This document discusses the use of forensic entomology in legal investigations. It provides details on various insects that are important in decomposition, including blow flies, flesh flies, beetles, moths, wasps, ants and bees. Specific insects like Sarcophaga haemorrhoidalis flesh flies are highlighted for their usefulness in determining time of death. Life cycles, habitats and forensic importance of certain flies are outlined. Proper sanitation and insecticide use are recommended for management of these insects.
The non-biting flies are one of the most important pest group because they are not only nuisance pests, but many are also important in disease transmission.
2) Flies feed on a variety of food materials but most of those of structural importance develop in either fermenting or decaying organic matter, although a few are parasitic on other animals. Fly control is often quite challenging because their larval developmental sites must usually be located and eliminated for success, and these sites may be some distance from where the adults are nuisance. Also, flies may invade the walls and attics of structures in large numbers to overwinter, presenting winter-time control challenge.
The non-biting flies are one of the most important pest group because they are not only nuisance pests, but many are also important in disease transmission.
2) Flies feed on a variety of food materials but most of those of structural importance develop in either fermenting or decaying organic matter, although a few are parasitic on other animals. Fly control is often quite challenging because their larval developmental sites must usually be located and eliminated for success, and these sites may be some distance from where the adults are nuisance. Also, flies may invade the walls and attics of structures in large numbers to overwinter, presenting winter-time control challenge.
Pest of poultry and their future precautionsPARUNKUMAR6
Pests of poultry affects production of egg and meat which may be insect or non insects like Lice, Flies, Flea, Bugs and mite. Management activities should be taken like physical, chemical or biological control for effective control of poultry pests.
Beneficial insects (bugs) are insects that perform valued services like pollination and pest control. The concept of beneficial is subjective and only arises in light of desired outcomes from a human perspective. In farming and agriculture, where the goal is to raise selected crops, insects that hinder the production process are classified as pests, while insects that assist production are considered beneficial. In horticulture and gardening; pest control, habitat integration, and 'natural vitality' aesthetics are the desired outcome with beneficial insects.
Pest of poultry and their future precautionsPARUNKUMAR6
Pests of poultry affects production of egg and meat which may be insect or non insects like Lice, Flies, Flea, Bugs and mite. Management activities should be taken like physical, chemical or biological control for effective control of poultry pests.
Beneficial insects (bugs) are insects that perform valued services like pollination and pest control. The concept of beneficial is subjective and only arises in light of desired outcomes from a human perspective. In farming and agriculture, where the goal is to raise selected crops, insects that hinder the production process are classified as pests, while insects that assist production are considered beneficial. In horticulture and gardening; pest control, habitat integration, and 'natural vitality' aesthetics are the desired outcome with beneficial insects.
Insect order collembola are also known as Springtails. here the detail about this order mentioned like what are its families and what are its economic importances.
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It's a very important topic on Environmental Hygiene and its a part of Community Health Nursing. Here is brief description on Arthropod. Its specially for Nursing Students.
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It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
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The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
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http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
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1. FORENSIC ENTOMOLOGY
Forensic entomology involves the application of the study of biology of
arthropods, including insects, arachnids, centipedes, millipedes, and
crustaceans to criminal or legal cases.
Blood-feeding (haematophagous) insects
For example, Mosquitoes (Culicidae). A single mosquito can be used for
investigation (as a source of human DNA) even few days after taking blood.
Necrophagous insects (corpse-eating)
For example, Flies, Beetles, Mites, Moths, Wasps, ants, and bees
2. FLIES
Blow flies – Calliphoridae blue bottle fly, cluster fly,
greenbottles, or black blowfly
Flesh flies – Sarcophagidae
House fly – Muscidae
Cheese flies – Piophilidae
Coffin flies – Phoridae
Lesser corpse flies – Sphaeroceridae
Lesser house flies – Fanniidae
Black scavenger flies – Sepsidae
Sun flies - Heleomyzidae
Black soldier fly - Stratiomyidae
Phoridae – Humpbacked flies
3. BEETLES
Rove beetles – Staphylinidae
Hister beetles – Histeridae
Carrion beetles – Silphidae
Ham beetles – Cleridae
Carcass beetles – Trogidae
Skin/hide beetles – Dermestidae.
Scarab beetles – Scarabaeidae
Sap beetles – Nitidulidae
Macrocheles feed on corpses in early stage of decomposition. Tyroglyphidae
and Oribatidae mites such as Rostrozetes feed on dry skin in the later stages of
decomposition.
MITES (Acari)
4. MOTHS
Clothes-moths – (Tineidae) They are crepuscular and diurnal species. Moths
feed on mammalian hair during their larval stages and may forage on any hair
that remains on a body.
They are amongst the final animals contributing to the decomposition of a
corpse.
Some feed on the body, some are predatory, and eat the insects feeding on the
body.
Bees and wasps have been seen feeding on the corpse body during the early
stages of their lifecycle.
WASPS, ANTS, AND BEES
5. FLIES: Calliphoridae
Blow flies, blue bottle fly, cluster fly, greenbottles, black blowfly, carrion
flies, cluster flies.
About 1,100 species of blow flies are known
Habitat
India, Japan, China, Central America, and the Southern United States.
The typical habitats for blow flies are temperate to tropical areas that provide a
layer of loose, damp soil and litter where larvae may thrive and pupate.
FOOD
Adult blow flies are occasional pollinators, being attracted to flowers with
strong odors resembling rotting meat.
Larvae of most species are scavengers of carrion and dung, and most likely
constitute the majority of the maggots found in such material.
6. Characteristics
Adults are commonly shiny with metallic colouring, often with blue, green, or
black thoraces and abdomens.
Antennae are three-segmented and aristate. The arista are plumose the entire
length, and the second antennal segment is distinctly grooved. Members of
Calliphoridae have branched Rs 2 veins, frontal sutures are present,
and calypters are well developed.
Arrangement of hair like bristles located on the meron are used to differentiate
between members of this family. Having two notopleural bristles and a
hindmost posthumeral bristle located lateral to presutural bristle.
Thorax has the continuous dorsal suture across the middle, along with well-
defined posterior calli. The postscutellum is absent or weakly developed. The
costa is unbroken and the subcosta is apparent on the insect.
7. Life cycle
EGGS
Most species are anautogenous; female requires protein to develop mature eggs
within her ovaries (about 800 µg per pair of ovaries in Phormia regina).
The females visit carrion both for protein and egg laying.
Blow fly eggs, usually yellowish or white in color, are about 1.5 mm x 0.4 mm,
and, when laid, look like rice balls.
female blow fly typically lays 150–200 eggs per batch, she is
usually iteroparous, laying around 2,000 eggs during the course of her life.
The sex ratio of blow fly eggs is usually 50:50, but one exception is females
from two species of the genus Chrysomya (C. rufifacies and C. albiceps), which
are either arrhenogenic (laying only male offspring) or thelygenic (laying only
female offspring).
8. LARVAE
Hatching from an egg to larval stage takes about 8 hours to one day.
Larvae have three instars; each instar is separated by a molting event.
The larvae use proteolytic enzymes in their excreta (as well as mechanical
grinding by mouth hooks) to break down proteins on the livestock or corpse on
which they are feeding.
Blow flies are poikilothermic – the rate at which they grow and develop is
highly dependent on temperature and species. Under room temperature (about 20
°C), the black blow fly Phormia regina can change from egg to pupa in 150–266
hours (six to 11 days).
PUPA
When the third larval stage is complete, it will leave the corpse and burrow into
the ground to pupate, emerging as an adult seven to 14 days later.
9.
10. MANAGEMENT
1. Exclusion and Sanitation
Blow Flies and Bottle Flies feed and breed on dead animals and garbage. Remove
all material where the flies can lay eggs. Killing adult flies will reduce infestation.
Proper sanitation measures must be taken with dumpsters
rodent control measures must be adaped.
Exclude Blow/Bottle Flies with proper screening and maintenance of doors and
windows.
Garbage cans and dumpsters should have tight-fitting lids and must be cleaned
regularly.
Proper drainage of water will get rid of extra moisture to avoid damp places.
Openings of buildings should be tightly screened.
11. 2. Using Insecticides, Fly Baits and Fly Traps
Spray entry points on building or fly resting areas with insecticides such as Cyper
WP or D-Fense SC. Use these insecticides once a month.
Fly Glue Traps such as Catchmaster Gold Sticks -10.5" and Catchmaster
Goldstick - 24 " or Revenge Jumbo Fly Catchers may be used to trap and kill
Blow Flies. Goldsticks are used inside or outside. The Jumbo Fly Catchers are
perfect for hanging in gararges or basements.
Fly Bait such as Bonanza Fly Bait or Maxforce Granular Fly Bait kill flies in
60 seconds, and keep controlling them for up to 30 days.
A pyrethrum aerosol is contact insecticide which provide immediate relief. CB 80
Pyrethrin Aerosol or V One Pyrethrum Aerosol can be used.
Predators of blow flies are Spiders, Beetles, Frogs, Chickens.
12. FLESH FLIES (Sarcophagidae)
The word Sarcophagidae comes from the Greek sarco=flesh, phage=eating.
commonly known as flesh flies.
They have 108 genera and 2500 species.
They are ovoviviparous, depositing hatched or hatching maggots instead of
lying eggs on carrion, dung, decaying material, or open wounds of mammals.
Flesh flies can carry leprosy bacilli and can transmit intestinal
pseudomyiasis to people who eat their larvae. Flesh flies, particularly
Wohlfahrtia magnifica, can also cause myiasis in animals, mostly to sheep,
and can give them blood poisoning, or asymptomatic leprosy infections.
Most larvae infest wounds, carrion or excrement. Larvae of some species prey
on more harmful pests, e.g Lesser house fly larvae, blow fly larvae, and
grasshopper nymphs.
13. SUBFAMILIES
Sarcophaginae: Genus Sarcophaga are scavengers of small carrion, such as
dead insects and snails or smaller vertebrates. A few species feed on larger
vertebrate carcasses. Maggots occasionally eat other larvae. Both larvae and
adult eat decaying vegetable matter and excrement, and they may be found
around compost piles and pit latrines.
Miltogramminae: They are kleptoparasites of solitary bees and solitary
wasps.
Paramacronychiinae: This subfamily includes lepidopteran predators or
parasitoids (Agria), predators on immatures (mainly prepupae) of bumblebees
(Brachycoma) and generalist scavengers and insect predators
(Sarcophila and Wohlfahrtia).
14. BODY CHARACTERISTICS
Adult is 0.08-0.9 in (4-23 mm) in length with black and gray longitudinal
stripes on thorax and checkering on the abdomen. Abdomen have bristles.
Abdominal sternites II and III are free and cover the margins of tergites.
The posthumeral bristles are 1 or 2 in number, which is located lower than the
notopleural bristle. The hindmost posthumeral bristle is located even with or
toward the midline from the presutural bristle. Four notopleural bristles are
present and arranged in the order - short, long, short, long - from front to rear.
The eyes are smooth, red in colour and very rarely hairy.
The arista is plumose in its basal half, or rarely pubescent or glabrous.
15. LIFE CYCLE
The life cycle for the common species can be completed in eight to 21 days. The
preferred breeding media containing decayed flesh, spoiling meat, and manure.
They over winter as pupae in temperate climates. They emerge in spring and
mate. Eggs are laid very rarely. Eggs hatch within the body of the adult.
Females of most species deposit 20 to 40 maggots directly in the host or
substitute. As many as 325 larvae have been known to be born by a single female.
Maggots bear 3 instars and fully developed within 3-6 days. Larvae prefer moist
and semi-aquatic environment.
Pupae develop more quickly at cool temperatures. They are 12 mm in length and
the entire pupal stage take 16 days.
Adult flies emerge in ten to 14 days. Several generations are produced each year.
16.
17. FORENSIC IMPORTANCE
Sarcophaga haemorrhoidalis is particularly important to forensic entomology as
it can be one of the first in arthropods to arrive at corpse. The species is a strong
flyer and has the ability to fly in inclement weather when other arthropod species
are unable to fly. Sarcophaga haemorrhoidalis is most often associated with
corpses found inside buildings.
Like blow fly species, sarcophagid flies are also used to determine the post-
mortem interval (PMI) in death investigations and because their development
cycle is short, they are the most useful for the first three to four weeks after death.
This species has also been used for PMI estimations on severely burnt remains.
CONTROL: The burial or destruction of carcasses, manure heaps and mounds of
decaying organic matter eliminates many favorable breeding sites. Proper
treatment of wounds also helps to prevent flesh fly harm to animals.
18. Medical and Economic Importance
20 species of Sarcophaga cause gastrointestinal myiasis and infest living tissues.
Myiasis occur in livestock which result in economic loss. The S.
haemorrhoidalis is attracted towards animal feces and prefer to larviposit in
animal sheds. Some females larviposit on mucus tissues of rectum.
Myiasis occurs from ingesting contaminated food and infestations may be
persistant if left untreated.
Intestinal myiasis can be difficult to diagnose as the symptoms are similar to
other intestinal diseases and disorders, and may also be asymptomatic.
Myiasis occurs mostly in overcrowded areas.
19. Diagnosis of myiasis usually occurs when the presence of larvae in fresh stool
samples is observed. Pain is felt due to larval progression down the intestinal
tract as the larvae use their buccal (mouth) hooks to move which causes
scratching along the intestinal lining. Itching and inflammation around the anal
tissue is common in cases where larvae are deposited directly in the rectal area.
Other forms of myiasis that can occur with S. haemorrhoidalis include nasal and
aural infestations. Aural and nasal myiasis presents with a rancid, bloodstained
pus, pain, and irritation in the infected tissue. Treatment consists of killing the
maggots and removing them with forceps from the infested area.
Adult S. haemorrhoidalis have been connected with the transmission of other
disease organisms including Escherichia coli (Migula), Shigella
dysenteriae (Shiga), Streptococcus spp., Salmonellaspp., tapeworms, and even
the virus responsible for polio.
