This document discusses various methods of enzyme immobilization including physical and chemical methods. Physical methods include adsorption, entrapment, and microencapsulation. Adsorption involves binding enzymes to a carrier's surface through weak forces. Entrapment physically traps enzymes within a porous polymer matrix. Microencapsulation encloses enzymes within semi-permeable membrane capsules. Chemical methods involve covalent bonding of enzymes to carriers through functional groups, and cross-linking which uses polyfunctional reagents to create cross-links between enzymes. The document provides details on each method's process, examples, advantages, and disadvantages.
PREPARATION OF BACTERIAL VACCINES:
Steps involved in killed bacterial vaccine preparation:
1. Selection of an antigen:
The exact strain or strains to be incorporated for preparation of bacterial vaccine.
Eg. Cholera vaccine: smooth strains of the two serological types Inaba and Ogawa
TABC vaccine: O and H antigens in S. typhi and S. paratyphi microorganisms and these organisms also contains Vi antigen.
Each strain is carefully checked for freedom from variation and absence of contaminating organisms.
Use of microbes in industry. Production of enzymes-General consideration-Amyl...Steffi Thomas
Industrial uses of microbes, properties of useful industrial microbes, various industrial products, production of enzymes-general consideration-amylase, catalase, peroxidase, lipase, protease, penicillinase, procedure for culturing bacteria and inoculum preparation, submerged fermentation and solid state fermentation, uses of different enzymes
Enzyme definition, Enzyme immobilization introduction , Enzyme immobilization definition, Explanation about support/ matrix, Examples about immobilized enzymes and their product, Advantages of immobilization, Applications of immobilization, Methods of immobilization in different categories like Adsorption method, Covalent bonding method, Entrapment method, Co polymerization /Cross linking method, Encapsulation method, Applications of immobilized enzymes, Diagrammatic explanation about methods of immobilization.
PREPARATION OF BACTERIAL VACCINES:
Steps involved in killed bacterial vaccine preparation:
1. Selection of an antigen:
The exact strain or strains to be incorporated for preparation of bacterial vaccine.
Eg. Cholera vaccine: smooth strains of the two serological types Inaba and Ogawa
TABC vaccine: O and H antigens in S. typhi and S. paratyphi microorganisms and these organisms also contains Vi antigen.
Each strain is carefully checked for freedom from variation and absence of contaminating organisms.
Use of microbes in industry. Production of enzymes-General consideration-Amyl...Steffi Thomas
Industrial uses of microbes, properties of useful industrial microbes, various industrial products, production of enzymes-general consideration-amylase, catalase, peroxidase, lipase, protease, penicillinase, procedure for culturing bacteria and inoculum preparation, submerged fermentation and solid state fermentation, uses of different enzymes
Enzyme definition, Enzyme immobilization introduction , Enzyme immobilization definition, Explanation about support/ matrix, Examples about immobilized enzymes and their product, Advantages of immobilization, Applications of immobilization, Methods of immobilization in different categories like Adsorption method, Covalent bonding method, Entrapment method, Co polymerization /Cross linking method, Encapsulation method, Applications of immobilized enzymes, Diagrammatic explanation about methods of immobilization.
Immobilization techniques are used by the movement of cells and enzymes. First enzyme immobilized in Japan. The immobilized enzyme is aminoacylase. This process is carried out by various methods such adsorption, covalent bonding, cross linking, entrapment, encapsulation. Immobilization of cells is an alternative method for immobilization of enzymes.
Enzyme immobilization may be defined as a process of confining the enzyme molecules to a solid support over which a substrate is passed and converted to products.
As enzymes are biological catalysts that promote the rate of reactions but are not themselves consumed in the reactions; they may be used repeatedly for as long as they remain active. However, in most of the processes, enzymes are mixed in a solution with substrates and cannot be economically recovered after the reaction and are generally wasted. Thus, there is an incentive to use enzymes in an immobilized or insolubilized form so that they may be retained in a biochemical reactor for further catalysis.
Enzyme immobilization may be defined as a process of confining the enzyme molecules to a solid support over which a substrate is passed and converted to products. The process whereby the movement of enzymes, cells, organelles, etc. in space is completely or severely restricted usually resulting in a water-insoluble form of the enzyme
VIRAL VACCINES
Since viruses are intracellular parasites they will grow only within other living cells.
Methods of viral vaccine production:
Cultivation of virus using free living animals
Fertile eggs
Tissue cultures
Objective:
To create a superior enzymes to catalyze the production of high value specific chemicals.
To produce enzyme in large quantities.
Eliminate the need for co factor in enzymatic reaction.
Change substrate binding sites to increase specificity.
Change the thermal tolerance and pH stability.
Increase protein resistance to proteases.
To produce biological compounds.
Investigate how desired mutations can be introduced into a cloned gene
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a common laboratory technique used to make many copies (millions or billions) of a particular region of DNA.
Immunoglobulins:
The Antibodies or Immunoglobulins are globular proteins present in the serum and tissue fluids. They are produced by the plasma cells (B-cells) and are used in the immune system of the body to neutralize pathogenic microbes or other toxic foreign components.
immunostimulants
Immunomodulators are natural or synthetic materials that regulate the immune system and induce innate and adaptive defense mechanisms. These substances are classified into two types, immunostimulants and immunosuppressants.
Immunostimulants can enhance body's resistance against various infections through increasing the basal levels of immune response.
IMMUNITY:
INTRODUCTION:
Our immune system is essential for our survival.
Without an immune system, our bodies would be open to attack from bacteria, viruses, parasites, and more.
It is our immune system that keeps us healthy as we drift through a sea of pathogens.
1. Type I Hypersensitivity:
Type I hypersensitive reactions are the commonest type among all types which is mainly induced by certain type of antigens i.e. allergens. Actually anaphylaxis means “opposite of protection” and is mediated by IgE antibodies through interaction with an allergen
Hybridoma
Hybridomas are cells that have been engineered to produce a desired antibody in large amounts, to produce monoclonal antibodies.
Monoclonal antibodies can be produced in specialized cells through a technique now popularly known as hybridoma technology.
Hybridoma technology was discovered in 1975 by two scientists, G. Kohler and C. Milstein, were awarded Noble prize for physiology and medicine in 1984.
Genetic Organisation:
All cellular activities are encoded within a cell’s DNA.
The sequence of bases within a DNA molecule represents the genetic information of the cell.
Segments of DNA molecules are called genes, and individual genes contain the instructional code necessary for synthesizing various proteins, enzymes, or stable RNA molecules.
Introduction to Genetic engineering
Process:
Genetic engineering, also called genetic modification or genetic manipulation, is the direct manipulation of an organism's genes using biotechnology.
It is a set of technologies used to change the genetic makeup of cells, including the transfer of genes within and across species boundaries to produce improved or novel organisms.
New DNA is obtained by either isolating and copying the genetic material of interest using recombinant DNA methods or by artificially synthesising the DNA.
elisa
Applications
methods
types
The enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay (ELISA) is an assay technique designed for detecting and quantifying peptides, proteins, antibodies and hormones.
The ELISA has been used as a diagnostic tool in medicine and plant pathology, as well as a quality-control check in various industries.
The process of the ELISA result in a colored end product which correlates to the amount of analyte present in the original sample.
Biotechnology with reference to pharmaceutical scienceAdarsh Patil
Introduction: Hisory
Biotechnology Biology + Technology
Defn:-
Any Technological application that uses biological system, living organisms, cells, tissues, explants or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or process for specific uses.
Applications of rdna technology in medicinesAdarsh Patil
Applications of R-DNA Technology in medicines:
Introduction Steps involved in recombinant technology:
DNA fragments coding for proteins of interest are synthesized chemically or isolated from an organism.
These DNA fragments are inserted into an endonuclease cleavage site of the vector that does not inactivate any gene that is required for the vector’s maintenance and selective marker.
The recombinant DNA molecules are then introduced into a host to replicate using the replication origin of the vector.
Biosensers are the integrated receptor transducer device, which is capable of providing selective quantitative or semi-quantitative analytic information using a biological recognition element.
Analytical device.
Contains Biological or Biological derived recognition element to detect specific bio-analyte a transducer to convert a biological signal into an electrical signal.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
1. SJM College of Pharmacy,
Chitradurga
Prepare By,
AdarshaBP
Ass Professor(Pharmacognosy)
SJM College of Pharmacy
1
PHARMACEUTICAL
BIOTECHNOLOGY
2. ENZYME BIOTECHNOLOGY - METHODS OF
ENZYME IMMOBILIZATION AND
APPLICATION:
Enzymes: Natural proteins produced by living
organisms( Bacterias, Plants & Animals) &
Functioning as highly selective biochemical catalysts
in converting one molecule into another.
Speed up metabolic reactions.
3.
4. • As direct pharmaceutical products, such as in the treatment of enzymatic deficiency
caused by various genetic disorders.
• Extraction of medicinally important compounds, such as heparin.
• Manufacture of chemical pharmaceuticals where enzymes are used for the inter
conversion of chemical intermediates or the removal of chiral components.
• Research and development - especially in the field of molecular biology where almost
all of the processes of nucleic acid
• manipulation are performed using enzymes, such as restriction endonucleases and
DNA polymerases.
• Diagnostic procedures also frequently utilise enzymes - such as Enzyme Linked
Immunosorbent Assays (ELISA), pregnancy and diabetic testing kits.
• In the production of synthetic and semi-synthetic hormones and steroids.
5. Enzyme Immobilization:
Defn- Restriction or prevention of movement or mobility of enzymes in a fixed
space.
Need or Advantages:
• Reusability
• Enhance the stability and efficiency
• Can separate the enzyme after reaction
• Economical
• Can readily stop the reaction
• In bio-catalysts
• Process reduction
9. • Enzymes can be easily separated from support by some
change i.e Ph, Ionic changes or temperature
• Prepared by easily mixing enzymes & adsorbant, Under
appropriate Conditions
• Supports used,
Mineral
Organic
Modified sepharose & ion exchange resins
• Examples: Aluminium oxide, Clay & Starch, Coconut fibre
10. Methods of Adsorption:
1) Static process
2) Dynamic batch process
3) Reactor loading process
4) Electrode position process
11. Advantages:
• No pore diffusion limitation
• Easy
• No reagents required
• Minimum activation steps
• Cheap
• Less disruptive
• Resistant to Proteolysis & Aggregation
• No Conformational changes.
13. b) Entrapment method:
Enzymes are Physically Entrapped inside the porous matrix
Covalent or Non Covalent bond
Water soluble polymer
Pore size of the polymer-Concentration of polymers
Examples: Gelatin, PAG, Agar, Alginate etc.
14. Example
• 3-5% Sodium aginate is prepared in H2O
• Yeast cell is added to above solution
• Taken in the Syringe
• 5 % Cal. Chloride is prepared in H2O
• Add the solution taken in Syringe into Calcium
chloride drop by drop
• Beads will form Containing yeast cells
• Yeast contain Invertase enzyme
15. 1. Enzymes in gels
2. Enzymes in Fibres
3. Enzymes in microcapsules- Formed by
monomer such as Polyamide and calcium
alginate
16. Advantages
• Faster method
• Cheap
• Easy to practice at a small scale
• Less chance of conformational changes in enzyme
Disadvantages
• Leakage of enzymes
• Pore diffusion limitation
• Not much used in Industry
17. c) Microencapsulation:
• Done by enclosing the enzymes
in membrane capsules.
• Capsule will be made up of semi
permeable membrane like nitro
cellulose or nylon.
• Effectiveness-stability of enzymes
inside capsule.
18. Advantages:
• Cheap & Simple method
• Large quantity of enzymes can be immobilizes in
encapsules.
Disadvantages:
• Pore size limitation
• Only small substrate molecule could able to cross
the membrane.
19. a)Covalent bonding:
• This method involves the formation of covalent bonds between the
chemical groups in enzyme and to the chemical groups on the support or
carrier.
• It is one of the widely used methods of enzyme immobilization.
• Hydroxyl groups and amino groups of support or enzyme form covalent
bonds more easily.
• Chemical groups in the support or carrier that can form covalent bonds
with support are amino groups, imino groups, hydroxyl groups, carboxyl
groups, thiol groups, methylthiol groups, guanidyl groups, imidazole
groups and phenol ring.
20.
21.
22. • Important functional groups of the enzyme that provide chemical groups to form
covalent bonds with support or carrier are:
1. Alpha carboxyl group at ‘C’ terminal of enzyme
2. Alpha amino group at ‘N’ terminal of enzyme
3. Epsilon amino groups of Lysine and Arginine in the enzyme
4. β and γ carboxyl groups of Aspartate and Glutamate
5. Phenol ring of Tyrosine
6. Thiol group of Cysteine
7. Hydroxyl groups of Serine and Threonine
8. Imidazole group of Histidine
9. Indole ring of Tryptophan
23. • Carriers or supports commonly used for covalent bonding are:
(a). Carbohydrates: Eg. Cellulose, DEAE cellulose, Agarose
(b). Synthetic agents: Eg. Polyacrylamide
(c). Protein carriers: Collagen, Gelatin
(d). Amino group bearing carriers: Eg. amino benzyl
cellulose
(e). Inorganic carriers: Porous glass, silica
(f). Cyanogen bromide (CNBr)-agarose and CNBr
Sepharose
24. • Methods of covalent bonding
(1). Diazoation: Bonding between amino group of
support and tyrosil or histidyl group of enzyme.
(2). Peptide bond: Bonding between amino or carboxyl
groups of the support and that of the enzyme.
(3). Poly functional reagents: Use of a bi-functional or
multifunctional reagent (glutaraldehyde) which forms
covalent bonds between the amino group of the support
and amino group of the enzyme.
25. Advantages of covalent bonding:
(a). Strong linkage of enzyme to the support
(b). No leakage or desorption problem
(c). Comparatively simple method
(d). A variety of support with different functional
groups available
(e). Wide applicability
26. Disadvantages of covalent bonding (major
problem with covalent bonding):
(a). Chemical modification of enzyme leading to
the loss of functional conformation of enzyme.
(b). Enzyme inactivation by changes in the
conformation when undergoes reactions at the
active site.
27. b) Cross linking/ Copolymerization:
This method don't uses the supporting material
Instead poly functional reagents are used to
create the cross linking between the enzymes.
These reagents are react with enzymes and
create the bridge or linkage b/w Enzymes
which forms backbone to hold the enzymes.
Ex; Glutaraldehyde, diazobenzidine,
hexamethylene di isocynanate etc
