancestral populations.
Evidence of Evolution
This document provides an overview of the evidence that supports the theory of evolution through natural selection. It discusses multiple lines of evidence from various scientific disciplines, including fossils and the fossil record, comparative anatomy, embryology, biochemistry, and geology. The development of evolutionary theory from early naturalists like Darwin to modern understanding is also summarized. Key events that shaped understanding, such as Darwin's voyage on the Beagle and subsequent publication of On the Origin of Species, are also briefly outlined.
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The document discusses several key aspects of evolution including:
1) Evidence for evolution comes from fossils that show gradual changes in organisms over time, as well as anatomical similarities between organisms that suggest descent from common ancestors.
2) Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection proposed that variations within a species provide advantages for survival and reproduction, leading to changes in populations over generations.
3) The modern synthesis of evolution integrates genetics into natural selection and shows how evolution works at the molecular, organismal, and population levels through a variety of patterns and processes.
Ch. 6.3 Evidence of Evolution
This document discusses several lines of biological evidence that support the theory of evolution:
1) Comparative anatomy shows that species have homologous structures that suggest common ancestry. For example, the forelimbs of different species are structured similarly despite differences in size and function.
2) Developmental biology shows that species' embryos develop in similar ways, like all vertebrates forming pharyngeal pouches. This indicates evolutionary relatedness.
3) DNA evidence finds that closely related species have more similar DNA sequences. Molecular data shows whales are more closely related to hippopotamuses than other living species.
4) Vestigial structures provide evidence of ancestral traits no longer having a function in modern species.
Evidences of evolution
The document provides evidence for evolution from the fossil record, morphology, embryology, and biochemistry. It discusses how the incomplete fossil record still helps reconstruct evolutionary patterns and trends. Homologous structures provide morphological evidence of shared ancestry, while analogous structures evolved independently. Embryological evidence shows that embryos of related species develop similarly due to shared genes regulating development. Biochemical evidence is found in similar amino acid sequences reflecting common ancestry.
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This document outlines six types of evidence that support the theory of evolution:
1. Anatomical evidence such as homologous organs with the same pattern but different functions, analogous organs that evolved independently to serve the same purpose, and vestigial organs that are evolutionary remnants.
2. Fossil evidence showing that ancient species share similarities with modern species and intermediate forms that show evolutionary transitions between groups.
3. Embryonic evidence that embryos of different but related species resemble each other, indicating their shared evolutionary history.
4. Biogeographical evidence of how species are distributed geographically.
5. Molecular evidence from similarities in DNA and proteins.
6. Other unspecified evidence supporting evolution
Analogous structures
Analogous structures are structures in different species that perform the same function but were not evolved from a common ancestor. They arose through convergent evolution as species adapted to similar environments. Examples include insect wings and bird wings, fish fins and penguin fins, and human, horse and dolphin limbs. While Carolus Linnaeus originally grouped species based only on appearance, analogous structures show that function, not appearance alone, determines evolutionary relationships, and natural selection leads to convergent adaptations over time.
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I am rajan an school teacher by profession with post graduation in English,psychology,economics and post graduate diploma in teaching English have been working in a school for 25 years,a remote village in kerala I came in this field not by chance as many in our
place but deliberately.I like this profession very much But I have very limited like minded people to share my views.I want to discuss with such people
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This document discusses evidence for evolution including:
- Darwin noticed organisms adapt to environments and populations vary in traits. Lamarck incorrectly thought acquired traits could be inherited.
- Evidence includes fossil records, comparative anatomy, biogeography, carbon dating and genetics showing connections between living things and their adaptation over time.
- Comparative anatomy reveals homologous and vestigial structures provide evidence of common ancestry while analogous structures evolved for similar functions.
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This document provides evidence for biological evolution from several sources:
- Fossil records show succession of organisms over time and increased diversity after catastrophic events.
- Homology and analogy demonstrate that structures in different species share common ancestry or adaptations to environment.
- Embryonic development and biochemistry reveal similar genetic machinery and developmental stages across species.
Evidence Of Evolution
Charles Darwin observed evidence of evolution during his voyage on the Beagle to the Galapagos Islands, including Darwin's finches with varying beak sizes and Galapagos tortoises with different shell shapes. Biologists look at homologous structures rather than analogous structures to determine evolutionary relationships between species because homologous structures originated from a shared ancestor, such as the homologous structures of beaks and forelimbs across species.
Homologous Structures
The theory of evolution proposes that species change over time through the processes of mutation, adaptation, natural selection, and extinction. Genetic mutations may result in new traits being passed on to offspring, some of which can help organisms better survive and reproduce in their environment. Over many generations, species adapt as beneficial traits become more common through natural selection. If a species does not adapt to environmental changes, it risks extinction. Fossils, genetic similarities between species, the distribution of organisms, and anatomical evidence such as homologous structures provide scientific support for the theory of evolution.
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Evidence of evolution
1) Fossil records, anatomy, DNA, and embryology provide evidence for evolution. Fossils show transitional forms and tracks of ancient organisms. Comparing DNA between species shows greater differences the more distantly related they are.
2) Anatomical evidence like whales having vestigial hind limbs and DNA comparisons support the theory that whales evolved from land mammals. Transitional whale fossils dating back 50-35 million years show the evolution of whales from land to sea dwellers.
3) Embryos of different species resemble each other more closely in early stages of development, providing further evidence they share a common ancestor and have evolved over time from that ancestor.
Evidence of evolution
The document discusses multiple lines of evidence that support evolution, including the fossil record, comparative anatomy, biogeography, embryology, and biochemistry. It explains how fossils are formed through processes like compression, petrification, and becoming molds or casts, and how fossils are used to relatively or absolutely date organisms. Comparative anatomy examines homologous and analogous structures between organisms. Biogeography and continental drift help explain the distribution of species. Embryology shows that embryos of different species resemble each other at early stages. Biochemistry finds that DNA and proteins are similar between closely related species.
Evidence for evolution
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This document summarizes different types of biological evidence that support the theory of evolution:
1. Comparative anatomy studies body structures across species and finds that more similar structures indicate a closer evolutionary relationship.
2. Embryology finds that more closely related species have more similar embryo development.
3. Molecular biology, such as comparing DNA sequences, finds that a higher similarity in genes and proteins indicates a closer evolutionary relationship between living species. This provides further evidence supporting theories from comparative anatomy and the fossil record.
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This document provides an overview of the evidence that supports the theory of evolution through natural selection. It discusses multiple lines of evidence from various scientific disciplines, including fossils and the fossil record, comparative anatomy, embryology, biochemistry, and geology. The development of evolutionary theory from early naturalists like Darwin to modern understanding is also summarized. Key events that shaped understanding, such as Darwin's voyage on the Beagle and subsequent publication of On the Origin of Species, are also briefly outlined.
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The document discusses several key aspects of evolution including:
1) Evidence for evolution comes from fossils that show gradual changes in organisms over time, as well as anatomical similarities between organisms that suggest descent from common ancestors.
2) Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection proposed that variations within a species provide advantages for survival and reproduction, leading to changes in populations over generations.
3) The modern synthesis of evolution integrates genetics into natural selection and shows how evolution works at the molecular, organismal, and population levels through a variety of patterns and processes.
Ch. 6.3 Evidence of Evolution
This document discusses several lines of biological evidence that support the theory of evolution:
1) Comparative anatomy shows that species have homologous structures that suggest common ancestry. For example, the forelimbs of different species are structured similarly despite differences in size and function.
2) Developmental biology shows that species' embryos develop in similar ways, like all vertebrates forming pharyngeal pouches. This indicates evolutionary relatedness.
3) DNA evidence finds that closely related species have more similar DNA sequences. Molecular data shows whales are more closely related to hippopotamuses than other living species.
4) Vestigial structures provide evidence of ancestral traits no longer having a function in modern species.
Evidences of evolution
The document provides evidence for evolution from the fossil record, morphology, embryology, and biochemistry. It discusses how the incomplete fossil record still helps reconstruct evolutionary patterns and trends. Homologous structures provide morphological evidence of shared ancestry, while analogous structures evolved independently. Embryological evidence shows that embryos of related species develop similarly due to shared genes regulating development. Biochemical evidence is found in similar amino acid sequences reflecting common ancestry.
Lesson 19 evidence of evolution
This document outlines six types of evidence that support the theory of evolution:
1. Anatomical evidence such as homologous organs with the same pattern but different functions, analogous organs that evolved independently to serve the same purpose, and vestigial organs that are evolutionary remnants.
2. Fossil evidence showing that ancient species share similarities with modern species and intermediate forms that show evolutionary transitions between groups.
3. Embryonic evidence that embryos of different but related species resemble each other, indicating their shared evolutionary history.
4. Biogeographical evidence of how species are distributed geographically.
5. Molecular evidence from similarities in DNA and proteins.
6. Other unspecified evidence supporting evolution
Analogous structures
Analogous structures are structures in different species that perform the same function but were not evolved from a common ancestor. They arose through convergent evolution as species adapted to similar environments. Examples include insect wings and bird wings, fish fins and penguin fins, and human, horse and dolphin limbs. While Carolus Linnaeus originally grouped species based only on appearance, analogous structures show that function, not appearance alone, determines evolutionary relationships, and natural selection leads to convergent adaptations over time.
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I am rajan an school teacher by profession with post graduation in English,psychology,economics and post graduate diploma in teaching English have been working in a school for 25 years,a remote village in kerala I came in this field not by chance as many in our
place but deliberately.I like this profession very much But I have very limited like minded people to share my views.I want to discuss with such people
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This document discusses evidence that supports the theory of evolution through natural selection as described by Charles Darwin. It provides details on Darwin's theory, including his five points of natural selection. It also summarizes several key types of evidence, including fossils that show changes over time, homologous and analogous structures found through comparative anatomy, biogeography patterns, and limitations in the fossil record.
Biology unit 7 evolution intro to evolution and natural selection notes
This document provides an introduction to evolution and natural selection. It explains that evolution is a change in allele frequencies over time, driven by genetic variation, environmental changes, and the struggle for existence. Natural selection leads to traits that aid survival and reproduction being passed on, potentially resulting in new species. While organisms cannot mutate fully formed body parts, small mutations over thousands of years can lead to new structures. Various events like natural selection, genetic drift, migration and geographic isolation can promote evolutionary changes in populations.
Homology guru
This document discusses homology and species concepts. It defines homology as similarity resulting from common ancestry, such as forelimb bones in a bird, bat, and cat. Homoplasy refers to similarities not due to common ancestry, including convergence where similar features evolve independently. The document outlines typological, biological, evolutionary, and phylogenetic species concepts. It also discusses using comparative anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, paleontology and other evidence to determine homology and common descent between species.
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1. Paleontological evidence such as fossils provide evidence of evolution over long periods of time as life forms change.
2. Comparative anatomy shows that organisms have homologous organs with the same structure but different functions, indicating common ancestry, as well as analogous organs with different structures but similar functions due to convergent evolution.
3. Biochemical evidence such as similarities in proteins and genes performing the same functions across diverse species also points to common ancestry through evolution.
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This document outlines four key types of evidence that support the theory of evolution: fossils, comparative anatomy, embryology, and biochemistry. Fossils provide evidence of extinction, transitional forms between species, and changes in life forms over time. Comparative anatomy reveals homologous and vestigial structures that indicate common descent. Embryological development shows similarities across taxa. Biochemical similarities in proteins, DNA, and other molecules also support the theory that organisms share a common ancestry.
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Biology Unit 7 Notes: Evidence for Evolution & Phylogenetic Trees
- 5. (1) Types of Evidence… • Fossil Records • Comparative Anatomy • Biogeography • Carbon dating and chemical composition • Embryology • DNA / Genetics
- 12. WHALE VIDEO
- 13. FOSSIL VIDEO
- 14. (2) Comparative Anatomy • By looking at fossils scientists can: – Identify species which are extinct. – Understand how and when certain anatomical features developed, and in which types of environments. • Scientists can look at the skeletal structure of different types of animals and… – Look at similarities in body part development, position and structure. – Look at differences and consider causes.
- 15. (3) Types of Body Structures • Homologous Structures Features in the body part that are similar between different types of animals, because they all evolved over time from one common ancestor. • Analogous Structures Features in the body part that are similar between different types of animals, because they evolved in similar environments. • Vestigial Structures Features in the body part, found between different animals, but no longer have functions. (Proving a connection to a common ancestor.)
- 19. (4) Phylogenetic Trees • A diagram used to show the evolutionary relationships between different organisms. • Also Includes: – The common ancestor. – The order organisms evolved in. • Based off of Evidence: – Fossils + Comparative Anatomy – DNA – Geology
- 20. (5) Common Ancestor • The organism by which all other organisms evolved from. • The most primitive ancestor for that type of organism.
- 21. (6) Phylo Tree Parts • Bottom / Base = Oldest Organism/s • Top = Most recently evolved organisms • Organisms after a trait: – Evolved after that trait existed in populations. – Contain those traits. • Organisms before a trait: – Evolved before that trait existed in populations. – Do NOT contain those traits.
- 22. (7) Example 1 2 3 4 5 6 Multicellular Gills Lungs Wings Live Birth LimbsFins Eggs On 4 On 2