This document discusses cotton cultivation and pest management in Orissa, India. It provides details on: 1) Cotton growing areas in Orissa, varieties grown, total area and productivity which is lower than national and world averages. 2) Cotton is an important crop for India's economy and trade but is highly susceptible to insect pests. Over 100 insect species attack cotton with yield losses up to 60%. 3) Pest management has relied heavily on chemical pesticides but this has led to environmental and health issues as well as pest resistance. Integrated Pest Management using cultural, biological and other methods provides a more sustainable alternative.

1. DR.L.N.MOHAPATRA
ASSOCIATE DIRECTOR OF RESEARCH
REGIONAL RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY TRNSFER STATION
BHAWANIPATNA

2. COTTON CULTIVATION IN ORISSA
• Year of start : 1974-75
• Major cotton growing districts :
Rayagada,Kalahandi, Bolangir,
Nuapara,Gajapati,Koraput,Ganjam
• Total area under cultivation :
50,000ha.
• Productivity : 440kg lint /ha.
• (National avge : 530kg lint /ha)
• (World avge : 1058kg/ha)
• Variety / Hybrid grown: Bunny,
MCU-5 ,Tulasi,

3. Cotton in Indian Economy
• Cotton the “white gold” is the most important
natural textile fibre of the world
• Leading commercial crop of the country next only to
food grains which provides livelihood to 60 millions
of farmers, traders, and those engaged in textile and
processing industries
• Cotton accounts for 30% of the total Indian exports
• India is the second largest producer of cotton in the
world contributing nearly 15% of the global
production

4. Production constraints
Cotton plant is most susceptible to attack of insect
pests
Reasons: * Green and succulent foliage
* In determinate growth habit
* Presence of extra foliar nectaries

5. Total No. of insect pests recorded on world wide basis
1326 insect and mites
 In India the number of insect pests has increased almost five
times since the beginning of the century
- Fletcher in 1920 listed 34 insects species including 9 serious
pests
- By 1964 it increased to 130
- Recently , 162 species have been reported including
15 key pests causing 50-60% seed cotton yield loss
CHANGING SCENARIO OF INSECT PESTS IN COTTON

6. REASONS FOR INCREASED PEST OUT BREAK
• Indiscriminate use of broad spectrum insecticides
• Large scale cultivation hirsutum cotton and hybrids
• Reduced efficacy of synthetic pyrethroids
• Monocropping
• Improper coverage of foliage due to use of
ineffective appliances
• Excessive use of nitrogenous fertilizers and close
spacing
• Cultivation of new crops round the year which act
as preferred host plants for the pests

7. MAJOR INSECT PESTS OF COTTON
BOLL FEEDERS:
Tobacco caterpillar SemilooperLeaf roller
Spotted bollworm American bollworm Pink bollworm
FOLIAGE FEEDER

8. SUCKING PESTS
JASSID
WHITE FLY
APHID
THRIPS

9. Mealy bug
Mealy bug on leaf Affected shoot
Dried plant due to
mealy bug attack

10. Dusky cotton bug

11. New pest problem
• The mirid bug Creontiodes biseratense
(Miridae : Hemiptera) is severe in Bt
cotton in Karnataka during Sepetember-
October
• Mealy bug Maconellicoccus sp. ,
Phenococcus solani is severe in Bt cotton
in North India

12. EXTENT OF LOSSES BY INSECT PESTS
BOLLWORM COMPLEX :
 DRIED AND WITHERED SHOOTS : 40-50%
 SQUARE DRYING: 50-80%
 ROSETTED FLOWER : 5%
 SHEDDING OF BUDS AND DESTRUCTION OF BOLLS: 30-40%
 LOCULE DAMAGE: 20-30%
 SEED COTTON YIELD LOSS DUE TO AMERICAN BOLLWORM : 10-45%
 SEED COTTON YIELD LOSS DUE TO BOLLWORM COMPLEX : 50-60%
SUCKING PESTS : 20% LOSS IN SEED COTTON YIELD
 DRYING AND SHEDDING OF YOUNG PLANTS
 LINT CONTAMINATION
 TRANSMISSION OF LEAF CURL VIRUS
 POOR CROP STAND
 DECREASE IN FIBRE QUALITY

13. PESTICIDES USE IN COTTON
PESTICIDES CONTINUE TO PLAY DOMINANT ROLE IN COTTON
Crop coverage : 5% and consume 50 % of
total pesticides in in India
ORGANO PHOSPHOROUS COMPOUND : 50%
SYNTHETIC PYRETHROID : 19%
ORGANOCHLORINE COMPOUND : 16%
CARBAMATE : 4%
BIOPESTICIDES : 1%
INSECTICIDE USE PATTERN

14. • CONTAMINATION OF SOIL AND WATER RESOURCES
Interfere with soil metabolic process- kill non target but
beneficial soil organisms like earthworm
• BHC AND DDT REMAINING IN ECOSYSTEM – SOIL FAUNA
AND FLORA
DDT: a nonbio degradeable organic chemical acumulates
and magnify in the successive trophic level of the food
chain called as biomagnification
• RESIDUES IN FOOD SAMPLES, MILK, EGG, SPICES
• VULNERABILITY OF HUMAN POPULATION TO TOXIC
PESTICIDE RESIDUES AND RESULTING HEALTH
HAZARDS
BHC-carcinogenic effect
ILL EFFECTS OFILL EFFECTS OF
PESTICIDESPESTICIDES

15. ILL EFFECTS OF PESTICIDESILL EFFECTS OF PESTICIDES
 DEVELOPMENT OF INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE
 PEST RESURGENCE
 DESTRUCTION OF BENEFICIAL AND NON
TARGET ORGANISM
 CROP FAILURE LEADING TO SOCIO ECONOMIC
PROBLEM INCLUDING SUCIDE

16. ILL EFFECT OF PESTICIDES
Rachel Carson in her book
SILENT SPRING (1962)
LAUNCHED A BROADSIDE
AGAINST THE WIDE SPREAD
MISUSE OF INSECTICIDES
CAUSING HAZARDS FOR NON
TARGET ORGANISM WITH
WIDE SPREAD
CONTAMINATION OF THE
ENVIRONMENT

17.  This eventually led to the concept of Integrated Pest
Management.
 IPM is the most compatible and ecologically sound
combination of available pest suppression techniques
to keep pest population below economically
damaging levels.
IPM , THE ENVIRONMENT FRIENDLY WAY

18. IPM AN ESSENTIAL COMPONENT FOR SUSTAINABLE
COTTON CROP PRODUCTION
A DYNAMIC AND
CONSTANTLY EVOLVING
APPROACH TO CROP
PROTECTION IN WHICH ALL
SUITABLE MANAGEMENT
TACTICES AND AVAILABLE
SURVEILLANCE AND
FORECASTING
INFORMATION ARE UTILIZED
TO DEVELOP A HOLISTIC
MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME

19. COMPONENTS OF IPM
 CULTURAL
METHODS
 MECHANICAL
METHODS
 BEHAVIOURAL
METHODS
 BOTANICAL
METHODS
 BIOLOGICAL
METHODS
 CHEMICAL
METHODS
CULTURAL METHODS
MECHANICAL METHODS
BEHAVIOURAL METHODS
BOTANICALMETHODS
BIOLOGICAL METHODS
CHEMICAL METHODS

20. BIOLOGICAL CONTROL
• This term was first used by Smith in 1919
to signify the use of natural enemies
whether introduced or otherwise
manipulated to control insect pests
• Paul DeBach (1973) defined it as the
study and utilization of biocontrol agents
like parasites,predators and pathogens for
the regulation of hosts (=pests) population
densities.

21. BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AGENTS
 PARASITOIDS: Parasitoids are usually equal or smaller in size
than the prey. They live in or on the prey, derive their nutrition
from the prey and usually complete one stage of the life in or
on the prey and kill the prey in the process
 PREDATORS : Predators are organism usually larger and
stronger than prey. They catch and kill a large number of other
organisms for food.
 PATHOGENS: Disease causing organisms like
Bacteria
Virus
Fungi
Protozoa: Nosema, Vairimorpha
Nematodes: Steinernema , Rhabditis

22. TECHNIQUE OF BIOLOGICAL CONTROL
 Conservation : Conservation is defined the actions
to preserve an increase the natural enemies by
environmental manipulation
 Augmentation : It is a tactic of biological control
where, the efforts is made to increase the natural
enemy population either by propagation and release
or by environmental manipulation . It includes all the
activities designed to increase the number or effect
of existing natural enemies
- Inoculation or periodic release
- Inundative release
 Introduction/Importation : Importing foreign natural
enemies to combat the introduced pests

23. ADVANTAGES:
• Ideal alternative to control pests
• Highly specific
• Safe to non-target organisms
• Inexpensive
• Long term control
• No environmental pollution
• Compatible with most pest control tactics except use of
broad spectrum pesticides.
• Pest resistance to NEs is virtually unknown

24. STATUS OF BIOLOGICAL CONTROL IN COTTON
• More than 400 natural enemies have been
reported in cotton ecosystem
• Large scale use of insecticide has reduced
the natural enemies population to
insignificant level
• 21 species of predators and 45 species of
parasitoids have reported on cotton
bollworms in India

25. Major parasitoids in cotton ecosystem
Parasitoids Host Maximum parasitization
recorded (%)
Apanteles angaleti Pink bollworm 25.0
Brachymeria nephantidis Spotted bollworm 57.2
Elasmus johnstoni Pink bollworm 12.0
Eretnocerus serius White fly 40.2
Goniozus sp. Pink bollworm 16.7
Rogas aligharensis Spotted bollworm 59.1
Trichogramma chilonis American
bollworm
83.0
Trichogrammatoidea sp. near
guamensis
Spotted bollworm 45.0
Trichogramma achaeae Spotted bollworm 60.8

26. Major predators in cotton ecosystem
Predators Host Stage attacked
Lady bird beetle: Coccinella
septempunctataMenochilus
sexmaculatus, Brumodies sp. ,
Scymnus
Aphid
All bollworm
species,
Egg, neonate
larva,
Green lace wing : Chrysoperla carnea,
Mallada boninensis
Sucking
insects
Egg, nymph
Shield bug Eucantheconidea furcellata bollworms Larva
Anthocorid bug Orius minutus ABW Larva
Wasp Eumenes petiolata and Delta sp. ABW Larva
Mirid bug Nesidiocoris tenius ABW,
Spodoptera
Larva
Syrphid fly Aphid Egg, nymph,
Adult
Spider: Oxyopes sp., Clubionia sp.,
Thomisus sp.
bollworms Larva

27. BENEFICIAL INSECTS IN COTTON ECOSYSTEM

28. BENEFICIAL INSECTS IN COTTON ECOSYSTEM
SYRPHID FLY
SPIDERS
WASPPENTATOMID BUG
ROGADINAE PARASITEAPANTELES

29. Release of Trichogramma chilonis
RELEASE OF TRICHOGRAMMA CHILONIS
PARASITE @ 1.5 LAKHS / HA(7 TRICHO CARD)
DURING EVENING HRS AT 50 -60 DAYS OF
CROP GROWTH TWICE AT 10 DAYS INTERVAL
FOR MANAGEMENT OF BOLLWORMS
DON’T SPRAY
INSECTICIDES
AFTER
RELEASE

30. Release of Trichogramma chilonis
 Each tricho card contains 20,000 parasitoids
 It must be cut into small pieces and distributed in
the field avoiding the border rows
 It can be pinned or stapled on the ventral side of
the leaves in the middle region of leaves
 Bollworm adults must be monitored by
pheromone traps and ensure the presence of host
eggs.
 Parasitoids are released in the field as parasitized
card at least a day before emergence
 The parasitoids will emerge within 7 days after
parasitization. Hence the card must be shifted to the
field on 4th
day and tied on the plant on 5th
/ 6th
day
 the parasitized egg card can be stored at 5-10 0
C
in refrigerator or BOD incubator for a period of 21
days

31. RELEASE OF CHRYSOPERLA CARNEA
Adult – light green with net like wing
 They lay stalked egg in small group on leaves
and other plant parts
The lace wing larvae possess sickle shaped
mouth parts
 The larvae feed on aphids, thrips, nymphs of
white fly, mealy bug, soft scale
 They also feed on the eggs and freshly
hatched larvae of ABW

32. RELEASE OF CHRYSOPERLA CARNEA
 RELEASE @ 50,000 GRUBS / ha DURING
EVENING HOURS AT EARLY STAGE OF CROP
GROWTH FOR MANAGEMENT OF SUCKING
PESTS AT FORTNIGHT INTERVALS
 DROP THE EGGS OR GRUBS ON CROP
CANOPY OR
 MIX THE GRUBS/EGGS IN FINE SAW
DUST AND APPLY ON CROP CANOPY

33. MICROBIAL METHOD
 Highly specific
 Do not affect other organisms
 Ultra violet rays degrades

34. MICROBIAL METHOD
NUCLEAR POLYHEDROSIS VIRUS :
Effective against : Lepidopterous larvae
SYMPTOM :
 Sluggish larvae, turn pinkish or yellowish,
swell slightly, become limp and flaccid
 Fragile integument
 Rupture of integument
 Dead larvae found hanging by prolegs from top
 Dry up – dark brown or black cadaver
USE OF HaNPV:
SPRAY HANPV @ 5OO LE WITH JAGGERY(5G/LT.)
DURING EVENING HOURS AGAINST 2ND
AND 3RD
INSTAR LARVAE

35. Factors influencing the effectiveness of NPV in field
conditions
• Stage of insect: Coincide with younger stage of larvae
• Dose: dose or concentration of POB s positively correlated
with mortalities of target pests, - 2-3 application give effective
control
• Preparation of spray fluid: NPV in required strength is mixed
with good quality of soft water and Teepol 0.1% or Triton X-100
0.01% as surfactant
• Time of application : Evening hours for avoiding inactivation
due to sunlight
• Appliances: High volume application- more effective
• Use of adjuvants: jaggery or molasses
• Integration with chemical method: : NPV compatible with
endosulfan

36. USE OF BACTERIA
• Bacillus thuringiensis : Gram positive spore forming bacteria :
Highly pathogenic to those lepidopterpus larvae which have an
alkaline pH of the gut
• It produces pertinacious parasporal crystalline inclusion during
sporulation and upon ingestion by the insects , this crystalline
inclusion is solublised in the mid gut releasing delta endo toxin
Symptoms:
 Paralysis of gut and mouth parts, leading to a cessation of
feeding
 Swelling and destruction of microvilli of the mid gut
 Disruption of midgut structure
 Total body paralysis and death within 5-6 days

37. • Spore forming bacteria; best suited
• Highly effective on lepidopterous larvae
• Foliar spray
• Trdae name : BIOLEP, BIOBIT, BIOASP,
DELFIN, Thuricide, Biotrol,
USE OF BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS : COTTONBOLLWORMS
SPRAY B.t.k @ 1KG/HA DURING EVENING HOURS AGAINST
EARLY INSTARS OF BOLLWORM LARVAE

38. Use of fungus
• Beauveria bassiana , Metarhizium anisopliae or
Nomuraea rileyi : Highly pathogenic to Lepidoptera,
Coleoptera ,Hemiptera and Diptera
• It causes green muscardine disease
• The fungus invade the host insect through body wall
and spiracles and conidia germinate on insect
cuticle producing small hyphal bodiesor mycelia
which multiply rapidly
• Producing fungal toxins to cause death

39. MICROBIAL METHOD
APPLICATION OF
FUNGAL
PATHOGENS
Beauveria bassiana
or Metarhizium
anisopliae or
Neumorea rileyi
under humid
condition is
effective

40. CONSERVATION OF NATURAL ENEMIES
 SEED TREATMENT WITH IMIDACLOPRID PROTECT THE CROP
UPTO 40-50 DAYS AGAINST SUCKING PESTS AND ALSO TO
AVOID THE EARLY SEASON INSECTICIDES AND THUS
CONSERVE THE NATURAL ENEMIES
 INTERCROPPING WITH COWPEA CONSERVE THE NE(LB,GLW)
(ECOFEAST CROP)
 AVOID DUST FORMULATION AND BROAD SPECTRUM
INSECTICIDES
 ERECT BIRD PERCHES(@ 20/HA) TO ENCOURAGE
INSECTIVORUS BIRD LIKE BLACK DRONGO,MYNA,BLUE JAY
 GROW CASTOR/ MAIZE AS BORDER CROP
(BANKER CROP ) : PROVIDE THE FOOD LIKE POLLEN AND
NECTAR TO NON CARNIVOROUS STAGES OF PREDATORS
MOSTLY THE ADULTS

41. COTTON IPM MODULE FOR ORISSA
 SUMMER CULTIVATION
 SYNCHRONISED AND TIMELY SOWING
 SEED TREATMENT WITH IMIDACLOPRID @ 7.5G/KG OF SEEDS
 INTER CROPPING WITH COWPEA @ 1 ROW AFTER EVERY 10 ROW
OF COTTON
 SET UP @ 5NOS / HA AT 50MT INTERVAL FOR MONITORING
BOLLWORM(AT 50-60 DAYS OF CROP GROWTH)
 NEEM SEEED KERNEL EXTRACT(5%) SPRAY AT 45-50 DAG
0 – 60 DAYS

42. IPM module for Orissa
• RELEASE OF TRICHOGRAMMA CHILONIS PARASITE @
1.5 LAKHS / HA(7 TRICHO CARD) DURING EVENING HRS
AT 60-70 DAYS OF CROP GROWTH TWICE AT 10 DAYS
INTERVAL
• TRAP CROPPING WITH MARIGOLD
• SPRAY HANPV @ 5OOLE WITH JAGGERY(5G/LT.)
DURING EVENING HOURS AGAINST 2ND AND 3RD
INSTAR LARVAE
• SPRAY ENDOSULFAN @ 0.06%IN SEVERE ATTACK OF
BOLLWORMS
• TOPPING AT 80-90DAG REDUCES BOLLWORM ATTACK
AND ENCOURAGE SYMPODIAL BRANCHING
• ERECT BIRD PERCHES(@ 20/HA) TO ENCOURAGE
INSECTIVORUS BIRD LIKE BLACK DRONGO,MYNA,BLUE
JAY
• HAND COLLECTION OF OLDER BOLLWORM LARVAE TO
ELIMINATE POSSIBLE DEVELOPMENT OF RESISTANCE
60 - 90 DAYS