Includes general introduction of plant parasitic nematodes, their symptoms and economic importance.

1. Economic Importance of Plant Parasitic Nematodes
PreparedBy:
Dr. VijayJoshi

2. What are Nematodes?
• Nematodes are elongated, cylindrical, thread-
like worms that live in a wide range of
environments including soil, and in fresh and
salt water.
• Nematodes feed on fungi, bacteria, protozoans,
other nematodes, and plants.
• Plant parasitic nematodes mostly infect roots
but can also infect tubers, stems and leaves.
• They either enter the plant tissue and feed from
within (endoparasitic), or feed from the outside
(ectoparasitic) using a modified tooth(stylet) to
pierce cells and suck out the contents for
nourishment.

3. Types of
nematode
based on
parasitism

4. Migratory endoparasite (lesion)
Sedentary endoparasite (RKN)
Migratory ectoparasite (dagger)
Sedentary ectoparasite (spiral)

5. GENERAL CHARACTERS:
Well developed digestive, reproductive and sensory systems.
Lack circulatory & respiratory systems.
Tolerate harsh habitats avoid interspecific competition and many
environmental selection pressures.
Tolerate pH from 1.6 to 11.0.
Found in temperatures from sub-zero to 60°C.
Respond to CO2 & root exudates.
Phytoparasitic
Hoplolaimus galeatus
Fungivore Enchodelus
hopedorus
Facts: (AICRP Report)
 In India, plant-parasitic nematodes cause 21.3% crop losses amounting to Rs.
102,039.79 million (1.58 billion USD) annually.
 On a global scale, the annual economic crop yield losses due to plant-parasitic
nematodes in major crops have been estimated to be USD 173 billion.

7. How nematodes interfere with plant physical
and chemical defense system
• The nematodes establish their feeding sites in the xylem parenchyma cells,
bringing about significant changes in the morphology, anatomy and biochemistry
of the plant.
• Giant cells induced by RKN remain in a state of high metabolic activity through
continuous stimulation by the nematode.
• The high concentrations of sugars, hemi-cellulose, organic acids, free amino acids,
proteins and lipids benefits the fungal pathogens.
• The giant cells remain in a perpetual juvenile state which delays maturation and
suberisation of other vascular tissues.

9. Top 10 Plant Parasitic Nematodes of World
1. Root Knot Nematode (Meloidogyne spp.)
2. Cyst Nematodes (Heterodera and Globodera)
3. Root Lesion Nematodes (Pratylenchus spp)
4. Burrowing Nematode (Radopholus similis)
5. Stem and Bulb Nematode (Ditylenchus dipsaci)
6. Pine Wilt Nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus)
7. Reniform Nematode (Rotylenchulus reniformis)
8. Dagger Nematode (Xiphinema index)
9. False Root Knot Nematode (Naccobus aberrans)
10. Foliar nematode (Aphelenchoides besseyi)
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10. Major Plant Parasitic Nematodes of India
1. Root Knot Nematode (Meloidogyne spp.)
2. Wheat Seed Gall Nematode (Anguina tritici)
3. Cereal Cyst Nematode (Heterodera avenae)
4. Potato Cyst Nematode (Globodera spp.)
5. Rice Root Nematode (Hirschmanniella spp.)
6. Rice Stem Nematode (Ditylenchus angustus)
7. White Tip Disease (Aphelenchoides besseyi)
8. Burrowing Nematode (Radopholus similis)
9. Citrus Nematode (Tylenchulus semipenetrans)
10. Root Lesion Nematodes (Pratylenchus spp)
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11. Major Threats!!

12. Lesion Nematode In Corn Lesion Nematode In Strawberry
Wilt Complex In Tomato Infected By RKN
Chickpea Wilt
Wilt Symptoms In Guava Infected By RKN

13. Anguina tritici
Citrus Nematode
(Tylenchulus
semipenetrans) Lesion Nematode
(Pratylenchus spp.)
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14. Cereal Cyst Nematode (Heterodera spp.)
df

15. Root Knot Nematode (Meloidogyne spp.)
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16. Burrowing Nematode (Radopholus similis)
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17. MANAGEMENT
Chemical Measures Biological Measures
1. Nimitz: Fluensulfone 2% G- Adama
2. Furadan: Carbofuran 3% G - FMC
3. Velam Prime: Fluopyram 400 SC- Bayer
1. Pochonia chlamydosporia
2. Paecilomyces lilacinus
3. Trichoderma harzianum & T. virens
4. Pseudomonas fluorescens
5. Bacillus subtilis
6. Pasteuria penetrans
New Chemical Products:
1. Tymirium: Cyclobutrifluram 450 SC-Syngenta
2. Reklemel/Salibro: Fluazaindolizine 500 SC-
Corteva
New Biological Products:
1. Quartzo: Bacillus licheniformis + B. subtilis - FMC
2. Presence: Bacillus licheniformis + B. subtilis – FMC
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18. Conclusions
• The future of agriculture is strongly tied to the issues of food security, natural
resource conservation and overall sustainability. Only improvements in the way we
conduct agriculture will help feed the ever-growing world population.
• The root systems of all crops are negatively affected by poor nematode
management, so this problem needs to be addressed.
• Nematodes being an emerging threat to crop cultivation, we must find a suitable
ecofriendly and effective remedy.
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19. Future Prospects
• More awareness must be created among the scientific and farming
community for development and adoption of integrated strategies for
efficient management of the phytoparasitic nematodes and disease
complexes induced by them.
• Being a renowned organization among farming community, we must
introduce nematode solutions that are effective and ecofriendly.
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20. THANK YOU