Rawe final gr 1

SUBMITTED BY: SUBMITTED TO:
GROUP – I (RAWE 2013-14) Dr. P. M. Mohapatra
P.C.RAWE(2013-14)
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE
BHAWANIPATNA
AA RREEPPOORRTT OONN RRAAWWEE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
IT IS A PROUD PRIVILEGE TO EXPRESS OUR DEEPEST SENSE OF GRATITUDE TO DR. R. K. PATNAIK,
ASSOCIATE DEAN, COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, BHAWANIPATNA VALUABLE GUIDANCE AND CONSTANT
SUPERVISION, CONSTRUCTIVE CRITICISM AND ENCOURAGEMENT THROUGHOUTTHE RAWE PROGRAMME.
WE DO EXPRESS OUR INDEBTEDNESS TO DR. P. M. MOHAPATRA, ASSOC. PROF.(PBG) & PROGRAMME
CO-COORDINATOR, RAWE FOR PROVIDING GUIDANCE, UNFAILING INTEREST, PAINSTAKING AND INVALUABLE HELPS
FOR COORDINATING THE ENTIRE RAWE PROGRAMME & DURING THE PREPARATION OF THE PROJECT REPORT. HIS
INSPIRING ASSISTANCE ENABLED US TO COMPLETE RAWE PROGRAMME SUCCESSFULLY.
WE WOULD LIKE TO EXTEND OUR PROFOUND GRATEFULNESS TO MR. SUJIT MAJHI, ASST. PROF.(EXT.
EDUCATION)FOR HIS PAINSTAKING INTEREST AND PARTICIPATIONDURINGTHE ENTIRE RAWE PROGRAMME.
WE ARE ALSO GRATEFUL TO DR. S. C. SWAIN, ASSOC. PROF.(HORT), DR. DIPIKA SAHOO, ASST.
PROF.(HORT), DR. D. KHULBE, ASSOC. PROF.( PL. PATHO.), MR. U. K. BEHERA, ASST. PROF.(ENTO.), MISS
MADHUMITA JENA, SMS(EXT.), KVK, KALAHANDI; MR. B. SINHA, ASST. PROF.(SOIL SC.), MR. G. C. SAHOO,
SMS(SOIL CHEMISTRY), KVK FOR EXPERINTIALLEARNINGPROGRAMME(ELP).
WE ARE LIKE TO THANK DR. R. K. TARAI, PC, KVK, KALAHANDIFOR THEIR HELP AND CO-OPERATION
DURING THE VILLAGE ATTACHMENT PROGRAMME AND OTHER ACTIVITIES OF RAWE.
WE ARE VERY MUCH THANKFUL TO DR. S. K. NAYAK, ASSOC. PROF.(ENTO.), DR. L. K. DAS, ASSOC.
PROF.(AGRO), MR. B. P. GANTAYAT, ASST. PROF(AGRO), DR. P. MANDAL, FARM SUPERINTENDENT, MRS. J. KAR,
ASST. PROF(PBG), DR. K. K. SARANGI, ASST PROF(AG. ECON.), MISS SMRITI HANSDA, ASST. PROF(SWCE), DR.
LIPISMITA SAMAL, ASST PROF.(ANIMAL SC.), MR. R. K.. PANDA, ASST. PROF.(PL. PHYSIOLOGY) FOR THEIR HELP
AND COOPERATION DURING RAWE PROGRAMME.
OUR SINCERE THANKS ARE DUE TO DR. L. N. MOHAPATRA, ADR, RRTTS, DR. G.C. MISHRA, SR.
SCIENTIST(AGRO),DR. P.K. PANDA, SR SCIENTIST(HORT)MR. B. S. NAYAK, JR. SCIENTIST(AGRO), MR. ANSUMAN
NAYAK, TECHNICAL OFFICER(AAS) AND MR. S. K. MOHANTY, JR. BREEDER(CASTOR) OF RRTTS,
BHAWANIPATNA, MR. G. R. SAHOO, SMS(FORESTRY) OF KVK, MR. C. R. SATAPATHY, DDA, KALAHANDI, FOR
THEIR HELP DURING FIELD VISIT AND INVOLVEMENTIN RAWE PROGRAMME.
THANKS ARE ALSO DUE TO MR. B. MISHRA, SOIL CHEMIST, SOIL TESTING LABORATORY, BHAWANIPATNA,
SEED PRODUCTION OFFICER BHAWANIPATNA, GANAPATI BIO TECH, GRAM VIKAS&OTELPDURING EXPOSURE VISIT AND
PROGRESSIVE FARM ERS OF VILLAGE FOR THEIR HELP DURING VILLAGE ATTACHMENT PROGRAMME.
LAST BUT NOT THE LEAST, WE ARE VERY MUCH THANKFUL TO ALL THE FARMERS OF KANAKPUR VILLAGE,
STAFFS AND STUDENTS OF OUR COLLEGE, KVK, RRTTS AND OTHERS WHO ARE DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY
INVOLVED IN RAWE PROGRAMME.
STUDENTS UNDER RAWE PROGRAMME 2013-14
GROUP LIST

SL.NO Name Of The Student Adm.No Signature
1 Sarita Pradhan 03b/10
2 Pramod Kumar Sabar 04b/10
3 Shitikantha Das 05b/10
4 Tejaswini Nayak 06b/10
5 Haripriya Bagh 07b/10
6 Sugyani Sethi 08b/10
7 Jnyana Ranjan Diggal 09b/10
8 Subhashree Mallik 10b/10
9 Deba Prasad Panda 11b/10
10 Samir Ranjan Mishra 12b/10
11 Sujan Kumar Narendra 13b/10
12 Asutosh Panigrahi 14b/10
13 Anjalee Panda 15b/10
14 Sourav Panigrahi 16b/10
15 Tanmaya Mishra 17b/10
16 Ashok Kumar Paikaray 18b/10
17 Geetikrishna Naik 19B/10
18 Ashutosh Sarangi 20b/10
19 Rashmi Ranja Maharana 21b/10
20 Chandan Kumar Panigrahi 22b/10
21 Ashis Das 23b/10
22 Adyasha Das 24b/10
23 Satyapriya Singh 25b/10

INDEX
1. Introduction to RAWE
2. College Information
3. District Information
4. KVK, Kalahandi
5. RRTTS, Kalahandi
6. DDA, KALAHANDI
7. PRA
8. PRA Activities conducted in Different village
KANAKPUR
i. PRA TOOLS
ii. Action Plan
iii. Training and Demonstration
9. Exposure Visit
a. SOIL TESTING LABORATORY, BHAWANIPATNA
b. SEED PROCESSING PLANT, BHAWANIPATNA
c. GANAPATI BIO TECH.
d. GRAM VIKAS, TH. RAMPUR
e. OTELP, KALAHANDI
10.Experiential Learning Programme
Annexure
Village information
Interview schedule
Experience gained during RAWE programme

RURAL AGRICULTURAL WORK
EXPERIANCE
Agricultural Education is an important tool in ensuring increased agricultural productivity,
sustainability, environmental and ecological security, profitability, job security & equity. In India,
Randhawa Committee (1992) recommended the Rural Agriculture Work Experience (RAWE)
programme for imparting quality, practical and production oriented education for agriculture degree
programme. The World Bank (1975) stated that there was little emphasis on curricula on
preparing the agricultural graduates for better career in agriculture or agribusiness outside govt.
jobs. Therefore, the agenda for the 21st
century in agricultural education should be drawn on the
basis of the challenges it has to meet in the near future. RAWE programme provides significant
hands on experience in acquiring knowledge and skill.
WHAT IS RAWE:-
RAWE (Rural Agricultural Work Experience) is a programme for imparting quality, practical
and production oriented education for agriculture degree
IMPORTANCE OF RAWE:-
 Preparing Agricultural Graduates for better career in agriculture/ agribusiness
 Preparing Agricultural Graduates to face the challenges by acquiring knowledge & skill through
hands on experience
OBJECTIVES:RAWE:-
• Understanding of rural life by students
• Familiarity with the socio-economic situation of village
• Opportunity for practical training
• Development of Communication skill in Transfer of Technology
• Understanding of technologies followed by farmers
• Preparation of production plan suitable for local situation
• Development of confidence and competency for facing problematic situation and finding solutions
SURVEY & FARM PLANNING:-

• Make PRA survey of the villages (both irrigated and non-irrigated), preparation of report and
presentation
• Collection of data on socio-economic condition, population, cropping pattern, irrigation facilities,
resources available, labour, employment etc.
• Preparation of alternate farm plans including family system approach for the host farmer and
village in consultation with both Govt. & local Research/ Extension scientists of the University for
reorganization of farm business for higher income and sustainable production
• Identify the constraints in marketing of Agril. Produce, institutional credit facilities, input supply
agencies and co-op. enterprises
• Student shall record family budgets of host farmers and two other families’ one agril. Labourer &
one rural artisan.
EXTENSION EDUCATION:-
• Identification of agricultural problems of village
• Conducting method demonstrations and result demonstration
• Field visit and group discussion with farmers on need based agricultural topics
• Organization of agricultural exhibitions for visual publicity of improved practices
• Study of on-going agricultural programmes in the village & their impact
• Organization of farmers training programme and participation in programmes conducted by Govt.
Agril. & allied departments.
• Visit to local institutions to study their role in development programmes and research work.
• Study the role of mass media in transfer of technology
• Participation in village social work - conduct survey on youth problems, initiation of youth clubs,
working with youth & youth specific projects
• Submission of report on extension activities
RESEARCH STATION ACTIVITIES:-
• Visit to different research schemes and research stations under OUAT and ICAR.
• Acquaintance with various research activities of the concerned research scheme/ stations.

• Knowledge on the methodologies involved in conducting different types of experimental, trials,
analysis of experimental data, maintenance of farm records and project files.
• Observe closely the different aspects of research programmes.
• Interaction with the research scientists of different disciplines on the ongoing experiments and
trials.
• Note down weather data during their period of study at the Research Station.
• Awareness on various methodologies involved in conducting research trials.
• Observation of different aspects of research programmes.
• Recording the titles and technical programmes of research projects and research procedures
shown to them.
IMPLICATION OF RAWE PROGRAMME:-
 Sensitization towards field agriculture.
 Hands-on experience in village condition.
 Development of favorable& required skill & attitude among agricultural graduates.
 Development of human resource in agriculture education.

WELCOME
TO
COLLEGE
OF
AGRICULTURE

BHAWANIPATNA
BRIEF REPORT OF COLLEGE OF
AGRICULTURE,
(OUAT) Bhawanipatna 2012-13
The College of Agriculture, Bhawanipatna is the 3rd
Agriculture College established in the
year 2009-10 under Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar. The college
is situated altitude: - 19°55'6"N 83°9'33"E.The total student enrolment of the college per year is 50
including two in-service candidates. The students are selected on the basis of All Odisha entrance
test conducted by OUAT, Bhubaneswar and All India entrance conducted by Indian Council of
Agricultural Research (ICAR) New Delhi. At present there are 184students, the college is
functioning in the Research Station Campus of OUAT, Bhawanipatna. Students are
accommodated in two hostels namely Bhawanishankar for boys and Manikeswari for girls. The
construction works of college building, guest house, dispensary and staffquarters are under
progress.
The college has total sanctioned staff strength of 52. Out of which23 are teaching posts, 17
are filled up and 1 in the cadre of Associate Professor and 5 in the cadre of Asst. Professorare
vacant one each in the discipline of Soil Science, Nematology, Seed Sci. &Technology, Agril.
Statistics & Biotechnology. Out of the 16 non-teaching positions, 8 are filled up and 8 are lying
vacant. Our college is well equipped with all the modern equipment’s for undertaking UG practical
classes. The second batch (2010-11) students of our college are now in 4th
year and are being
offered experiential learning and RAWE programme in this college. However our students are
actively involved in conducting field experiments at Instructional farm of the college, identification

of pests and diseases of well diversified crops in the adjoining areas of Bhawanipatna. Student
exposure visits are organized by the college from time to time to enhance their practical knowledge
and Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) exercises are being conducted by the students in different
villages. In addition to the routine activities our students participated in sports and literary activity at
University level and district level conducted by the Department of Environment and Forests,
Vivekananda Seva Sangha, Mahavir Sankrutika Anusthana, Department of Tourism etc. First
athletic meet, literary competition and annual function were held during the year under report.
Our faculty members were involved in capacity building of farmers and extension
functionaries in different training programmes mentioned below-
i. Water management in rainfed cropping systems
ii. ISOPOM on oilseeds and pulses
iii. Water management practices in Rice and Maize
iv. Technology week programme of KVK
v. Post harvest management and value addition in horticultural crops
vi. Improved production technology for onion cultivation
vii. Integrated cotton development programme (ICDP), Govt. of India
viii. Regular Radio and Doordarshan Programmes
ix. Regular Advisory services at college campus..
OTHER FACILITIES
LIBRARY:-A total no of 2782 books have are available in the library.
NURSERY:-Here seedlings of different crops are raised by the students in the nursery beds & other
ornamental crops are grown in pots also.
STUDENT PLOT:-student plot is situated behind the girls’ hostel where a number of field crops &
horticultural crops are grown by the students which improves the field exposure knowledge.
ACHIEVEMENTS OF Collegeof Agriculture,Bhawanipatna(2012-13)
 OUAT has ranked 3rd
with respect to qualifying students in the ICAR's 18th All India Entrance
Examination (AIEEA-PG-2013) and College of Agriculture, Bhawanipatna is emerged as best
constituent colleges of OUAT. The students are pursuing Master degree programmes in agriculture
in SAUs and ICAR institutes such as Karnal, Solan,faizabad, Hissar, Santiketan, Allahabad,
Gujarat, Bhubaneswar .

 Miss Aswathy Rani was placed as Girls’ University champion in the University Annual Meet-2012-
13.
 Pallavi Mishra was awarded with Chancellor’s and Vice Chancellor’schampion cup in the inter
University Odia debate.
 Pallavi Mishra and Lopamudra Singha were awarded cash prizes of Rs.30, 000/- and Rs.20,
000/- respectively as 1st
and 2nd
Prizes in the ONGC essay competition.
 30 no.s of students and 5 faculty members along with the Associate Dean, CA, Bhawanipatna
donated blood in a blood donation camp organized by SAMBAD in coordination with Red Cross
Society on 18th
August 2011.
 On 24th
August 2011, on the eve of OUAT foundation day celebration “BANA MAHOTSHAV” was
organised in the College premises and essay as well as Art competition were held among the
students to mark the occasion.
 The students participated in literary activities at district level conducted by the Department of
Environment and Forests, Vivekananda Seva Sangha, Mahavir Sankrutika Anusthana, Department
of Tourism etc. during 2012-13.
 90 % of students s are presently availing various scholarships such as O.U.A.T UG merit, O.U.A.T
UG Free ship, LIC, Post Matric & merit scholarships for SC & ST (PRERANA), CAFAS, NTS and
Medhabruti.
 All the students, teaching and non-teaching staff members of College of Agriculture actively
participated in organizing Golden Jubilee Regional Kishan Mela & Plant/Animal Health Camp,
Frontier Technologies for enhancing farm productivity in rainfed agro-ecosystems and farmer
scientist interaction on 23rd
April, 2012.
 Student-Teacher Ratio: 8:1

NURSERY COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, BHAWANIPATNA
STUDENT PLOT
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE BHAWANIPATNA

KALAHANDI DISTRICT AT A GLANCE
Kalahandi (Oriya: କଳାହାଣ୍ଡି), is a district of Odisha in India. It is believed that the lands of
Kalahandi district and Koraput district were the ancient places where people started cultivation of
paddy. In ancient time it was known as Mahakantara (meaning Great Forest) and Karunda
Mandal, which means treasure of precious stones like karandam (Manik), Garnet (red stone),
Beruz, Neelam (blue stone), and Alexandra etc. Manikeswari (the goddess of Manikya or
Karandam) is the clan deity of Kalahandi may also signify its historical name. After Independence
of the Country, merger of princely state took place on 1st January, 1948. The princely state of
Kalahandi was merged in Orissa along with other princely states in the 1st November, 1949.
Subsequently, in 1962, Kashipur Police Station was taken out from this District and merged with
Koraput.
Geography: -
Kalahandi district occupies the South-western portion of Orissa and is situated between 19 degree
3' N and 21 degree 5' N latitude and 82 degree 30 E and 83 Degree 74' E longitude. It is bounded
in the North by the District of Bolangir and Nuapara, on the South by the District of Rayagada, on
the West by the District of Nabarangpur and Raipur (Chhatisgarh) and on the East by the District of
Rayagada and Boudh. The District Headquarters is at Bhawanipatna town which stands almost to
the Eastern border. Kalahandi district has an area of 8,364.89 sq.km and ranks 7th among the 30
districts of Orissa. Forest occupies 4,964 of the total geographical area of the district, i.e. not
cultivated area of the District in the year 1993 is 375752 ha. In the same year, 11,602 hectors were
leftas fallow lands or cultivable wasteland.
Topography:-
The District has two distinct physiographic regions, the plain lands and the hilly tracts. The
plan region runs Southward up to Bhawanipatna and then westward through Junagarh and
Dharmgarh and then further up to the boundary of the District. The plains cover about 59 percent
of the total area of the District. The Hilly tracts are mostly located in the South western part of
Bhawanipatna Subdivision. Some of the hilly regions are covered with dense forest.

Physiography:-
The District has two sub-divisions, 12 Police Stations, 13 Tahasils, 13 Blocks, 1 Municipality, two
N.A.Cs., 1 Treasury, 5 Sub-Treasuries and 195 Gram Panchayats of 2185 villages.
Rainfall and Climate:-
The climate of the District is of extreme type. It is dry except during monsoon. There are
large varieties of day and night temperature. The average annual rainfall of the district is 1378.20
mm. The variation in the rainfall from year to year is not large. The monsoon starts late in June and
generally lasts up to September. 90% of the rainfall received from June to September. August is
the month with more number of rainy days. About 28% of rainfall is received during this month.
Drought is normal feature of this district.
Temperature and Humidity:-
There are large variations in the day and night temperature. The summer seasons starts
from the beginning of March. May is the hottest month when the maximum temperature is about
45o
C (82 degree F). The temperature drops down with the onset of monsoon towards the second
week of June and throughout the monsoon the weather remains cool. December is the coldest
month, as the mean daily minimum temperature is recorded at 11 o
C. Relative humidity is generally
higher from June to December. It is lower (27%) in the non-monsoon months. During August, it is
the highest i.e. 70% and March is the month lowest when it is lowest 27%. Northern plateau (at
BLOCK TAHSIL SUBDIVISION
1. Bhawanipatna sadar
2. T.Rampur
3. Dharmagarh sadar
4. Jayapatana
5. Kalampur
6. Kaksora
7. Junagarh
8. Golmunda
9. Karlamunda
10. Madanpur-Rampur
11. Narla
12. Kesinga
13. Lanjigarh
1. Bhawanipatna sadar
2. T.Rampur
3. Dharmagarh sadar
4. Jayapatana
5. Kalampur
6. Kaksora
7. Junagarh
8. Golmunda
9. Karlamunda
10. Madanpur-Rampur
11. Narla
12. Kesinga
13. Lanjigarh
1. Bhawanipatna
2. Dharmagarh

2150 MSL) of Sunabeda in Komna Block of Nuapara district has a cooler climate so also the
Rampur area (at 2700 Feet MSL).
Soil of kalahandi:-
The district has five types of soils broadly classified as under i)Red soil. ii) Red & Yellow
soil. iii) Mixed Red & Black soils. iv)Black soils and v) alluvial soil. Area covered is 38.5, 34.2, 11.1,
9.6 and 6.6 for red soils.Red & yellow soils, mixed red & black soils, black soils and alluvial soils,
respectively.
Rivers:-
The rivers Tel, Indrāvati which formtributaries of large rivers like Mahanadi and Godavari
may be mentioned amongst the principal rivers of Kalahandi. However, Tel is by far the longest
and most important river of the District. The tributaries of river Tel and Moter, Hati, Sagada, Ret,
Uttei, Raul, Sunday, Undanti lands are also the important other rivers. Most of the rivers are rained
and go dry during summer. Indravati and Nagavali, two important rivers have their origin from Th-
Rampur of this District.
Forest:-
Nearly half of the total Geographical area of Kalahandi District 4,962 Sq.Kms was covered
with forest. In the recent times this has been a considerable shrinkage in forest areas due to
denudation. Forest based products like Mahua, Kendu leaf, wood, timber and bamboos are also
contributing local economy largely. Kalahandi supplied substantial raw materials to paper mills in
neighboring Rayagada and Jeypore.
Minerals:-
Bauxite, Graphite, Manganese, Iron and Quartz are some of the minerals available in the
district. Of these, only Bauxite and Graphite has been commercially exploited. Bauxite is found in
Lanjigarh block at Niamgiri in large scale. Manganese deposits are found mostly in Khariar Plateau
of Nuapara District and Iron ores in places adjoining Koraput district. But these ores are of poor
grade and are not considered suitable for economy exploitation. According to the National Council
of Applied Economic Research, the known deposits of minerals in the district cannot by
themselves sustain heavy mineral based industry
Economy: -
In 2006 the Ministry of Panchayati Raj named Kalahandi one of the country's 250 most
backward districts (out of a total of 640). It is one of the 19 districts in Orissa currently receiving
funds from the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme (BRGF).
Agriculture:
Kalahandi is largely an agriculture based economy. During Bengal famine Kalahandi alone
had sent 100,000 tons of rice. During 1930s princely state of Kalahandi had proposed to build

upper Indravati project but subsequent merger of princely state with India delayed the project. It
got approved in 1978 and yet to be fully completed. In the mean time drought occurred in 1960s
and lately in 1980s. In 1980s Kalahandi become infamous for drought, child selling, malnutrition
and starvation death and social worker referred it as 'Kalahandi Syndrome. Though KBK project
was announced in 1990s by central Government especially for undivided Kalahandi, Bolangir and
Koraput districts primarily keeping poverty, backwardness and starvation death in mind, undivided
Kalahandi district continued to remain politically ignored for various reasons.
Kalahandi also is an example of disparity /contrasts that exist in many part of
developing/underdeveloped world. On the one side, this district is famous for famine and starvation
deaths: this is the same district that is rich with agriculture. Dharamgarh sub-division was historical
known for rice production in Orissa. Since 2000s the Indravati Water Project, second biggest in the
state has changed the landscape of southern Kalahandi, leading to two crops in a year. Because
of this, blocks like Kalampur, Jaipatna, Dharamgarh, Jungarh, Bhawanipatna etc. are witnessing
rapid agricultural growth. This has boasted the Highest Number of Rice Mills in Kalahandi among
districts in Orissa. The number of rice mills in the district was around 150 in the year 2004-05.
More than 70% have been built in the five years after commissioning of the Indravati project.
Industry:-
Vedanta Alumina Limited (VAL), a subsidiary of Sterlite Industries, a major aluminium
processor has made major investments by establishing an 1 MTPA Alumina Refinery and 75 MW
Captive Power Plant at Lanjigarh. Though this project has received criticism from
environmentalists, especially from outside groups; supporters of VAL claims it has brought
significant changes in Socio-Economic scenario of Lanjigarh and Kalahandi. The Union
Environment Ministry in August 2010, rejected earlier clearances granted to a joint venture led by
the Vedanta Group company Sterlite Industries for mining bauxite from Niamgiri hills making the
company to depend on bauxite from outside Orissa. The company's proposal for Expansion of the
Refinery to 6 MTPA, which would have made it one of the largest refineries in the world, was
halted by India's environment ministry.
Demographics:-
According to the 2011 census Kalahandi district has a population of 1,573,054. This gives it
a ranking of 317th in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of 199
inhabitants per square kilometer (520 /sq. mi). Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-
2011 was 17.79%. Kalahandi has a sex ratio of 1003 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy
rate of 60.22%.

Basic Information about Kalahandi district
1. Agro climatic zone: Western Undulating
2. Geographical area: 8,197 sq.km
3. Cultivated area: 3,72,000 ha
 High land : 2,32,000 ha
 Medium Land: 71,000ha
 Low land: 68,000ha
1. Irrigated Area: Kharif: 27%, Rabi: 16%
2. Cropping intensity (%): 151
3. Population (2001 census) (in ‘000): 1131
i. Male: 566; Female: 565
ii Rural : 1053; Urban: 78
7. Population density: 138/ sq.km
8. No. of farm families; 1, 68,000
Sl.N
o
Holding
Area (ha)
Farmer category
No. of farm
families
Area (ha)
i < 1.0 Marginal Farmer 72,612 39545
ii 1.0-2.0 Small Farmer 50,127 69,545
iii 2.0-4.0 Small Medium Farmer 31,832 87,330
iv 4.0-10.0 Medium Farmer 12,710 73.315
v > 10.0 Large Farmer 1519 24,063
9. Climate:
i. Maximum Temp.: 240
- 470
C; Minimum Temp.:40
– 28.50
C
ii. Rainfall: Normal rainfall- 1378.2mm iii. No. of rainy days: 65.4
10. Soil type: Red soil, Black soil, Red & black soil
11. Farming situation:Rainfed Dry land farming
12. Inception of KVK:February, 1994

KKAALLAAHH
AANNDDII
O.U.A.T Centre
Bhawanipatna

KRISHI VIGYAN KENDRA
(KVK) KALAHANDI
A BRIEF INTRODUCTION ON KVK,
KALAHANDI

Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kalahandi, is a First Line Transfer of Technology Project sanctioned
by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research to operate under Orissa University of Agriculture
and Technology, Bhubaneswar in pursuance to the Council’s Office Order No. 5(9) 92-KVK, (AE-II)
dt. 27.08.1993. This Kendra started functioning from 13.02.1994 in the Western Undulating Zone
of Orissa with its headquarters at Bhawanipatna, with a prime aim to enhance the agricultural
production of Kalahandii district with help of the mandatory activities like: On Farm Trials, Front
Line Demonstrations, Vocational Trainings for farmers, In-service Trainings, different Extension
Activities, Seed & Seedling productions and making KVK information hub.
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kalahandi, is a First Line Transfer of Technology Project sanctioned
by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research to operate under Orissa University of Agriculture
and Technology, Bhubaneswar in pursuance to the Council’s Office Order No. 5(9) 92-KVK, (AE-II)
dt. 27.08.1993. This Kendra of OUAT started functioning from 13.02.1994 in the Western
Undulating Zone of Orissa, with its headquarters at Bhawanipatna, Kalahandi.
Staff Position
 Dr. Ranjan Kumar Tarai (P.C.)
 Ganesh Prasad (SMS Agronomy)
 Tulsi Majhi (SMS horticulture)
 Madhumita Jena (SMS extension)
 Gyana Ranjan Sahu (SMS forestry)
 G.C.Sahu (SMS Soil Science)
 Priyadarshini Swain (Farm Manager)
Mandate of the KVK: Assessment, refinement and demonstration of the technology/products.
Objectives of the KVK:
 On Farm Testing to identify the location specific technology in various farming system.
 Front Line Demonstration to establish production potentials of the technologies on the farmer’s
fields.
 Training of farmers and farmwomen to update their knowledge and skills in modern agriculture
technologies and training extension personal to orient them in the frontier areas of technology
development.
 Work as resource and knowledge center of agricultural technology for supporting initiatives of
public, private and voluntary sector for improving the agricultural economy of the district.
 Create awareness about frontier technologies through large number of extension activities like
farmers fair, field day, strategic campaign and ex-trainees Meet etc.
 Production of quality seeds and planting materials to make it easily available to the farmers.

Problem identification: The KVK identify farmers’ problem through PRA (Participatory Rural
appraisal) method. In this method farmers and farm related problems are identified by the farmers.
Scientists from KVK act as facilitator for the programme. Problems identified by the farmer
representatives are prioritized based on the marks obtained and then ranked accordingly. Some of
the common problems of the district identified by the KVK are:
 Low profit from cultivation of traditional old rice varieties susceptible to pest and diseases
 Heavy weed infestation in cereals
 High incidence of insect pest results in poor yield of different field crops
 Low profit from imbalance fertilizer application without soil testing
 Bacterial and fungal wilt in solanaceous vegetables
 Low profit from traditional variety of vegetable cultivation
 Wastage of paddy straw and cotton stubbles in the field
 Decline of cattle population due to unavailability of fodder and low yield of milk from indigenous
milch cow
 Broadcasting of sunflower in pulses with poor nutrient management leading to low yield
 Poor egg laying capacity and high mortality of indigenous poultry bird
 Inadequate pre and post stocking management practice in aquaculture
Thrust area identified: Major thrust area where KVK is working are
 Crop substitution replacing mono cropping of paddy particularly in upland
 IPM strategies for paddy, cotton and vegetables
 Integrated crop management practices for vegetables
 Weed management in crops
 Varietal evaluation
 Introduction of low cost improved agricultural implements for small and marginal farmers
 Backyard poultry and duckery for income generation
 Production management in aquaculture
 Drudgery reduction for farmwomen
 Value addition
Major areas of training
1. Integrated crop management
2. Integrated weed management
3. Integrated nutrient management
4. Mushroom production

5. Fish pond management
6. Value addition
7. Drudgery reduction
8. Crop diversification
9. Fish Nursery management
10. Agro-forestry management
Achievements of the KVK
1. Trainings
Sl.
No.
Year Farmers training Rural youth Extension
functionaries
No. Beneficiary No. Beneficiary No Beneficiary
1 2008-09 53 1325 06 150 03 75
2 2009-10 53 1325 07 105 06 60
3 2010-11 63 1575 12 180 14 140
4 2011-12 60 1500 10 150 12 120
5 2012-13 53 1325 09 135 12 120
On Farm Testing and Front Line Demonstration
Sl.
No.
Year On Farm testing FLD(general) FLD (Oil seed & pulses)
No. Beneficiary No. Beneficiary No Beneficiar
y
1 2009-10 12 130 13 125 2 26
2 2010-11 16 120 20 90 2 24
3 2011-12 15 110 17 145 2 24
4 2012-13 15 110 17 152 3 30
ACHIEVEMENTS OF KVK, KALAHANDI DURING THE YEAR,
2012-13
ON FARM TESTING
Sl. No. Thematic area OFT Title No. of
trials
1 Varietal Evaluation Assessment of Ranidhan in lowland 10

2 Weed management Assessment of Atrazine in sugarcane 05
3 Varietal evaluation Assessment of Toria var- Parbati in medium
lowland
05
4 Varietal evaluation Assessment of castor var. Jwala (48-1) 05
5 Soil fertility
management
Assessment of Azotobacter and Azospirillum in
Okra
10
6 Micronutrient
management
Assessment of Mo and Co in Green gram 10
7 Micronutrient
management
Assessment of boron and molybdenum in G.Nut 10
8 Soil fertility
management
Assessment of leaf colour chart based fertilizer
application in rice
10
9 Varietal Evaluation Assessment of pumpkin var. Arkachandan 05
10 Varietal Evaluation Assessment of okra var. Arka Anamika 05
11 Varietal evaluation Assessment tomato var. Utkal Raja 05
12 Varietal evaluation Assessment of onion var. Bhima Shakti 05
13 Varietal evaluation Assessment of K-7 var. of Subabul 5
14 Varietal evaluation Assessment of Sesamum var-Uma in Teak
plantation
5
15 Production technology Assessment of performance of Bambusa nutans
in western undulating region
5
FRONT LINE DEMONSTRATIONS
(April 2012 to March 2013)
Sl.
No.
Thematic area FLD Title Area
(ha)
1 Varietal substitution Cultivation of Swarna Sub-1 under flash
flood situation
2.1
2 Varietal evaluation Performance of Ragi var- Bharavi 2.0

3 Integrated Nutrient
Management
Green manuring in cotton with sunhemp 4.0
Management
Application of Azospirilium in rice 4.0
Management
INM in black gram 4.0
6 Varietal evaluation Introduction of HYV Brinjal var. Utkal
Tarini
0.4
7 Varietal evaluation Introduction of HYV Papaya var. FS-1 0.4
8 Production technology Performance of bi-nodal culm cutting of
bamboo
0.2
9 Integrated Farming
System
Bund plantation of Acacia mangium 0.2
10 Integrated Farming
System
Performance of sarpagandha under teak
plantation
0.2
11 Varietal evaluation Performance of green gram var- Durga 1.0
12 Weed management Performance of pretilachlor in paddy 4.0
13 varietal evaluation Performance of chilly var-Utkal Rashmi 0.4
Management
Performance of combined application Mo
and rhizobium in green gram
4.0
15 Production
management
INM in cauliflower 0.25
16 Small scale income
generation
Performance of Rangini lac in palas and
ber trees
10 nos of trees
TRAINING PROGRAMMES FOR THE YEAR 2013-2014

Discipline Training
F/FW RY IS
T A T A T A
Agronomy 16 06 02 01 02 --
Soil science 16 04 02 01 02 01
Horticulture 16 05 02 01 02 --
Forestry 16 05 02 02 02 01
Extension - - 04 01 07 03
TOTAL 64 20 12 06 15 05

STUDENT TEACHER INTERACTION DURING VISIT TO KVK

SHADE NET AND
VERMI COMPOSTING UNIT
POULTRY AND AZOLLA UNIT

ALL INDIA COORDINATED COTTON
IMPROVEMENT PROJECT
Bhawanipatna, Kalahandi, Odisha
INTRODUCTION:
Cotton is grown as a non-traditional commercial crop in the western and southern parts of
Odisha under upland rainfed conditions. The crop occupied 101.76 thousand ha during the year
2011-12 with a production of 130 thousand ton of seed cotton (231.65 thousand bales of 170 kg
each) and productivity of 425 kg lint/ha. The area under cotton has gone up considerably from 9.79
thousand ha in the year 1950 to 63,294 thousand ha in the year 2001-02 but later declined to
29.49 thousand ha during 2002-03 and increased to 101.76 thousand ha in the year 2011-12.
(Source: Department of Agriculture, Govt. of Odisha). The area under cotton during the year 2011-
12 has increased by 60 % over the year 2001-02 when AICCIP centre, Bhawanipatna started
under OUAT. The area under cotton in India is 121.91 lakh ha with productivity of 481 kg lint/ ha in
the year 2011-12. The productivity of cotton in Odisha is far below the world average (754 kg
lint/ha). (Source: AICCIP-Annual Report, 2011-12).
The major cotton growing districts of Odisha are Kalahandi, Bolangir and Rayagada, but it
is also grown to a lesser extent in the districts of Nuapara, Ganjam, Sonepore, Gajapati, Boudh
and Koraput. The Department of Agriculture is giving emphasis for the major districts with respect
to procurement and marketing. The district wise area, production and productivity of cotton in
Odisha.
CROP PEST AND DISEASE SCENARIO:
During the season sowing of cotton crop was done in the third week of June to first week of
July. As regards to sucking pest population aphid was first observed during first week of August
followed by jassids. The incidence of Spodoptera litura was observed during the early vegetative
stage. Other pests which attacked the cotton crop were thrips, white fly and leaf folders but their
population was negligible. Among the major diseases that infected the cotton crop were Bacterial
blight and Myrothecium leaf spot and Grey mildew.
PROFORMAFOR MONITORING OF AICCIP TRIALS

A. General Information
1. Name of the Participating Centre AICCIP, Bhawanipatna,
2. Address
OUAT Centre, RRTTS, Bhawanipatna
Dist: Kalahandi. Odisha, PIN-766001
3.
Number and details of AICCIP Trials
undertaken
i) Main centre
Breeding - 6
Agronomy - 5
Entomology - 5
Station trial- 3
Total - 19
4. Soil type Black cotton
5. Soil depth Shallow
6. Soil texture Clay loam
7. Soil pH 6.3-6.7
8. Soil fertility Low in N & P, Medium in K
9. Previous crop Fallow
10. Whether Irrigated/Rainfed Irrigated
11.
Agro climatic region number
a) Rainfall
b) No. of rainy days
Below normal
58 Rainy Days
DIFFERENT TRIALS IN AICRP COTTON

 Agronomic requirement of promising pre-released Hirsutum genotype of cotton. Var:
NH635, BS-30, PH-1060.
 Weed management in cotton variety: bunny(NCH145)
 Technology for organic cotton production. Var: SK-235
 Company trial: effect of Ratchet on cotton (bio yield enhancer) for 2nd
year. Var: Bunny
(NCH-145)
 Finalisation of optimum date of sowing for pre released cotton hybrids developed in AICCIP
Bhawanipatna(station trial) var: BHH-16, BHH-24, BHH-326
 HDPS-1: standardisation of plant population / planting geometry for promising genotype
under HDPS. Var: BS-279, BS-277,BS-144-1, suraj.
 HDPS-2: evaluation of soil moisture conservation measures and fertiliser requirements for
HDPS.
 Finalization of optimal date of sowing for pre released cotton cultivars developed in AICCIP,
Bhawanipatna (station trial), Var: BS- 39, BS-30,BS-37
 Ent-1: Screening of breeding materials(Br 03a, Br04a, Br05a and Br06a) for resistance to
insect pests (Zonal trial)
 Ent-2: Population dynamics to develop suitable forecasting model. Var- DCH-32
 Ent-3: revalidation of existing recommendation of insecticides against sucking pests in
cotton ecosystem. Var- BS-30
 Ent-4: integrated cotton crop management with emphasis on biotic stress. Var- BS-79
 Maintenance of resistant variety.
 Br03a-preliminary varietal trial of Gossypium hirsutum (irrigated)
 Coordinated varietal trial of Gossypium hirsutum (irrigated)
 Br05a (national trial) preliminary Intra Hirsutum hybrid trial (irrigated)
 Br05a (zonal trial)coordinated hybrid trial Intra Hirsutum (irrigated)
 Br06a (national trial) Initial evaluation trial of compact genotype under irrigated condition
 Br06a (zonal trial) Initial evaluation trial of compact genotype under irrigated condition.
 Maintenance of germplasam.
 Evaluation of single cross.
 Evaluation of backcross (4)
AICRP ON CASTOR, BHAWANIPATNA
Year of Commencement of the Project: 1987 at Semiliguda
Shifted to Bhawanipatna from Kharif, 1994

Mandates:
• Evaluation of genetic resources
• To develop region-specific high yielding varieties/hybrids with resistance to biotic and abiotic
stresses
• To develop economically viable production and protection technologies to augment the production.
• To evaluate the varieties/hybrids and the technologies of national and regional importance through
multilocation testing.
• Transfer of technology
Objectives of the Project;
 To identify / develop early maturing, high yielding drought tolerant varieties / hybrids with high oil
content and resistance to biotic stress.
 To develop improved package of practices for maximization of yield.
 To conduct co-ordinated trials for evaluation of different varieties/hybrids suitable for the zone.
 To popularize the high yielding variety/hybrids and production technology among the farmers by
conducting Frontline demonstrations.
Thrust areas identified during XI plan:
 Development of varieties/hybrids with resistance to wilt, botrytis and capsule borer
 Development of early duration varieties/hybrids for rainfed and non-traditional areas
Major achievements
1. Among different high yielding varieties of castor tested over years the variety ‘48-1’ (Jwala), DCS-9
was found suitable for growing under rainfed upland eco-system in Odisha during kharif season.
2. Among different castor hybrids tested DCH-177 found suitable for cultivation in rainfed upland eco-
system in Odisha during kharif season.
3. Among pre-released varieties tested under coordinated trials the entries JI-353,JI-368, SKI-307,
SKI-324,SKI-333, SKI-337, MCI-3, MCI-11, JC-22, JC-26 and JC-24 were found promising.

4. Among pre-released hybrids tested under coordinated trials the entries RHC-231, RHC-199,
RHC-264, SHB-871, SHB-890 and SHB-875 were found promising.
5. Under breeding programme, seeds from F1 plants of 16 crosses were harvested through selfing for
imposing selection in F2.
6. Twenty one RG lines and eighteen parental lines received from DOR, Hyderabad and seven local
land races were maintained through selfing for their future use in breeding programmes.
Major crop production technology developed and recommended:
 Studies on optimization of production under resource constraints revealed that non adoption of
weeding and non-adoption of fertilizer application are the most critical factors limiting higher
productivity in castor.
 Out of different sources of Sulphur, application of 20 kg S through SSP or Gypsum was found
beneficial for higher production in castor. It could give 27 - 32% higher yield than no sulphur
application.
 A spacing of 90cm x 60cm was found optimum for higher production in castor under rainfed upland
eco-system during kharif season.
Transferable Technologies Developed ByAICRP on Castor, Bhawanipatna
Plant Breeding:
 Among different high yielding varieties of castor ‘48-1’ (Jwala) and DCS-9 (Jyoti) were found
suitable for growing under rainfed upland eco-system in Odisha during kharif season.
 Among different castor hybrids tested, DCH-177 and DCH-519 were found suitable for cultivation
in rainfed upland eco-system in Odisha during kharif season.
Agronomy:
 Sowing of castor should be done after onset of monsoon. In areas where late kharif/pre-
rabisowing is practiced, sowing should be done around 15th
of August for getting higher yield.
 Pre emergence application of Butachlor @ 1kg a.i. /ha is suitable in controlling weeds during initial
growth stage of castor.
Trials under AICRP Castor
 Initial hybrid trial(IHT)- 13 hybrids
 Initial varietal/hybrid trial(IVHT)- 15 entries
 Advanced varietal/hybrid trial(AVHT)- 11 entries

 Evaluation and identification of suitable hybrids/varieties of castor-15 entries
 Evaluation of newly developed hybrids-26 hybrids
 Maintenance of germplasm lines of castor- 60 nos
 Development of suitable male combiners in castor( generation F1)- 21 crosses and 7
parents
EVALUATION OF PADDY. MAIZE AND ONION
VARIETIES UNDER RRTTS
1. Integrated weed management in transplanted rice:
Early post emergence application of Ethoxy sulfuron ethyl @ 15g/ha at 12 days after
planting with one hand weeding at 35 DAS enhances the mean yield (47.76q/ha) and net return
(Rs31618.00/ha) with suppression of weed population and dry matter accumulation. During non-
availability of labour force for weeding operation, pre emergence application of Pretilachlor @ 0.5
kg /ha at 3 to 5 DAT + 2,4-D Na salt@ 0.5 kg / ha at 28 DAT will be the suitable option to raise the
economics(Rs31004.00/ha).
2. Studies on insect pest incidence in relation to meteorological parameters under
rice agro-ecosystem in western undulating zone:
Yellow stem borer, gall midge, leaf folder, case worm, green leaf hopper, brown plant
hopper and white backed plant hopper were found to be major insect pests of rice. Peak activity of
yellow stem borer and gall midge was recorded during 40th
std. week (1-7 Oct.) whereas peak
activity of brown plant hopper was observed during 41st
std.week (8-14Oct.).Maximum
temperature favoured the attack of gall midge where as minimum temperature favoured the attack
of yellow stem borer.
3. Evaluation of location specific IPM module for sustainable rice production:
Combined results over two years revealed that the location specific IPM module comprising of
various components viz., seed treatment with carbendazim @ 1. 5grams /kg of seed, application of
phorate 500g /10 cent in the nursery bed before 5 days of uprooting of seedling, release of
Trichogramma japonicum @1lakhs/ha at 30 DAT,.40DAT and 50DAT , setting up pheromone traps
@ 5nos/ha for yellow stem borer , installation of bird perches @ 25nos/ha, foliar spraying of
neemazol @1ml /lt at 60DAT and 70DAT and foliar spraying of Buprofezin @ 1.5ml/lt at 85DAT at
ETL afforded excellent control of major insect pests of rice viz., yellow stem borer, gall midge, leaf
folder, case worm, green leaf hopper and brown plant hopper with higher grain yield of 31.86q/hq

and monetary benefit of Rs11908/- per ha over the chemical control schedule(Non IPM). IPM plot
also recorded significantly higher numbers of natural enemies in rice ecosystem.
Technical Trials:
Agronomy:
 Integrated nutrient management in aromatic paddy varieties and its residual effect on paira
cropping. Var: Nua Acharamati, Geetanjali, Ketakijuha
 Integrated nutrient management in SRI Rice. Var: Ajaya
Horticulture:
 Varietal evaluation of onion cultivars in western undulating zone, Bhawanipatna, var: Bhima
Super, Bhima Raj, Agrifound Light Red, Agrifound Dark Red, N53(yield check), Arka
Kalyan, Arka Niketan, Arka Pragati
 Varietal evaluation of tomato cultivars in weastern undunating zone,Bhawanipatna. Var:
Utkal Pallavi( bacterial wilt resistant check), Utkal Dipti, Utkal Kumara( yield check), Utkal
Urvashi, Utkal Raja. Utkal Pragya, BT-106, BT-317, Swarna Lalima
Entomology:
 Studies on insect pest incidence in relation to meteorological parameters under rice agro-
ecosystem in western undulating zone. Var: Swarna
 Management of insect pest of rice through ITKS. Var Swarna.
Company trail:
MLT ON PADDY
 Evaluation of 3 rice hybrids: BS-110G, BS-226, BS-6444G of Bayer bio science pvt. Ltd for
western undulating zone.
 Evaluation of rice hybrids: RH-664 plus, RH-1531, RH-10422, RH-10428 of Devgan seeds Crop
tech. pvt. Ltd.
 Evaluation of rice hybrids: SAVA-127, SAVA-134 of Savana seeds pvt. Ltd.
 Evaluation of rice hybrids: US-312and US-382 of seed work international pvt. Ltd.
 Evaluation of rice hybrids: NK- 5251 and NK-6302 of Syngenta india pvt. Ltd.
 Evaluation of rice hybrids: R-6301, R-6451, R-6606 of Zuari seeds pvt. Ltd.
MLT ON MAIZE
 Evaluation on maize hybrids: MM-1107 and TMH-67705 of Dhanya seeds pvt. Ltd.

 Evaluation of maize hybrids: Cyrus –G, Cyrus, Megan-G and PMH-495 of Prabardhan seeds pvt.
Ltd. For western undulating zone of Odisha.
 Evaluation for maize hybrids: KMH-3646, KMH-6681 and KMH-3110 of M/S kaveri seeds pvt. ltd.
 Evaluation of maize hybrids: 3033,3591 and Pro-Agro-4558 of Rashi seed pvt. Ltd.
AICRP SOYABEAN AICRP COTTON
VOLUNTARY CENTER ON SOYBEAN
UNDER RRTTS, BHAWANIPATNA
It is a voluntary center on soybean under RRTTS, Bhawanipatna. Only agronomic trials are
carried out not the breeding trial.There are 43 entries under initial varietal trail with one check
variety, and 9 varieties under advanced varietal trial. The agronomy trials includes the trials on
different weedicide application, spacing and intercropping, agronomic observation and observation
on yield are recorded and compared with check varieties.

AICRP CASTOR
CROP CUTTING
WEL-
COME

TO
DDA
KALAHANDI
DDA KALAHANDI

HISTORY & BACKGROUND OF ITS ESTABLISHMENT:-
 Deputy Director of Agriculture, Kalahandi Range, and Bhawanipatna is an office under the
Government of Odisha, Agril. Deptt. Named as Deputy Director of Agriculture, Kalahandi Range,
Bhawanipatna, having its jurisdiction in Kalahandi and Nuapada Revenue Districts (Un-divided
Kalahandi district). The main functions and duties, assigned by the Government, are:
 To transfers the improved technologies for upliftment of the Agril. Production in the Range.
 Distribution of improved and quality Agril. Seeds to the cultivators of the Range, duly certified by
the State Seed Certification Agency in order to get better productions.
 Integrated pest management in the farmer's field, to combat the pest situation.
 Balanced use of Chemical Fertilizers by the cultivators for boost up the Agril. Production in the
District.
 Providing the latest production technologies through farmers training programmes, exposure visits
of the farmers to the outside/inside state to study the performance of certain crops of those areas.
 Supply of improved Agril. Implements to the cultivators for improvement of the quality of the
cultivation.
FARM MECHANIZATION UNDER DIFFERENT SCHEME FOR KALAHANDI DISTRICT (UPTO-
2012):-
S.L .NO IMPLIMENTS NO.OF IMPLIMENTS
1 Tractor 208
2 Power tiller 563
3 Self propelled transplanter 4
4 Hydraulic trolly 123
5 Axil flour thresher 65
6 Power thresher 9
7 Combine thresher 1
8 Manual & bullock drawn set 620
9 Power operated impliments 42
10 Rotavator 5
11 Diesel pump 200
12 Self propelled reaper 12
PLANT PROTECTIONPROGRAMME BY D.D.A. KALAHANDI:-
S.L.NO CONTROL MEASURES Area (ha)
1 Seed treatment 66039
2 Intensive & epidemic control 1569

3 Weed control 9062
4 Rodent control 11,000
5 Biological control 1,000
6 Pesticide and bio pesticide consumption(a.i.in.mt) 32
FERTILIZER DISTRIBUTIONTHROUGH DDA:-
S.L.NO NAME OF FERTILIZERS
1 Urea
2 Ammonium sulphate
3 Single super phosphate(SSP)
4 Murate of potash(MOP)
5 Di ammonium phosphate(DAP)
6 10:26:26
7 28:28:00
8 20:20:00:13
9 15:15:15
10 14:35:14
SOIL FERTILITY STATUS OF KALAHANDI:-
S.L.NO COMPONENTS AMOUNTS
1 Organic carbon Low to medium
2 Phosphorous Low to medium
3 Potash Medium to high
Soil reaction
1 Acidic <25%
2 Neutral >50%
3 Alkali <25%
ComponentunderN.F.S.M:-
1. Seeds:-
Distribution of certified seeds.
2. Integrated nutrient management:

a) Lime& gypsum
b) Micronutrients
c) Assistance for rhizobium culture & PSB distribution.
3. Integrated pest management.
4. Assistance for distribution of sub-tropical IPM.
5. Assistance for weedicide.
6. Incentive for knapsack sprayer.
7. Distribution of rotavator.
8. Distribution of sprinkler set
9. Incentive for pumpset.
10. Extension training.
11. Training on pattern of FFS.
12. Local initiative.
a) Incentive for line sowing&Incentive for phosphatic fertilizer application.
Components under R.K.V.Y:-
i. Hybrid maize cultivation.
ii. Introduction & explosion of improve pigeon pea production technology.
iii. E-pest surveillance.
iv. State wide soil testing campaign.
v. Insitu farm pond.
vi. Hybrid mustard demonstration.
vii. Hybrid sunflower demonstration.
viii. Hybrid maize demonstration.
Total training under the scheme “extension & training for rural women & VAWs” is 8.
SEED DIVERSION BY DDA FOR RICE:-
TOTAL LATE TOTAL MEDIUM TOTAL EARLY
MTU-7029 Lalat Naveen
Ramchandi Konark Khandagiri

Jaral Surendra
Pooja MTU-1001
CR-1009 MTU-1010
CR-1018 RGL-2538
RGL-2537
Bansadhan
Moti
CR-1014
Pratikshya
BPT-5024
Gintajali
Jajati
Diversification of cropping system in kharif by DDA:-
Arhar,Ground nut,Maize,Cotton,Fruit crop,Black gram,Vegetables,Tuber crops
MIXED CROPPING:-
a) Paddy+Arhar
b) Arhar+Black gram/Green gram
c) Ground nut+Arhar
d) Cotton+ Arhar
e) Paddy+Black gram/Green garm
f) Cotton+Black gram
g) Maize+Arhar
IRRIGATION POTENTIAL PROJECT UNDER DDA:-
i. MAJOR I.P-1
ii. MAJORI.P-1
iii. MINOR I.P-21
iv. LIP GOVT.-534
v. BORE WELL-694
vi. SHALLOW TUBEWELL-105
vii. LIP(OAIC)-52
viii. DUG WELL-15237
TRAINING PROGRAMME UNDER AGRICULTURAL SECTOR BY DDA:-
VILLAGE LEVEL TRAINING:

 Awareness programme on soil sample collection /FAO in paddy, post harvest technology &
orientation programme on ATMA.
 Hybrid sun flower cultivation/hybrid sugarcane/hybrid cotton production technology.
INSIDE STATE PROGRAMME:-Farm mechanization & Sugar cane cultivation
OUT SIDE STATE TRAINING:-Technique for high tech agriculture
Schemes running under DDA:
a) Rice development
b) SRI(state plan)
c) Ragi development
d) Sugar cane development
e) Jute technology mission(JTM)
f) ISOPOM(oil seed)
g) ISOPOM(maize)
h) ICDP(cotton)
i) NFSM(rice)
j) NFSM(pulses)
k) ATMA
l) Extension & training for rural women
m)RKVY
FARMERS TRAINING UNDER ANIMAL HUSBENDARY BY DDA:-
Village level training:
 Popularization of A.I in desi cattle.
 Normal animal health camp cum awareness camp.
 Infertility animal health camp cum awareness camp.
Inside state training programme on animal husbandry activities:
 Back yard poultry farming
 Duckery farming
Outside state training programme:
 Back yard poultry farming.
 Dairy management.
TRAINING UNDER HORTICULTURAL SECTOR:
Village level training;-
Onion cultivation,Vermi composting,Mushroom technique, Tuber crops,Fruits & vegetables
Inside state:

Mushroom cultivation, tuber crops, fruit & vegetables
Outside state:
Honey bee cultivation
Crop coverage by DDA kalahandi:
a) Paddy,other cereals,pulses,oilseeds,vegetables, spices,tobacco & sugarcane
Training under fishery sector by DDA:-
 Village level training on yearling production
 Inside state training on yearling production

PRA
(Participatory Rural Appraisal)
PARTICIPATORY RURAL APPRAISAL

Components of PRA:
 People
 Knowledge
 Participation
 Planning
 Action
It is a combination of different approaches to
 Share
 Enhance
 Analyze
 Plan
 Act
For the betterment of the rural people with their participation
The secrets behind the success of PRAare
 Decentralization
 Empowerment
OBJECTIVES OF PRA:-
PRA aims to empower local people by encouraging them to share, enhance and analyze
their knowledge of life and conditions and to plan, act, monitor and evaluate.
WHAT IT IS?
 Participatory research is not an alternative research method, but an approach that can be
applied to any methodology – survey, experimental, qualitative (Lilja and Bellon 2008).
 “PRA methods, as they are often called, are visual and tangible and usually performed by
small groups of people”. (Chambers 2007)
 PRA comprised of different research tools to facilitate local people in
 Analyzing information
 Practicing critical self-awareness
 Taking responsibility
 Sharing their knowledge of life and conditions to plan and to act.
ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION:-

FROM RRA TO PRA
From 1970 onwards Participatory tools- for promoting and participation of the poor &
marginalized in improving their wellbeing.
These tools arose from two beliefs:
 The knowledge & experience of poor and marginalized have value and not to be dismissed
as irrelevant or wrong,
 Poor and marginalized have the right to resources traditionally defined by them.
EVOLUTION OF PRA:-
Five streams which stand out as sources and parallels to PRA are, in alphabetical order:
 Activist participatory research.
 Agro-ecosystem analysis.
 Applied anthropology.
 Field research on farming systems.
WHY PRA:-
In its earlier version of PRA it emerged as a response to two major concerns of rural social
research not adequately satisfied by conventional methods.
 To develop local perspective by becoming more responsive to local people and local situations
 To evolve a methodology which could provide timely and cost effective information
BENEFITS OF PRAMETHODS:-
Empowerment of the local people
 Securing active involvement of the community and appreciation of local knowledge,
encouraging/enabling the expression and utilization of local diversity while building on ITK.
 Creating a culture of open learning with each other and with community members other.
 Setting research priorities.
 Setting participatory extension program.
 Policy review
SCOPE OF PRA;-
PRA is used:

 To ascertain needs.
 To establish priorities for development activities.
 Within the scope of feasibility studies.
 During the implementation phase of projects.
 Within the scope of monitoring and evaluation of projects.
 For studies of specific topics.
 For focusing formal surveys on essential aspects, and identifying conflicting group
interests.
Areas of application:-
 Natural resource management
 Agriculture
 Poverty alleviation/women in development programmes
 Health and nutrition
 Preliminary and primary education
 Village and district-level planning
 Institutional and policy analysis.
Key Principles:-
 Participation – local people serve as partners in data collection and analysis
 Flexibility- not a standardized methodology
 Off-setting biases – anti poverty biases are consciously avoided, more listening less
lecturing
 Teamwork – everyone is involved
 Diversity – attempts made to identify and analyse contradictions and exceptions
 “Optimal Ignorance” – leave out unessential details
 Systematic – to get correct details and conclusions, it is best to cross check
 Local materials - dirt, stones, sticks (or paper), not computers/electronics devices

WELCOME TO
VILLAGE
KANAKPUR
KANAKPUR AT A GLANCE

Village Information:
 Name of village: KANAKPUR
 Gram Panchayat: Medinipur
 Block: Bhawanipatna
 District: Kalahandi
Land Use Pattern:
 Total Geographical Area: 156 acres
 Land Under Cultivation:140 acres
1) Area under paddy : 96 acre
2) Area under sugarcane : 20 acre
3) Area under banana : 8 acre
4) Area under vegetables : 6 acre
5) Area under cotton : 8 acre
6) Area under mango: 2 acre
Farmer’s Category:
 Land less:16
 Marginal Farmer(< 1ha): 11
 Small Farmer(1-2 ha): 11
 Medium Farmer(2-4 ha): 18
 Larger Farmer(>4 ha):12
Literacy percentage (%):
 Total -90%
 Male -100%
 Female -80%
Crops Grown: Paddy, sugar cane, wheat, seasonal vegetables, banana, cotton
Soil: Sandy loam, clay loam soil
Demographic features:

a. 68 families, 45 farm families and 23 non farm families.
b. Total no of households:44, (41 kachha house and 3 pakka house).
c. Population-325
Enterprises: biogas plant, rice mill, shop, fishery in katta, vermicompost pit, mushroom
cultivation units, banana orchards, mango orchards, diary, poultry, goatery etc.
Community structures: threshing floors, temple, club etc.
Water Resource: katta-7acre, 5 tube wells, 16 shallow bore,7 well, canal

TRANSECT WALK
INTRODUCTION :-
 A transect walk is a useful method for knowing rural ecological conditions.
 A transect walk is a systematic walk along a defined path (transect) across the
village area which is undertaken by the team along with the local people to explore
the agro-ecosystem of the village and by observing, asking, listening, looking and
producing a transect diagram.
 A Transect depicts a cross-sectional view of the different agro-ecological zones and
provides a comparative assessment of the Zones on different parameters.
OBJECTIVES/PURPOSE:-
1. Appraisal of natural resources in terms of status, problems & potential.
2. To get an idea about farming practices, cropping pattern, the physical layout
(existing or planned),irrigated facilities etc.
3. To know the agro ecosystem of the village.
4. To get the cross sectional view of the village.
5. Type of issue that might be covered in transect:-
 Food storage
 Community resource
 Difference in households and their assets
 Credit sources
 Agriculture production and constraints
 Livestock management
 Health assets and hazards
 Water resource and hazards
 Village infrastructure
 Land use pattern and seasonal variation
 Livelihood strategies
 Crops and other food production
 Gathered foods and medicine
PROCEDURE:-
BEFORE

We have formed a group of 23 students including 5 numbers of willing villagers. The group
includes 3 numbers of elderly and experienced villagers and the village youths.
Before commencement of the transect walk, we have explained briefly the purpose of the
walk & selected the area under study village resources like irrigation sources, water
catchment area, vegetation, land resources etc.
DURING
We have observed everything in detail and listened carefully.
We have also asked & recorded everything what we saw and listened, sketched and
drawn the maps.
We have walked up to the last boundary & covered all the relevant sides.
AFTER
Carefully documented all the information collected by all team members.
We have prepared final diagrams and sketch from the rough sketches.
We have cross checked and compared the information by meeting other villagers &
Recorded how things differ from one situation to another.

CONCLUSION:-
Through transect walk, the productive and useful resources are identified. Most important
crop is paddy; other important crop are sugarcane, banana ,vegetables and other useful resources
like biogas, livestock etc. The various unused resources are - a large pond & back yard of
household.
Land type
LAND TYPE Medium Low Medium Medium low Upland
SOIL TYPE
Sandy
loam
Sandy loam Sandy loam Sandy loam,
clay loam
Sandy loam, clay
loam
CROP
Banana,
rice
Rice, banana,
vegetables
Rice,
sugarcane,
maize, beans
Rice, banana,
sugarcane
Cotton, arhar,
okra, maize
VEGETATION
Mango,
guava,
lemon,
coconut
Mango, cashewnut,
custard apple
Jackfruit,
guava,
moringa,
neem
Kanchan,
mango, custard
apple, palm,
date palm
Jatropha, aonla
HOME STEAD Kacha,
pakka
Kacha,pakka kacha
- -
WATER
FACILITY Well, bore
w ell, w ater
lifting point
Well, pond, tenda Tube w ell,
bore w ell,
tenda
Canal pond LI point
FISHERY -
Rohu, catla, mrigal
- Rohu, mrigal,
kau, catla
-
LIVE STOCK Bullock,
cow , duck
Goat, duck,
poultry,bullock
Cow , bullock - -
OTHER
RESOURCES
Shop,club
house
-
Biogas, solar
panel
-
FYM pit
PROBLEM
-
Water stagnation
- Poor drainage
facility, w ater
stagnation
No irrigation
facility
OPPORTUNITY vermicompost Rice+ fishery
Bund
plantation,
orchard,
livestock,
vegetables
Rice+ fishery+
duckery
Forestry+pulse
cultivation

ACTION PLAN:-
 Waste land creates opportunity for bee keeping & vegetable cultivation.
 Large pond can be utilized for pisciculture.
 Poultry& mushroom cultivation can be taken in the back yard of household.
 Pulse crop can be cultivated.
FACILITATORS:- PARTICIPANTS:-
Group-1(RAWE2013) Jugala Budhia
Santosh Budhia
Bhuban Budhia
Kuber Budhia
SOCIO-RESOURCE MAP
SOCIO RESOURCE MAPPING: -Development of a map of the village area to understand
the village lay out showing main features like housing, temples, village watershed, forest,
water bodies etc. This helps in studying social structure and availability of social facilities

and also helps to establish the extent and location of these resources and to analyze and
understand them better.
OBJECTIVE: -Socio-resource maps have been used for depicting of various aspects
related to
Topography, terrain and slopes
Forest, vegetation and tree species
Soil-type, fertility, erosion
Various facets of social reality are viz ; social stratification,
demographics, settlement patterns, social infrastructure etc.
PROCEDURE:-
 We have selected a proper place for preparing a social map and explain the
purpose of the exercise.
 We have encouraged them to use locally available material in a creative way &
to make the map as representative as possible.
 We have asked the participants to draw the boundaries of the village.
 We have asked the participants to draw a map of the village showing all
households. For orientation it will be helpful to draw roads and significant spots
of the village into the map.
 We have asked the participants to also show institutions, buildings and places
that offer some kind of social service or which are popular spots to meet and
discuss. Example: schools, temples, youth club, gram Panchayats, community
leaders, local shop, health service, places where people frequently meet etc.
 At the end, we have asked them whether anybody would like to make any
modifications or additions.
 We have copied the map onto a large sheet of paper with all details including
legends.

CONCLUSION:
From the “socio-resource map”, we identified the presence of land resources
contains cultivated area, habitation area, kata (mahabandh) and kitchen garden area.
Demographic features:
68 families, 45 farm families and 23 non farm families.
Total no of households: 44, 41 kachha house and 3 pakka house.
Crop resources: paddy, sugarcane, banana, vegetables etc.
Enterprises: biogas plant, rice mill, shop, fishery in katta, vermicompost pit, mushroom
cultivation units, banana orchards, mango orchards, diary, poultry, goatery etc.
Community structures: threshing floors, temple, club etc.
Water Resource: katta-7acre, 5tubles, 16 shallow bore,7 well, canal
FACILITATOR: PARTICIPANTS:

Group 1 (RAWE 2013) Jugal budhia
Prahllad budhia
Kuber budhia

CROP MAP
Crop map indicates the cropping area, cropping pattern of the village.
Purpose:
By this map, we can be able to get the knowledge about the main crops,cropping
systems, cropping pattern and cropping areas of the village.
We can also know the cultivated varieties of the different crops.
We can prepare an alternate action plan of the village
PROCEDURE:
 We have selected a proper place for preparing a crop map and explain the
purpose of the exercise.
 We have encouraged them to draw the map as representative as possible on the
drawing sheet.
 We have asked the participants to draw the boundaries of the village as well as the
crop fields.
 We have asked the participants to also show different crops on their respective
fields.
 At the end, we have asked them whether anybody would like to make any

Con
clusi
on:-
From
the
abov
e
crop
map
we
have
concl
uded
that
the
majority of the cultivated area is under paddy i.e. 96acres. The second important crop
is sugarcane which is grown in 20acres. Banana cultivation is also followed in a
sizable area of 8 acre. Since last 3 years cotton is grown in uplands covering an area
of 8acers. Vegetable cultivation is also an important enterprise of this village. Farm
women are also involved in kitchen garden in their back yards.
Group-1(RAWE2013-14) Jugal Budhia,
Bharat Chandra Budhia,
Swati Budhia,
Basant Goud
HYDROLOGY MAP
Hydrology map indicates the water resources of the village like pond, river, watershed,
tube well and well etc.

OBJECTIVE
 To know about the various water resources present in the village.
 To know about the permanent water harvesting structure of the village.
 To know about the perennial water resources of the village.
 To know about the availability of water in different parts of the year.
 Further it influences the cropping pattern and crop selection and water use
pattern of the villagers.
PROCEDURE:-
1. We have selected a place for preparing a hydrology map and explained the
purpose of the exercise to the participants.
2. We have encouraged them to draw the map as representative as possible on
the drawing sheet.
3. We have asked the participants to draw the various water resources on the
map such that wells, tube wells and canals, hand pumps, shallow bore wells
that offer some kind of irrigation and day to day water use pattern by the
villagers.
4. At the end, we have asked them whether anybody would like to make any
CONCLUSION
The village is having 5 nos. of tube well which provides fresh water for household
use, 7 nos. of dug well which provides water for irrigating kitchen gardens and other
household purposes, the village is also having 15 nos. of shallow irrigation point which is
use for irrigation purpose out of which two points are converted into lift irrigation point,
further it is having a pond an area of 7 acres which is used for pisciculture. The total
irrigated area is 99 acres and the village comes under two irrigation projects bhatang
padar dam (micro irrigation project) and pipalnal medium irrigation project which is the
source of their perennial cannel water resource. The shallow tube wells provide water for
40 acres, dug well provides water for 15-20 acres, LI (lift irrigation) point provides water
for 60-70 acres of land respectively. And there is 4 acres land under drip irrigation

.
Group-1(RAWE2013-14) Swati Budhia
Jugal Budhia
Basant Goud,
Satya Pradhan
Pranam Budhia
ENTERPRISE MAP

 Enterprise map is spatial analysis of various productive and unproductive
enterprises by the participant villagers.
 To know the information on various enterprise and their relative positions within the
village entity.
 To identify existing and promising indigenous micro-enterprises with in the village
 To show the evolution of each major enterprise.
 Served as the basis for identifying changes in the production systems.
Conclusion:
Enterprise is two types, one is productive another is unused type. In Kanakpur village
all are productive type of enterprise. These are vermi-compost, shop, compost, rice mill,
biogas plant, solar energy, mushroom cultivation, mango orchard, banana orchard, fishery,
poultry, jaggery, dairy.
Action plan:
 The total area of pond is 7acre. In it they can do fish cultivation commercially and
get benefit around the year.

 They can cultivate mango commercially by applying different modern technology.
Inside the mango and banana orchard inter-culture can be done.
 In dairy farming they can increase the number of cows mainly jersey.
 They can cultivate mushroom with proper scientific method and techniques.
FACILITATOR: PARTICIPANTS:
Group 1(RAWE-2013) Bharat bhusan budhia
Jugal kishore budhia
Basant gauda
Biranchi pradhan
MOBILITY MAP

Mobility map is a PRA method used to explore the movement pattern of an individual, a group, or
the community.
 The focus is on where people go and for what.
 Other aspects, like the frequency of visits, distance, and the importance of the place visited,
may also be studied and depicted.
 It reflects the people’s perception of movement patterns and the reasons there of.
OBJECTIVES:-
 Understanding the mobility pattern of local people where they go and for what? Increasing
gender sensitivity and awareness by using them for highlighting the difference between the
mobility patterns of men and women.
 Evaluation of the impact of certain interventions in terms of their effects on mobility
patterns.
 Planning for intervention and projects.
INFORMATION ELICITED FROM THE MOBILITY MAP:-
A. Places
B. Purpose
C. Direction
D. Distance
E. Mode
F. Frequency
G. Cost of transport to and from a village
PROCESS:-
 We have selected the person, group or community whose mobility pattern you are
interested in understanding.
 We explained the purpose of the exercise and initiate a discussion on the places they visit.
We then listed down the places. As they close the list, they were asked whether they would
like to add some more or delete any of the places in the list.
 They were asked to write the name of the places on small pieces of paper in bold letters.
They were encouraged to depict the places using symbols or visuals,
 A circle was drawn in the middle of a paper or ground, representing the village/locality and
ask them to locate the pieces of paper with the names of the places they visit around the
circle in such a way that they are properly represented.
 We asked them to link the cards representing the places visited with the circle depicting
their locality by lines. The thickness of the lines could represent a particular feature, such
as, the frequency of the visits.
 We asked them to follow a similar process, for all other places that they visit, one by one.

 They were encouraged to represent other aspects in the form of visuals, symbols or in
writing.
- Purpose of visiting the places
- Importance of the places visited
- Distance of the places
- Mode of transport
- Frequency of visits
- Whether alone or with someone
 They were asked whether they would like to make any alterations once the diagram is
ready.
 We requested them to explain the map and their learning from it.
 They were asked to explain the diagram in detail. Interview the diagram to clarify your
doubts by asking probing questions.
 We listened carefully to their discussion and take any necessary notes.
 The diagram is copied onto paper with all the details.
CONCLUSION:-
The mobility map indicates that the villagers of Kanakpur mainly go to Bhawanipatna,
Medinipur,Manoharpur, Kusumsila, Sujanpur, Sripur and Kesinga for their requirements like
marketing, communication, entertainment, farming, medical facilities, etc. But Bhawanipatna
seems to be the most frequent place of visit for their requirements. for transportation the most
common modes are bicycles and motor bikes.

FACILITATOR PARTICIPANTS
GROUP-I (RAWE2013-14) Shyam Kumar Budhia
Sana Gouda

VENN DIAGRAM
DEFINITION: - The diagram which shows the relationship of various institutions, organizations,
programmes or individuals with each other & with the village as perceived by the villagers is called
as Venn diagram.
PURPOSE:
 To identify groups, institutes operating in the community & show their interactions.
 To discover the importance on decision making in community.
 To show the accessibility of the institutes.
The exercise is carried out by the help of villagers with use of different sizes of circle of
paper which indicates the relative importance or accessibility of a particular institution or
individual to that particular village.
According to the villagers, various groups &institutions those mostly influence them and their
activity are –
a) Primary school
b) Primary Health Centre
c) Kissan mandi
d) Block office
e) Gram panchayat
f) Police station
g) Bank
h) Temple
i) Post office
j) Local market
k) K.V.K.
l) Veterinary office
m) Anganwadi
n) R.I. Office
o) Youth club
p) Co-operative store
q) College
r) District health Centre

KANAKPURPRIMARY
SCHOOL
MARKET
BLOCK
OFFICE HOSPITAL
POLICE
STATION
KISSAN
MANDI
GRAM
PANCHAYAT
KVK
ANGANWADI
BANK
POST
OFFICE
VENN DIAGRAM
Village – Kanakpur
Gram Panchayat -Medinipur
Block – Bhawanipatna
District - Kalahandi

From the above venn diagram we have concluded that, kisan mandi, KVK,
School, Angan wadi, Gram panchayat, block office are more important and easily
accessible. Police station and post office are less important and less accessible. They
depend on the nearby market as well as for their health on hospital located in
Bhawanipatna but are not easily accessible. Though Youth club is an important place but
its activities are not remarkable.
FACILITATORS PARTICIPANTS:
Group -1(RAWE-2013-14) Prahalad Budhia
Sukru Majhi
Meghanad Budhia
Biswamber Biswal

RESOURCE FLOW ANALYSIS
The resource flow diagram is a schematic drawing of the resource inflow into the village
and resource out flow from the village. The diagram shows the flow of resources from the original
source to the final output and visualizes the use and control of the resources.
INFLOW OUTFLOW
K
A
N
A
K
P
U
R
AA
1.Seeds
10.Pesticide
9.Grocery
8.Cattle feed
7.Medicine
6.Fuel
5.Capital
4.Labour
3.Fertilizer
2.Implements
11. grocery
10.Banana
9.Fish
8.Chicken,Duck,Goat
7.Milk(cow)
90()
6.Groundnut
5.Sugarcane
4. Vegetables
3.Labour
2.Jaggery
1.Paddy
11.Mushroom

CONCLUSION:-
Resource inflow & outflow of Kanakpur village indicates that the seeds mainly cotton,
paddy, grocery, fuel are procured from outside.
Whereas jaggery, sugarcane, vegetables, mushrooms, paddy, fish, milk, & labour etc. are
going from the village. The villagers for their day to day needs depend on the grocery shop present
in the village.
FACILITATORS PARTICIPANTS
Group-I(RAWE2013-14) Padulochan Budhiya
Murali Budhiya
Markanda Majhi

TIME LINE
DEFINITION:-
A timeline is a list of key events, changes and landmarks in the past, presented in a
chronological order.
OBJECTIVES:-
 To learn from the community what they consider being important past events.
 To understand from the community the historical perspective on current issues.
 To generate discussions on changes with respect to issues you are interested in e.g.
education, health, food security, gender relations, economic conditions, etc.,
 To develop a rapport with the villagers, since a discussion about the past of the village
can be a good non-threatening and enjoyable starting point.
PROCESS
BEFORE:-
 At first the climate for a participatory discussion was set.
 Elderly people and knowledgeable villagers are encouraged to join the discussion as far as
possible.
 Sheets of paper and sketch pen were carried with us.
DURING :-
 Discussion initiated and questions were asked to the older informants at first. And they
were asked to recapitulate the major events and changes that took place over the years.
Some of them were asked to write down in chronological order.
 Information was recorded.
AFTER:-
 The changes were compared.
 The trends were identified.

KEY EVENTS
 1870 -the village was established.
 1879- Village temple (Grama Devati) was constructed.
 1913-plantationof mango orchard.
 1952 -school was established.
 1957- Panchayat election was started.
 1972-Irrigation facility was introduced and people of the village first time used radio
 1980- Katta (Maha Bandha) was constructed.
 1984- A Govt. scheme was started under DRDA.
 1985- Village club (Dadhi Bavhan Krushak club) was established and people first
time came to know the use of cycle.
 1986 -Bore well was dug.
 1990 - A person of village became graduate.
 1992- Supply of electricitywas started; establishment of rice mill and people came to
know the use of motor cycle.
 1994- People for the first time in linkage with KVK and for the first time used
television.
 1995 -Anganwadi was established.
 1998- People first constructed pakka house and used transplanter and power tiller.
 2000- Picsiculture was started in katta.
 2002-People first used tractor and establishment of kirana store and jerseycow was
introduced.
 2003- A farmer from village was awarded by OUAT as best farmer in Odisha.
 2005- People first used mobile.
 2007- Establishment of broiler farm and used DTH.
 2010- SRI method was adopted under NFSM.
CONCLUSION

By knowing the various events occurred in different years, it can be concluded that
kanakpur is developed village as jersey cow, mobile phone, agricultural implement irrigation
facility and broiler and SRI method was introduced in early phase of adaptation as compared to
whole. New technology can be spread easily with some intervention.
FACILITATOR: - PARTICIPANTS:-
GROUP: 1 (RAWE-2013) Loknath Budhia
Bhuban mohan budhia

TREND ANALYSIS
Trend analysis is a popular PRA method used to explore temporal dimensions with
a focus on change. It captures and trends related to certain variables over different spans
of time.
 It can provide a good idea of the quantitative changes over time in different
aspects of village life, such as yields, population, livestock population, the number
of trees, area under cultivation, rainfall, etc.
Procedure:
 We explained to them the purpose of the exercise.
 We tried to encourage the local people to depict interested aspects for trend
analysis.
 We also facilitated the selection of time landmarks across which the trends could
be studied. The participants are encouraged to depict the selected landmark years
on cards preferably by symbols of visuals and so on.
 The participants were asked to make the matrix on the ground, using chalk. They
represented from left to right the landmark years and from top to bottom various
aspects like density of trees, grass, wild animals, etc.
 They were then asked to depict the situation today in the relevant cell using
symbols, visuals, seeds, sticks, sand, etc., as the case may be, leave the choice to
the participants. We moved to the next time landmark and so on.
Objectives:-
 To learn from the community as to how they perceive change over time in various
areas/aspects of their lives.
 To integrate significant changes in the village profile.
 To discuss village problems and any increase or decrease in the severity of the
problems over the years rather that asking direct questions.
Trend analysis of KANAKPUR

CONCLUSION:-
S.L
.NO
PARTICULATES 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2013
1 POPULATION      

2 CULTIVATED
LAND
3 FOREST AREA
4 PADDY YIELD
5 JAGGERY
6 LIVESTOCK
7 PESTS & DISEASES ¥ ¥¥ ¥¥¥ ¥¥¥¥ ¥¥¥¥¥ ¥¥¥¥¥
8 LITERACY # ## ### #### ##### ######
9 IRRIGATION ◊◊ ◊◊◊ ◊◊
◊◊
◊◊◊
◊◊
◊◊◊
◊◊
◊◊◊
◊◊◊
10 FISHERY
(POPULATION)
11 VEGETABLE
CULTIVATION
12 FRUIT
CULTIVATION
ȸȸ ȸȸȸ ȸȸȸȸ ȸȸȸ
ȸȸ
ȸȸȸ
ȸȸȸ
ȸȸȸȸȸȸȸ
ȸ
13 POULTRY
POPULATION
14 TRANSPORTATION Ю Ю Ю Ю Ю Ю Ю Ю Ю Ю Ю Ю Ю Ю
Ю Ю Ю
Ю Ю Ю Ю Ю
Ю Ю Ю

We have found from the analysis that there is an increase in area of cultivated
lands whereas the area under forestry is constantly decreasing. There is also an increase
in population and the literacy rate in the village; this indicates that they are assuring
education for the children. People are adopting various livestock approaches & fishery to
enhance the socio-economic status. The severity of pests and diseases has also been
increased with the increased use of fertilizer and pesticides. The decreased trend in
jaggery production is due to selling of canes in the market as there is increasing demand
of juice in people. There is increase in area under vegetables and banana cultivation.
GROUP- 1 (RAWE 2013-14) Sukur Majhi
Dayanidhi Buddhia
Meghanad Buddhia

MATRIX RANKING
Helps in understanding people’s choices and priorities in a particular situation and their
reasons for it
 Helps in determining the compatibility of certain items in a given environment of overall
perspective
PROCEDURE:
 We identified the topic then a discussion was initiated with the individuals or group and
clearly explained them the purpose of the exercise.
 In next step we generated criteria for assessment and discussed them with the participants
and decided upon a few important ones.
 Then we sketched a matrix with the items/options top to bottom and criteria left to right.
The comparisons were made criteria-wise and not item-wise.
 Then, we ranked and scored against all of the items according to the criteria chosen.
 Then it was repeated until all of the criteria ranked and scored.
 Then these were recorded properly.

MATRIX RANKING FOR RICE VARIETY
PARAMETERS SWARNA KANAK
SWARNA
RANI MTU-1001 MTU-1010 POOJA RGL
YIELD @@@@@
@
@@@@@
@@@
@@@
@@@
@@@@@
@@@@
@@@@@@ @@@
@@
@@@@@@
@@@@
STRAW ###### ###### ####
##
######## ###### #####
#####
#######
HEIGHT $$$$$$ $$$$$$ $$$$
$$
$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$ $$$$$
$$$$$
$$$$$$
MARKET
DEMAND
********* ********* ******
***
********** ********* ******** ********
DISEASE &
PEST
RESISTANCE
©©©©©© ©©©©©
©
©©©
©©©
©©©©©©
©©©
©©©©©©©
©©©
©©©©
©©©©
©©©©©
COOKING
QUALITY
◊◊◊◊◊◊◊◊◊ ◊◊◊◊◊◊◊◊
◊◊
◊◊◊◊◊
◊◊◊
◊◊◊◊◊◊◊◊ ◊◊◊◊◊◊◊◊ ◊◊◊◊◊◊
◊◊◊
◊◊◊◊◊◊◊◊◊◊
TASTE ҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉ ҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉ ҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉ ҉҉҉҉҉҉ ҉҉҉҉҉҉҉ ҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉ ҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉
PARBOILED
RICE
ƱƱƱƱƱ
ƱƱƱ
ƱƱƱƱƱ
ƱƱƱƱƱ
ƱƱƱ
ƱƱƱ
ƱƱƱ
ƱƱƱƱƱ
Ʊ
ƱƱƱƱƱƱ ƱƱƱƱ
ƱƱƱƱ
ƱƱ
ƱƱƱƱ
ƱƱƱƱ ƱƱ
ARUA ○○○○○○ ○○○○○○ ○○○○
○
○○○○○○○
○
○○○○○○○○○ ○○○○○
○○
○○○○○○○○○
○
WATER RICE †††††††† †††††††
††
††††
††
†††††††† †††††††† †††††
†††††
††††††††††
AREA ••••• ••••••••• •••• •••••••••• •••••••••• •••••••• ••••••
TOTAL 74 92 77 91 87 88 90
RANKING 7th 1st 6th 2nd 5th 4th 3rd

CONCLUSION:-
 Matrix ranking of paddy variety shows that KANAK SWARNA variety is the most
popular paddy variety due to its yield, cooking quality and taste in spite of more
disease pest attack
 Use of chemical pesticide with bio pesticide to check disease & pest
 A new innovation swarna sub -1 should be popularized to have a better yield
from low land area
MATRIX RANKING FOR VEGETABLES
PARAMETERS RIDGE
GOURD
BITTER
GOURD
COWP
EA
CUCUM
BER
BOTTLE
GOURD
PUMPK
IN
BEANS TOMATO BRINJA
L
OKR
A
AREA ◊◊◊◊◊◊◊
◊◊◊
◊◊◊◊◊ ◊◊◊◊◊
◊◊◊
◊◊◊◊◊◊◊
◊◊◊
◊◊◊◊◊ ◊◊◊◊◊ ◊◊◊◊◊ ◊◊◊◊◊◊◊
◊◊
◊◊◊◊◊◊◊
◊◊◊
◊◊◊◊
◊◊◊◊
PRODUCTION ○○○○○○
○○
○○○○ ○○○ ○○○○○○
○○○○
○○○○ ○○○○ ○○○○ ○○○○○○
○
○○○○○○
○○○○
○○○
○○○
PRODUCTIVITY ††††††
††††
††††††
††
†††††
††
††††††
††††
†††††††
††
††††††
††††
†††††† †††††††
†
††††††
†††
†††
†††
DISEASE &
PEST
RESISTANCE
••••• •••• •••• ••••• •••••••• •••••••• •••• •••••••• •••••• •••••
••
MARKETING
©©©©©
©©©©©
©©©©©
©©©
©©©
©
©©©©©
©©©
©©©©©
©©©©
©©©©
©©©©
©
©©©©
©©©©
©©
©©©©©
©©©©©
©©©©
©©©©
©©
©©
©©
©©
©©
©
NON
PERISHABILITY
ƱƱƱƱ
ƱƱƱƱ
ƱƱƱƱ
ƱƱ
ƱƱƱ
ƱƱ
ƱƱƱ ƱƱƱƱƱ
ƱƱƱƱ
ƱƱƱƱ
ƱƱƱƱ
ƱƱ
ƱƱƱƱ ƱƱƱƱ
ƱƱ
ƱƱƱƱ
ƱƱƱƱ
ƱƱ
ƱƱ
ƱƱ
Ʊ
PROFIT
$$$$$ $$$$ $$$$$ $$$$$$ $$$$$$$ $$$$$$
$
$$$$$$
$$$$
$$$$$$$
$$
$$$$$$
$$$
$$$
$$$
$$$
TOTAL 56 39 36 54 50 53 43 57 62 51
RANKING 3rd 9th 10th 4th 7th 5th 8th 2nd 1st 6th

CONCLUSION:-
 Matrix ranking of vegetables shows that brinjal followed by tomato is preferred by the
farmers
 Demonstration must be carried on for large scale cultivation of popular varieties of other
marketable vegetable.
MATRIX RANKING FOR FRUITS

PARAMETERS/VARIETY
MANGO BANANA PAPAY
A
CUSTAR
D APPLE
COCONUT
PRODUCTION
¥¥ ¥¥¥¥¥ ¥¥¥ ¥¥¥ ¥¥
MARKET DEMAND
$$$ $$$$$ $$ $$ $$
DISEASE AND PEST
RESISTANCE
++++ ++++ +++ ++++ +++++
CONSUMPTION ©©©©© ©©©©© ©©© ©© ©©©©
PROFIT ¤¤ ¤¤¤¤¤ ¤¤ ¤ ¤¤¤
NON-PERISHABILITY ØØ ØØ ØØØ ØØØ ØØØØØ
TOTAL 18 26 16 15 21
RANK III I IV V II
SCORE-
1: VERY POOR 2: POOR 3: MEDIUM 4: GOOD 5: VERY GOOD
CONCLUSION-

 Matrix ranking of fruits shows that banana followed by coconut is preferred by farmers.
 Training and demonstration must be carried out for large scale cultivation of other fruits
along with banana and coconut.
MATRIX RANKING FOR BANANA VARIETIES
SCALE- 1: VERY POOR 2: POOR 3: MEDIUM 4: GOOD 5: VERY GOOD
CONCLUSION-
 Matrix ranking of banana varieties shows that G9 followed by Batisa is preferred by the
farmers.
 Training & Demonstration may be carried out for a large scale cultivation of banana
varieties
GROUP- 1 (RAWE 2013-14) Mr. Sukur Majhi
Mr. Dayanidhi Buddhia
Mr. Meghanad Buddhia
SEASONALITY ANALYSIS

Seasonality is an important and useful exercise to determine seasonal patterns in rural
areas as related to rainfall, farming practices, employment etc. In seasonality an attempt is made
to determine the seasonal calendar as understood and practiced by the villagers.
PURPOSE:
To get an insight into the seasonal variations in a number of parameters relevant in farmer’s lives
e.g. work, employment, income, and availability of food, fuel, fodders, health, migration and
transport facilities.
SEASONAL DIAGRAM OF KANAKPUR VILLAGE
SL.
NO
PARAMETERS JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
1 Rainfall - _ 1 2 9 10 10 9 8 6 2 -
2 Rice cultivation 7 7 7 3 - 10 10 9 8 6 4 7
3 Sugarcane
cultivation
8 7 7 3 2 2 1 4 3 5 10 8
4 Fodder availability 2 7 2 3 10 10 10 9 4 7 4 5
5 vegetable
availability
10 9 6 5 7 8 7 6 5 10 10 10
6 Fruit availability 7 3 3 6 9 10 6 5 - 2 3 6
7 Pest and Disease
of rice
5 4 3 1 1 8 9 10 9 6 5 5
8 Pest and Disease
of vegetable
8 6 5 1 1 6 5 6 10 10 10
9 Cotton cultivation - - - - 7 9 10 8 7 5 2
10 Cattle disease 3 1 2 1 1 7 8 10 10 10 5 4
11 Poultry disease 5 4 3 7 7 6 8 7 10 10 10 6
12 Goat disease 8 7 _ 1 _ 7 6 5 4 10 10 9
13 Human disease 5 2 5 1 2 10 10 10 9 8 7 8

14 Male engagement 2 7 6 3 10 10 10 9 8 7 4 5
15 Female
engagement
2 7 6 3 10 10 10 9 8 7 4 5
16 Banana cultivation 8 8 6 5 4 7 7 1 2 8 9 10
17 Monthly income 7 7 7 3 1 10 10 9 8 7 4 7

S
Paddy
sugarcane
Banana
( SEASONALITY OF PADDY SUGARCANE AND BANANA )
( SEASONALITY OF MALE& FEMALE ENGAGEMENT AND INCOME OF FARM
FAMILY)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
jan feb march apr may june july aug sept oct nov dec
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
JAN FEB MAR APRIL MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC
MALE ENGAGEMENT
FEMALE ENGAGEMENT
INCOME

( SEASONALITY OF HUMAN , POULTRY & CATTLE DISEASES )
CONCLUSION: -
The seasonal diagram reveals that the farmers are doing cultivation round the year but
kharif season is the busiest time of the farmer. The major crops are paddy, banana, sugarcane and
vegetables. Paddy crop is grown in both Kharif and Rabi season. The farmers are engaged
themselves throughout the year. They get their income during June- August& Nov.- Feb. Most of
the human diseases and cattle diseases are frequently occurred during the month June-August.
Fodder availability for domestic animals is only limited to May –Aug months. Insect pest and
disease infestation is more during the months of Aug-Dec.
Group 1 (RAWE 2013) Sarita Parihadi
Jhili Budhia
Deepabali Budhia
Amrut Budhia
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
JAN FEB MAR APRIL MAY JUN JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC
HUMAN DISEASE
POULTRY DISEASE
CATTLE DISEASE

DAILY WORK PROFILE
Daily routine depicts how villagers (men and women) spend a day of 24 hours along with
the kind of activities and time allotted for the activities .Daily routine can be taken for men and
women and both the categories of farmers and farm labourers.
PURPOSE:
To get an account of time spent by farmers and labourers, men and women for various
activities in day of 24 hours.
Data on wage earning, rest and recreation hours.
Data on leisure time which can be utilized by development workers.
DAILY WORK PROFILE OF WOMEN
37.50%
12.50%12.50%
12.50%
25.00%
rest and lesiure
personal care
farming activity
livestock activity
household activity
REST AND LEISURE:
2PM-3PM= REST( Gathering)
9PM-19PM= WATCHING TV
10 PM-5AM=NIGHT SLEEP
PERSONAL CARE:
6AM-7AM =MORNING
ACTIVITY
1PM-2PM=LUNCH
8PM-9PM =DINNER

CONCLUSION:
HOUSE HOLD WORK:
9AM-11AM =COOKING
11AM-1PM =WASHING OF
CLOTHS
6PM-8PM= COOKING
FARM ACTIVITIES:
7AM-8AM= FIELD WORK
3PM-5PM =FIELD WORK
LIVESTOCK ACTIVITY
5AM-6AM=CLEANING OF
COWSHEP AND FEEDING TO
COW
8AM-9AM=EXTRACTION OF
MILK AND MARKETING OF
MILK
5PM-6AM=EXTRACTION OF
MILK

The life of farm women is very tiring as compared to men. The daily work profile of farm women
shows that they contribute most of their time for caring their family members, care of livestocks &
farm activities. So they are facing a lot of drudgery during their day to day activities. Their
contribution towards income is very negligible.
ACTION PLAN:
Enterprises like mushroom cultivation, backyard poultry etc. can be taken up.
Group 1 (RAWE 2013) Sarita Parihadi
Jhili Budhia
Deepabali Budhia
Amrut Budhia

DAILY WORK PROFILE OF MEN
REST &LEISURE:
1PM-2PM-REST
6PM-7PM-GATHERING
7PM-9PM-WATCHING TV
10PM-6AM-NIGHT SLEEP
PERSONAL CARE;
6AM-7AM-MORNING ACTIVITY
12NOON-1PM-LUNCH
9PM-10PM-DINNER
FARMING ACTIVITY:
8AM-12NOON= CROP CULTIVATION
2PM-5PM =FIELD WORK
LIVESTOCK ACTIVITY;
7AM-8AM-TAKING CARE OF CATTLE
HOUSE HOLD WORK;
5PM-6PM-MARKETING AND OTHER ACTIVITY
50%
12.50%
29.16%
4.16% 4.16%
rest and lesiure
personal care
farming activity
livestock activity
household work
50%
12.5%
29.16%
4.16%
4.16%

CONCLUSION:
The daily work profile of male shows that the men spend most of their time in rest and leisure
followed farming activities.
ACTION PLAN:
They can be made to take up enterprises like poultry farming, pisciculture weaving of fishing net
and mushroom cultivation during their leisure time.
FACILITATORS: - PARTICIPANTS:-
GROUP-1 Kuber Budhiya
RAWE(2013) Jugal Kishor Budhiya
Bharat Bhusan Budhiya

WEALTH RANKING
It is a technique to find out how people from the village itself would rank the different families as
rich, poor & very poor.Wealth ranking refers to placing people on the different steps of the social
ladder according to their own criteria.
The purpose here is to find out the people of the village who belong to rich, medium
and poor categories as perceived by the villagers themselves. Agricultural development must take
in to account differences in wealth among farmers in order to determine priorities for research and
to develop interventions and technical packages that are relevant to and adoptable by majority of
the farmers.
By using wealth ranking revealed that more focus needs to be given for enhancing productivity of
farms of the poor and very poor through more profitable and effective technologies.
PROCESS :
Step 1: We have collected the list of all households from the village panchayat office. Then We
have cross checked by having a transact walk along with key informants of the village to ensure
that all households were given numbers in same form or other. The name of the head of each
household was written against each house number.
Step 2: After collection of name of the head of each household were written in each piece paper
separately.
Step 3: Then we asked the key informant to sort out the various piece of into different wealth
categories as they think were present in the village .
Step 4: Then we prepared a table on paper & recorded the response of the key informants.
Step 5: After sorting by the key informants than we asked them to list out the wealth criteria for
each wealth category like land holding, income, house type, transport etc and the difference
between the categories.
Criteria for Wealth ranking

Category No. of families
Very rich:
Land: More than 12 acres
Income: More than Rs.20,000 per month
House: Pucca house
Livestock: 6
Income & yield: surplus
Implements: Tractor, power tiller,thresher
Material possession: TV, refrigerator,mobile
Source of Income: Farming,hiring of implements,service
Lending ability: More
5
Rich:
Land: More than 8 acres
Income: Between Rs.15,000 –Rs.20000 per month
House: Pucca & tile house
Livestock: 8
Income & yield: less than very rich
Implements: Power tiller, thresher (Tractor in lease)
Material possession: TV, mobile
Source of income: Farming,business
Lending ability: less
7
Medium :
Land: 3-8 acres
Income: About 8,000 per month
House: Tile & kaccha house
Livestock: 4-5
Income & yield: sufficient
Implements: Tractor, power tiller in lease
Material possession: TV, mobile
Source of income: Farming
Lending ability: Sufficient
18
Poor :
Land: Between 1 -2acre
Income: Around 5,000 per month
House: Kaccha house
Livestock: 8 – 9(Goats)
Income & yield: not sufficient
Implements: No
Material possession: Mobile
Source of Income: farming , wage earning
Lending ability: No
22
Very poor :
Land: Landless,tenantfarmer & wage earner
Income: Less than Rs.3000 per month
House: Kaccha house
16

CONCLUSION :
Majority of the families belong to the poor category (32.35%) followed by medium
category (26.47%). Maximum land holding remains with few rich villagers. Most of the poor and
very poor villagers are landless farmers, tenants or wage earners. Accordingly Anti-Poverty
Programme should be implemented in the village, to improve the qualitative life of the people.
INDIGENOUS TECHNICAL KNOWLEDGE
ITK FOR CROP:-
 Neem leaves are used to control pulse beetle in blackgram & greengram.
7.35
10.29
26.4732.35
23.52
% family
Very rich
Rich
Medium
poor
Very poor
Livestock: 3 – 4 (Goats)
Income & yield: lending from others
Implements: No
Material possession: No
Lending ability: No

 Karada(Cleistanthus collinus) shoot is used for multiplication of spider which act as
predator of many pests of rice field.
 Ash is used for controlling fruit & shoot borer in brinjal.
 Kerosine is used for controlling case worm in rice.
 For storing paddy after harvest structures like puduga ,gadia are used.
 For storing onion after harvest structure like bhadi is used.
ITK FOR ANIMAL:-
 Foot & mouth diseases in cattle are cured by application of ghee with termite
leaving soil and mahula(Madhuca indica) flower paste in the affected parts.
 Fatua disease in cattle is cured by application henna leaves.
 Foot diseases in cattle and goat can be controlled by use of karada bark.
ITK FOR HUMAN:-
 Mustard oil ,tulsi and honey are used for curing of cold.
 For curing of malaria, gangasiuli(Nyctanthes sp.) leaves are used.
 Neem leaves are used as mosquito repellant.
 For wound healing apamarng(Achyranthes aspera) is used.
 Siali leaves are used as umbrella for protection from rain.
 For recovery from snake bite badichang seeds are used in grinded form.
 For recovery from scorpion bite chakunda leaves are used in grinded form.
 For curing body pain mustard and sesamum oil are used.
 For curing headache castor oil is used.
 For controlling hair fall bichuati(Tragia involucrata) leaves and black pepper are
used.
 Turmeric paste water is used as eye drop for curing eye problem.
 For controlling chickenpox, jhuna (made from teak) ,neem leaves and turmeric are
used.
 Jaggery is used as substitute of sugar for controlling diabetes.
 During delivery ,if baby is not coming easily then roots of tamarind are binded in the
hair of that lady for easy expulsion of baby. After parturition tamarind roots are
removed immediately,otherwise the whole intestine will come out(it is a superstition)
CONCLUSION:-

From the analysis of various ITKs of the villagers, it can be concluded that the villagers
have made a brilliant approach to fulfill their needs by their conventional practices. Their
practices and technology is mainly based on the utilization of available resources.

PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION
Problem is a condition or a situation that the people after study with or without have
decided need changing. Problem is the barrier for achieving goal or objective.Problem
identification means listing of various problems of the village
Objective:
 To list out the problem present in village situation.
 For development of action plan
CRITERIA:-
o Severity of problems.
o Frequency of occurrence.
o Distribution of problem.
Process:
Identification of problem was done by discussing with different group of farmer. All
the problems in area were collected and identified democratically through participation of
village people. The villagers were asked to identify the problem, most felt and of widest
concern affecting major people and should related to family, community and national
situation.
We have identified various problems during our PRA survey. Those problems are listed
below:-
1. Low yield of paddy
 Lack of labour
 Infestation of pest & diseases
 Erratic rainfall
 Lack of knowledge about application of chemicals & fertilizers
 Severe weed infestation in upland and medium land paddy
2. Low yield of banana

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