Phytophagous mites are plant-feeding pests that damage crops. Predatory mites in the family Phytoseiidae provide effective biological control by voraciously feeding on phytophagous mites like the two-spotted spider mite. Releasing predatory mites like Phytoseiulus persimilis at early signs of an infestation can suppress pest mite populations without the need for pesticides. Proper timing and methods are required to establish predatory mites and allow them to control phytophagous mites in an economical and sustainable manner without the pest mites developing resistance.
Thrips (order Thysanoptera) are minute (mostly 1 mm long or less), slender insects with fringed wings and unique asymmetrical mouthparts. Different thrips species feed mostly on plants by puncturing and sucking up the contents, although a few are predators. Entomologists have described approximately 6,000 species.
In this PPT slides you will come to know about the different kinds of pest which is infesting in WHEAT plant. And also you will come to know about their management practices and also you will have an knowledge about some common chemicals which is being uses to eradicate the pests/diseases infesting in wheat plant.
Commonly used European and western country used that predatory mite.
In especially green house crops to manage phytophagous mite along with thrips.
Predatory mites deserve special mention in an agricultural country like India, where agriculture is always under threat of constant pest attack.
Predatory mites of the family phytoseiidae constitute a highly significant beneficial group on account of their vital role in the maintenance of pest population below EIL.
Predatory mites are now valued with growers worldwide as natural enemies that provide effective pest control in green house and on agricultural crops
Phytoseiid mites have received global attention since the 1950’s.
The species of Phytoseiidae are potentially important as a biotic factor in the control of phytophagous mites particularly Tetranychid and Eriophid mites.
Mass multiplication
This presentation contains valuable information on major insect pests of stored foods like Angoumois grain moth, Indian meal moth, Rice moth, Potato tuber moth etc.
Thrips (order Thysanoptera) are minute (mostly 1 mm long or less), slender insects with fringed wings and unique asymmetrical mouthparts. Different thrips species feed mostly on plants by puncturing and sucking up the contents, although a few are predators. Entomologists have described approximately 6,000 species.
In this PPT slides you will come to know about the different kinds of pest which is infesting in WHEAT plant. And also you will come to know about their management practices and also you will have an knowledge about some common chemicals which is being uses to eradicate the pests/diseases infesting in wheat plant.
Commonly used European and western country used that predatory mite.
In especially green house crops to manage phytophagous mite along with thrips.
Predatory mites deserve special mention in an agricultural country like India, where agriculture is always under threat of constant pest attack.
Predatory mites of the family phytoseiidae constitute a highly significant beneficial group on account of their vital role in the maintenance of pest population below EIL.
Predatory mites are now valued with growers worldwide as natural enemies that provide effective pest control in green house and on agricultural crops
Phytoseiid mites have received global attention since the 1950’s.
The species of Phytoseiidae are potentially important as a biotic factor in the control of phytophagous mites particularly Tetranychid and Eriophid mites.
Mass multiplication
This presentation contains valuable information on major insect pests of stored foods like Angoumois grain moth, Indian meal moth, Rice moth, Potato tuber moth etc.
Insect order collembola are also known as Springtails. here the detail about this order mentioned like what are its families and what are its economic importances.
Biological Control to Maintain Natural Densities of Insects and Mites by Fiel...Premier Publishers
In the present study, the biological control of insects and mites to maintain their natural densities by field releases of lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) is analyzed. Female lady beetles may lay from 20 to more than 1000 eggs over a one to three month period, near prey such as aphids in protected sites on leaves and stems. Lady beetles have hefty appetites and one tiny alligator like larva can eat over two dozen aphids a day, and single adult can eat over twice of that much. In other words, one larva will eat about 400 medium-size aphids during its development to pupal stage and an adult lady beetle may eat over 5,000 aphids during its lifetime (about a year). Usually, reddish-orange lady beetles eat aphids, and darker ones more often eat spider mites, whiteflies and scale insects. The best time to release lady beetles into garden is late in afternoon or at sundown, which can encourage them to stay for night and find suitable food and protection. Dampen the ground or plants before releasing of lady beetles, can encourage them to stay and drink water. About 1000 lady beetles can rid an acre of ground from most of soft-bodied pests and release beetles at base of plants at 20 feet apart or more so that they can hunt for food. Ability of collected lady beetles to reproduce is suspended (reproductive diapause), so eggs are not produced for several weeks after release. Pre-fed lady beetles prior to release can allow some eggs maturation, but few researchers or companies also provide such pre-conditioned lady beetles. The trends of prey devouring demonstrate profound effects that lady beetle may have on target and non-target pests, and highlight their importance for initiating of biological control programs.
Seminar presentation on Indian telecom Industry. Covers all the latest data in FY16 and all important issues and theories in brief. Further details in depth have to get derived from several sources.
2016
Rashmi Ranjan Moharana
M. Sc. (Agri.)
University of Agricultural Sciences, Bengaluru.
M.Sc. (Ag.) in Agricultural Marketing & Cooperation
This includes the inception, present status and future aspects of the Mission as a comprehensive manner.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
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1. PHYTOPHAGOUSMITE& THEIRBIOLOGICALCOTROL
Characteristics of phytophagous mite:-
Mites belong to order Acarina.
Mites distinguished from their insect relatives by the two body region (cephalothorax and
abdomen in some orders, these two parts are fused), sucking mouthparts, lack of
antennae and four pairs of legs (as adults).
The mouthparts, called chelicerae, are adapted for piercing, sucking & lacerating.
Respiration is taken care by trachea but in absence of tracheal respiration, cutaneous
respiration plays role.
The mite life cycle generally consists of an egg stage, a larval stage, one or more nymphal
stages, and an adult stage.
The entire life cycle requires 1-6 weeks for completion.
Important species of mites:-
Common name Scientific name
Grain Mite Acarus siro
Mold Mite Tyrophagus putrescentiae
Cheese mite Tyrolichus casei
House dust mite Dermatophagoides sp.
Chicken Mite Dermanyssus gallinae
Two spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae
Honey bee Mite Varroa sp.
Honey bee tracheal mite Acarapis woodi
Yellow mite Polyphagotarsonemus latus
Predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis
Cucurbitaceous mite Tetranychus cucurbitae
Mango mite Aceria mangiferae
Sorghum mite Oligonychus indicus
Cotton mite Tetranychus macfarlanei
Paddy mite Oligonychus oryzae
Citrus leaf mite Eutetranychus banksi
Sugarcane mite Schizotetranychus andropogoni
Cocunut mite Eriophyes guerreonis
Jasmine eriophyid mite Aceria jasmini
2. INTRODUCTION:-
Mites are pests of both animals & plants. Plant pests belong to the order Tetranychidae(spider
mite, so called because some of them weave webs on plants),Tenuipalpidae(false spider
mites),Tarsonemeidae(tarsonemids),Eriophyidae(blister or gall mites),& Eupodidae(eupodids).Of
these, the spider mites are the most important & prevalent.
BIOLOGICAL CONTROLOFPHYTOPHAGOUS MITE
Some of the predatory mites provide an effective control over the phytophagous mites by
voraciously feeding on them.
The use of predatory mites is an economical biological control for two-spotted spider
mites, a complex of harmful spider mite species, which feed on the undersides of plant
leaves.
Predatory mites are more effective than chemical control because the pest mites do not
build up resistance to predatory mites and growers can reduce or eliminate the use of
chemical pesticides. Spider mites are often a ‘secondary’ pest outbreak after spraying –
3. break the cycle by using predatory mites! Crop yield and quality also improves when
growers stop using broad spectrum chemical sprays.
Predatory mites do not bother plants, people or animals.
Because predatory mites do not give immediate control, they need to be released at the
first signs of a pest mite problem. If there are no pest mites for food, predatory mites will
not survive and reproduce. Some species (N. californicus and A. fallacis) persist at low pest
densities.
In these conditions, it is advantageous to use the ‘bean leaf’ product that carries a food
source for the mites while they establish in the crop.
A ratio of 1 predator per 10 prey mites is often adequate to suppress a pest population.
It helps to tolerate a small population of two-spotted spider mites in hot spots to
maintain the predators as long as possible during the season and be ready to recolonize
each year.
High density hot spots can be knocked down with “selective” miticides before and after
the release of predators.
Other insects are also important predators, including six-spotted thrips, Stethorus
punctillum, the cecidomyid Feltiella acarisuga, and general predators, such as minute
pirate bugs, big-eyed bugs and lacewings.
PREDATORYMITES DESCRIPTION:-
Typhlodromus pyri (Scheuten), Amblyseius fallacis (German), Typhlodromus
occidentalis (Nesbitt) (Acari: Phytoseiidae), and Zetzellia mall (Ewing) (Acari:Stigmaeidae)
Predatory mites can provide consistent biological control of pest mites such as the European
red mite (Panonychus ulmi), (ERM), and two-spotted spider mite(Tetranychus
urticae), (TSSM).
Pure or mixed populations of several predatory mites occur in New York tree and small fruit
plantings.
The most important of these predators are the phytoseiids, Typhlodromus
pyri and Amblyseius fallacis ,Metaseiulus occidentalis, another phytoseiid, is capable of
controlling pest mites, but it occurs only sporadically in New York orchards. Its behavior as a
predator is similar to A fallacis. Zetzellia mali, a Stigmaeid or yellow mite, can be found in
almost any orchard in the state, but provides biological control by itself only when ERM
numbers are relatively low.
Description andBiology:-
The predaceous mites discussed here pass through five stages: egg, larva, protonymph,
deutonymph, and adult. Larvae are six legged; nymphal stages and adults are eight-legged . When
on leaves, these mites are typically found on the underside near the midrib. Eggs are usually laid
along or under the midrib or other large veins, and quiescent forms are most often found there.
Typhlodromus pyri (TP) is common in commercial apple orchards in New York.
Amblyseius fallacis (AF) is virtually identical to TP, so a compound microscope is needed to
distinguish between them. AF overwinters in trees if preys are available in the fall. It can be found
4. in trees as early as bloom, but numbers are often very low until July or August because of high
winter mortality (greater than TP).
Voracity and feeding preferences of adult and larvae Stethorus gilvifrons were evaluated
in the laboratory on the Date Palm spider mite, Oligonychus afrasiaticus Larvae and adult
life stages a prey previously recorded for this predator. Adult of S. gilvifrons consumed
significantly more mites than Larvae.
The predator adults consumed 33.67 and 21.33, whereas predator larvae consumed 32.33
and 19.67 adults and larvae of 40 spider mites respectively in 24 h. The two life stages of
predator coccinellid showed a significant preference for adult’s O. afrasiaticus in the
presence of its larvae. This preference was more pronounced for adults of S. gilvifrons.
The total number of prey consumed decreased significantly for predator adult and Larvae
as the number of larvae mites increased in the prey ratio. Our results suggest that O.
afrasiaticus larvae is an alternative prey for predator, and that adults of S. gilvifrons
should be more efficient than its larvae in a prey assemblage with Larvae and adult of
mite.
In Brazil, for example, a program was successfully implemented in apple orchards to
control phytophagous mites using the phytoseiid Neoseiulus californicus.
Neoseiulus idaeus belongs to a group of selective predators of tetranychid mites, but its
prey range is relatively broad within these web-producers.
Stethorus gilvifrons is a biological agent of the date palm spider mite Oligonychus
afrasiaticus which is a serious pest of date palm in the southwestern of Iran. Adult and
larval stages of S. gilvifrons feed voraciously on different growth stages of O. afrasiaticus.
Predatory mites:-
Family: - Phytoseiidae
Description and life history:- There are several families of predatory are most important for
agriculture and horticulture because they are voracious predators of spider mites many of these
predatory mites are commercially available. Phytoseiid mites are 0.5-0.8 mm long and live in the
soil or leaf litter. They feed with a pair of needle like chelicerae which, when inserted into a plant or
herbivorous mite, allow the mite to suck out juices.
PREY SPECIES:- Although these mites almost always prey on other mites and small insect, many can
also feed on honey dew pollen during times of prey scarcity. Many Phytoseiid are generalized, but a
few have specific prey requirement. Phytoseiids are effective control agent due to their short
generation (1week), high fecundity (40-60 offspring per female), and hearty appetites (20 spider
mites/day, while developing and 10/day for 2-3 weeks as an adult.) Phytoseiulus persimiis is a
specialist mite that control webspinnig mites such as the two spotted spider mite.
5. Biological control of twospottedMite:-
Two spotted Mite control by Phtyoseiuluspersimilis
Persimilis is a voracious feeder on all stages of two spotted mite, a major pest of many
crops. It is one of the world's most commonly reared natural enemies and has been produced
commercially in Australia for over 25 years. This beneficial mite has been used successfully in
6. many situations including strawberries, greenhouse crops and deciduous fruits. The adult
predatory mite is orange, while the younger stages are clear. Both forms are pear-shaped and
fast-moving. Persimilis eggs are oval, tinged with orange and twice the size of spider mite eggs.
Adult persimilis feed on two spotted mite eggs, young and adults. Even though persimilis are only
slightly larger than the mites on which they feed, an adult can destroy twenty young or seven
adult two spotted mites per day. Juvenile stages of persimilis feed on eggs and larvae of spider
mites. At a temperature of 25°C, the predatory mites multiply twice as fast as their prey.
Targetpests:-
Twospotted mite Tetranychus urticae
Bean spider mite Tetranychus ludeni
Pests controlled by persimilis include two spotted mite, the major target pest, and the less
important bean red spider mite. Both belong to a group of eight-legged, plant- feeding mites
called spider mites. Two spotted mite is a major pest of many crops in a range of climates.
Beforerelease
Chemical residues toxic to predatory mites must have time to degrade before persimilis
are released. Synthetic pyrethroids and some organophosphates may need up to eight
weeks to break down.
There is a range of less hazardous chemicals which are preferred if spraying is necessary.
Inspect crops regularly for the presence of mites, especially on the windward side, in dry
spots and at edges. Introduce predators while infestation of two spotted mite is still in its
early stages. For instance, in strawberries, predators should be introduced when four out
of thirty full leaves have mites present.
Check the surrounding vegetation for sources of spider mite and treat these areas as well.
If a hot spot is detected early and treated quickly, the predators will move from that spot
and follow the mites as they spread. Details of the best timing and method of release for
various crops are available from suppliers.
If overhead irrigation is required it should be applied before introducing predators rather
than shortly after. Likewise, if it is raining or rain seems imminent, delay releases until the
plants are dry. Predators can be stored at 7 - 10°C for up to seven days.
At release
Persimilis are dispatched on bean leaves in packs of 10 000. These include persimilis
adults, nymphs and eggs, plus small numbers of two spotted mites as food for the
persimilis. Each pack contains over 300 individual leaves. Place these leaves into the
foliage of the infested plants.
7. Recommendedreleaserates
Field crops:- Minimum one pack of 10 000 mites per 1 000 - 2 000 m2.
Strawberries:- Minimum one pack of 10 000 mites per 3 000 - 5 000 plants.
Ornamentals and cut flowers:- Minimum one pack of 10 000 mites per 200 - 500 m2.
Other natural enemies of twospottedmite
Black ladybird- Stethorus fenestralis
Native predatory mites- Amblyseius spp
Predatory mite -Typhlodromus occidentalis
Predatory thrips -Scolothrips sexmaculatus
Ladybird beetles -Coccinella repanda and Harmonia conformis
Hoverfly larvae -Syrphus spp
METHODSOFAPPLICATION:-
Predatory mites will have the best chance of success if not more than 10 percent of
leaves have pest mites on them.
If there is more than an average of one pest mite per leaf, it is best to reduce the
population with an insecticide soap or selective miticide.
Broad-spectrum pesticides must be avoided for two to three weeks before the
introduction.
Distribute predatory mites when cool and avoid irrigation or hosing down foliage
immediately afterward if the mites are in a natural medium.
Water or sugar water sources and higher humidity improve their performance. Under
good conditions pest mite control is possible in four to six weeks.
Recommended quantities depend on many factors, including level of infestation
carried over form the previous season, ant control and whether selective miticides will
be used to treat hot spots.
When leafhoppers are also a problem, a combined program with green lacewings will
aid mite control.