Dr. Gurumeet C Wadhawa discusses biological assays. An assay is a procedure used to qualitatively or quantitatively assess the presence, amount, or functional activity of a target entity. There are three main types of assays: chemical, immuno, and bioassays. Bioassays involve estimating the concentration or potency of a pharmaceutical drug using animal or human subjects. While less precise than chemical assays, bioassays are more sensitive and can be used when chemical methods are not available or applicable. Bioassays are used to standardize and quantify various biological substances and products.
Drug discovery is an inventive process of identifying a compound or new medication based on knowledge of biological target, therapeutically useful in treating and curing a disease.
The process of drug discovery involves the identification of candidates,synthesis, characterization,screening,assays for therapeutic efficacy.
Once a compound has shown its value in these tests, it will begin the process of drug development prior to clinical trials.
University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences is a flag bearer of excellence in Pharmaceutical education and research in the country. Here is another initiative to make study material available to everyone worldwide. Based on the new PCI guidelines and syllabus here we have a presentation dealing with pharmacokinetics : concept of linear and non-linear compartment models.
Thank you for reading.
Hope it was of help to you.
UIPS,PU team
All maze system with video tracking software is useful to study how drugs affects cellular function in the nervous
system and the way by which they influence the behaviour. This review focusses on Elevated plus maze, Y maze, T
maze, Zero maze, Water maze, Multiple unit open field enclosure, Radial arm maze, Tail suspension unit, Light and
dark unit, Novel object recognision test unit, Conditioned Place Preference unit and Barnes maze, which are used in
the evaluation of neuropharmacological and behavioural studies.
Drug discovery is an inventive process of identifying a compound or new medication based on knowledge of biological target, therapeutically useful in treating and curing a disease.
The process of drug discovery involves the identification of candidates,synthesis, characterization,screening,assays for therapeutic efficacy.
Once a compound has shown its value in these tests, it will begin the process of drug development prior to clinical trials.
University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences is a flag bearer of excellence in Pharmaceutical education and research in the country. Here is another initiative to make study material available to everyone worldwide. Based on the new PCI guidelines and syllabus here we have a presentation dealing with pharmacokinetics : concept of linear and non-linear compartment models.
Thank you for reading.
Hope it was of help to you.
UIPS,PU team
All maze system with video tracking software is useful to study how drugs affects cellular function in the nervous
system and the way by which they influence the behaviour. This review focusses on Elevated plus maze, Y maze, T
maze, Zero maze, Water maze, Multiple unit open field enclosure, Radial arm maze, Tail suspension unit, Light and
dark unit, Novel object recognision test unit, Conditioned Place Preference unit and Barnes maze, which are used in
the evaluation of neuropharmacological and behavioural studies.
Expt. 3 Introduction to principles of bioassay, its types including advantage...VISHALJADHAV100
Biological standardization (Bioassay)- Definition
Bioassays are employed- BUT WHEN???
Applications of bioassay methods
Principles of bioassay of drugs
Standard preparation (Reference Standard)
Types of bioassays-
1) Quantal response bioassay
2) Graded response bioassays
a) Matching bioassay
b) Interpolation bioassay
c) Bracketing bioassay
d) Multiple point bioassays
Three-point bioassay
Four-point bioassay
Six-point bioassay
Latin square designs- Multiple point bioassays
Intact animal studies
Introduction to pre clinical screening of drugsKanthlal SK
Various Techniques and Methods for screening of new chemical entities in preclinical aspects (both invitro & invivo) for effective and safe clinical usage.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
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on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
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In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
1. Biological Assay
Dr.Gurumeet C Wadhawa ,Assistant Professor, Department
of Chemistry.
Rayat Shikshan sansthas Veer Wajekar ASC
College,Phunde,Uran
2. Assay
An assay is an investigative (analytic) procedure
in laboratory medicine, pharmacology,
environmental biology, and molecular biology for
qualitatively assessing or quantitatively measuring
the presence or amount or the functional activity of
a target entity (the analyte) which can be
a drug or biochemical substance or organic sample.
4. Chemical Assay:
It is the study of the separation, identification,
and quantification of the chemical components of
natural and artificial materials.
Immunoassay:
A technique that makes use of the binding between an
antigen and its homologous antibody in order to
identify and quantify the specific antigen or antibody
in a sample.
5. Biological Assay
Biological testing procedure for estimating the
concentration of a pharmaceutical drug substance
in a formulated drug product or bulk material.
The specific potency of drug is given to animal or
human volunteers and then drug response is
compared with the standards.
6. Comparison Of Chemical &
Bioassay
Bioassay
Less Precise
More time consuming
More expensive
Active constituent &
structure not known.
More sensitive
More men power
Required
Difficult to handle
Chemical Assay
More Precise
Less time consuming
Less expensive
Active constituent &
structure fully established.
Less sensitive
Less men power required
Easy to handle
7. Indications Of Bioassay
1. Chemical method is either
Not available
If available, too complex,
Insensitive to low doses e.g. Histamine 2.
If active principle of drug is not known e.g.
insulin
3. Unknown Chemical composition, e.g. long
acting thyroid stimulator
8. 4. Chemical composition of drug variable but has same
pharmacological action e.g. cardiac glycosides.
5. Active principle cannot be isolated e.g. posterior
pituitary extract, insulin etc..
9. 6. Biological activity of drug cannot defined by a
chemical assay e.g. Cis and Trans form of methyl
phenidate.
7. Not possible to separate interfering substance e.g.
Vitamin D.
10. Principles Of Bioassay
All bioassays should be comparative against a
standard drug
Standard & new drug should be as far as possible
identical to each other
Activity assayed should be the activity of interest
11. The degree of pharmacological response produced
should be reproducible under identical conditions.
e.g.Adrenaline.
Method of comparison preferably (not essentially)
test therapeutic property of drug.
Individual variations must be minimised.
13. Quantal
All or none response in all individuals,
e.g. Digitalis induced cardiac arrest in guinea pigs
hypoglycemic convulsions in mice by insulin and
Calculation of LD50 in mice or rats
Not précised
15. Graded Bioassay
Effect is produced gradually depending on dose.
E.g. Contraction of smooth muscle preparation
16. Accuracy Limits Of Bioassay
“Accuracy improves the efficiency of bioassay for
pharmaceutical biological products.”
An accuracy within 20 % of true value is good.
An accuracy within 10 % of true value is
excellent.
17. Dependency Of Biological
Testing Procedure
Biological assay depends on:
size of the dose
intensity of drug
It is not necessary that the effect produced in animals
would be same for that produced in humans. But few
exceptions are there this is the main draw back of
bioassay.
18. Partial List Of Official Quantitative
Biological Tests
Drug and Dosage
form
TestAnimal (s)
Antibiotics Suitable microorganism
Insulin Rabbit & Mice
Digitalis & other
glycosides
Pigeon & Guinea Pig
VitaminA& D Rat
Parathyroid drugs Dog
Posterior pituitary Rat
Tubocurarine Chloride Rabbit
19. Purpose Of Bioassay
1. Compare test sample with standard substance to determine
quantity of test sample required to produce an equivalent
biological response to that of the standard substance.
2. Measuring pharmacological activity of new or chemically
undefined substance.
3. Test method employed in measuring the response of living
animals to toxicity of chemical contaminant. Certain no. of
individuals of sensitive specie are exposed to specific conc.
of contaminant for specific period to examine toxic effects.
20. 4. Investigating function of endogenous mediators.
5. Determine conc.As well as potency of unknown substance.
6. Improving and maintaining standards of basic environmental
conditions affecting well-being of people e.g. pollutants
released by particular source.
7. To determine specificity of compounds to be used e.g.
penicillin's are effective against G+ve but not on G-ve.
21. Preparation of standard
A selective representative sample of a substance
for which it is to serve as a basis of the
measurement is called standard preparation.
Uniform quality
Stable
22. Types Of Standard
Preparation
Two type of standard preparation:
1) International standard and reference standard
USP units(highly recognized-able and authorized
standard)
2) British standard and reference standard
23. Country want to have its own standard
preparation, then used according to its own law.
For biological assay and tests, units are referred
called GREAT BRITIAN.
For specific biological activity small quantity of
standard preparation are used.
24. Potency
Measurement of drug activity expressed in terms
of amount required to produce an effect of given
intensity.
EXAMPLES:
Highly potent drugs like morphine, alprazolam,
chlorpromazine etc produced high response at low
conc. And low potent drugs like ibuprofen and
acetylsalicyclic acid produced low response at low
conc.
26. Advantages
Bioassays are procedures that can determine the
concentration of purity or biological activity of a
substance such as vitamin, hormone, and plant
growth factor.
While measuring the effect on an organism, tissue
cells, enzymes or the receptor is preparing to be
compared to a standard preparation.
27. Bioassays may be qualitative or quantitative.
Qualitative bioassays are used for assessing the
physical effects of a substance that may not be
quantified, such as abnormal development
or deformity.
Quantitative bioassays involve estimation of the
concentration or potency of a substance by
measurement of the biological response that it
produces. Quantitative bioassays are typically
analyzed using the methods of biostatistics.
28. They not only help to determine the concentration
but also the potency of the sample.
It is especially used to standardize drugs, vaccine,
toxins or poisons, disinfectants, antiseptics etc. as
these are all used over biological system in some or
other form.
These also help determine the specificity of a
compound to be used ex: Penicillin's are effective
against Gram+ve but not on Gram-ve. Testing of
infected patients sputum helps determine which anti-
biotic be given for quick recovery .
29. Certain complex compounds like Vitamin B-
12 which can't be analyzed by simple assay
techniques can be effectively estimated by
Bioassays.
Sometimes the chemical composition of samples are
different but have same biological activity.
For samples where no other methods of assays are
available.
30. Biological products like toxin, anti-toxin, sera can
be conveniently assayed. Measure minute (Nano
mole & Pico mole) quantities of active substances
can detect active substance without prior extraction
or other treatment.
31. Disadvantages
Key problem is variability in response
Large number of animal to be used
Expertise in experimental design, execution of assay
& analysis of data required
Leads to expensive & time consuming
32. Time related changes ins sensitivity of test organ.
Tachyphylactic responses of substance being
assayed. .