Target Validation
Introduction,Drug discovery, Target identification and validation, Target validation and techniques
By
Ms. B. Mary Vishali
Department of Pharmacology
Role of Target Identification and Target Validation in Drug Discovery ProcessPallavi Duggal
Target identification and Validation tells about the how target is neccesary for new drug discovery and its development to reach into market for rare diseases.
The basic aspects of drug discovery starts from target discovery and validation further going to lead identification and optimization. In this particular slide discussion is regarding the target discovery and the tools that have been utilized in this process.
Role of Target Identification and Target Validation in Drug Discovery ProcessPallavi Duggal
Target identification and Validation tells about the how target is neccesary for new drug discovery and its development to reach into market for rare diseases.
The basic aspects of drug discovery starts from target discovery and validation further going to lead identification and optimization. In this particular slide discussion is regarding the target discovery and the tools that have been utilized in this process.
RATIONAL AND TRADITIONAL DRUG DESIGN Drug Discovery.pptxsakshinalkande
It's one of the topic of subject Principle Drug Discovery include in M pharm Pharmacology 2nd sem. It include introduction about rational and traditional drug design with types and methods. It'll be beneficial for M pharm Pharmacology students.
Target identification, target validation, lead identification and lead
Optimization.
• Economics of drug discovery.
• Target Discovery and validation-Role of Genomics, Proteomics and
Bioinformatics.
• Role of Nucleic acid microarrays, Protein microarrays, Antisense
technologies, siRNAs, antisense oligonucleotides, Zinc finger proteins.
• Role of transgenic animals in target validation.
molecular docking its types and de novo drug design and application and softw...GAUTAM KHUNE
This ppt deals with all the aspects related to molecular docking ,its types(rigid ,flexible and manual) and screening based on it and also deals with de novo drug design , various softwares available for docking methodologies and applications for molecular docking in new drug design
SAR versus QSAR, History and development of QSAR, Types of physicochemical
parameters, experimental and theoretical approaches for the determination of
physicochemical parameters such as Partition coefficient, Hammet’s substituent
constant and Taft’s steric constant. Hansch analysis, Free Wilson analysis, 3D-QSAR
approaches like COMFA and COMSIA.
Drug design is the inventive process of finding new medications based on the knowledge of the biological target.
In the most basic sense, drug design involves design of small molecules that are complementary in shape and charge to the bio-molecular target to which they interact and therefore will bind to it.
Drug design frequently but not necessarily relies on computer modeling techniques. This type of modeling is often referred to as computer-aided drug design.
Types;-
Random screening
Trial and error method
Ethnopharmacology approach
Serendipity method
Classical pharmacology
Chemical structure based drug discovery
Role of nuclicacid microarray &protein micro array for drug discovery processmohamed abusalih
role of nuclic acid microarray and protein microarray for drug discovery process
1.introduction about microarray technique and genomics
2.process of drug discovery
3.microarray techiques
4.microarray analysis in drug discovery
5.steps involved in the micro array analysis
Introduction to Applications of Proteomics Science,
Proteomics- Techniques, Applications of proteomics
Presented by
A. Harsha Vardhan Naidu
Department of Pharmacology
Introduction to Screening Models Of Anti Cancer Drugs
Need for novel anti cancer drugs, In - vitro methods, In - vivo methods, Advantages and disadvantages
Presented by
T. Niranjan Reddy
Department of Pharmacology
RATIONAL AND TRADITIONAL DRUG DESIGN Drug Discovery.pptxsakshinalkande
It's one of the topic of subject Principle Drug Discovery include in M pharm Pharmacology 2nd sem. It include introduction about rational and traditional drug design with types and methods. It'll be beneficial for M pharm Pharmacology students.
Target identification, target validation, lead identification and lead
Optimization.
• Economics of drug discovery.
• Target Discovery and validation-Role of Genomics, Proteomics and
Bioinformatics.
• Role of Nucleic acid microarrays, Protein microarrays, Antisense
technologies, siRNAs, antisense oligonucleotides, Zinc finger proteins.
• Role of transgenic animals in target validation.
molecular docking its types and de novo drug design and application and softw...GAUTAM KHUNE
This ppt deals with all the aspects related to molecular docking ,its types(rigid ,flexible and manual) and screening based on it and also deals with de novo drug design , various softwares available for docking methodologies and applications for molecular docking in new drug design
SAR versus QSAR, History and development of QSAR, Types of physicochemical
parameters, experimental and theoretical approaches for the determination of
physicochemical parameters such as Partition coefficient, Hammet’s substituent
constant and Taft’s steric constant. Hansch analysis, Free Wilson analysis, 3D-QSAR
approaches like COMFA and COMSIA.
Drug design is the inventive process of finding new medications based on the knowledge of the biological target.
In the most basic sense, drug design involves design of small molecules that are complementary in shape and charge to the bio-molecular target to which they interact and therefore will bind to it.
Drug design frequently but not necessarily relies on computer modeling techniques. This type of modeling is often referred to as computer-aided drug design.
Types;-
Random screening
Trial and error method
Ethnopharmacology approach
Serendipity method
Classical pharmacology
Chemical structure based drug discovery
Role of nuclicacid microarray &protein micro array for drug discovery processmohamed abusalih
role of nuclic acid microarray and protein microarray for drug discovery process
1.introduction about microarray technique and genomics
2.process of drug discovery
3.microarray techiques
4.microarray analysis in drug discovery
5.steps involved in the micro array analysis
Introduction to Applications of Proteomics Science,
Proteomics- Techniques, Applications of proteomics
Presented by
A. Harsha Vardhan Naidu
Department of Pharmacology
Introduction to Screening Models Of Anti Cancer Drugs
Need for novel anti cancer drugs, In - vitro methods, In - vivo methods, Advantages and disadvantages
Presented by
T. Niranjan Reddy
Department of Pharmacology
In this slide contains principle, types, methods and application of Western Blotting Technique.
Presented by: T.NIRANJAN REDDY (Department of pharmacology).
RIPER, anantapur
In this slide contains contents, steps, different and application of PCR and RT-PCR
Presented by: RAMYA NAGARAJU GARI (Department of pharmacology).
RIPER, anantapur
Introduction to PCR and RT-PCR, RT-PCR
PCR, Contents of PCR, Steps in PCR, PCR VS RT-PCR, Applications
Presented by
N. Ramya
Department of Pharmacology
Introduction to Immunotherapeutics
Cell mediated & humoral immunity, Immunosuppressants, Immunostimulants
Presented by
G. Sai Swetha
Department of Pharmacology
Introduction to Analytical Techniques in Phaese III,
Spectrophotometry, Reflectance photometry, Nephelometry & Turbidimetry, Osmometry, Potentiometry, Flowcytometry, Densitometry, Electrophoresis, LC-MS, ICP-MS
Presented by
B. Kranthi Kumar
Department of Pharmacology
In this slide contains analytical techniques in phase-3 clinical trials.
Presented by: KRANTHI KUMAR BONALA (Department of pharmacology).
RIPER, anantapur
Preclinical Development, Introduction
Definition, Stages of development of a new drug, Objectives of Preclinical studies, Several steps in preclinical trials, Types of studies in Preclinical trials, Importance of preclinical trials
By
Ms. I. Sai Reddemma.
Department of Pharmacology
In this slide contains introduction, principle, types, equipment's and applications of Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay.
Presented by: D.Sudheer Reddy. (Department of pharmacology)
RIPER, anantapur.
in this slide contains introduction, types, classification, review team, requirement of protocol and process of Investigated New Drug Application (IND).
Presented by: RAVI SHANKAR D (Department of pharmaceutical analysis and quality assurance),
RIPER, anantapur.
Introduction to Analytical Methods In Invitro Techniques, Analytical Methods, In Vitro Techniques, Spectroscopic Techniques, Chromatography, Electrochemical methods, ELISA, RIA, Bioassay, Electrophoresis
Presented by
K. Thanmaya Divya
Department of Pharmacology
In this slide contains introduction, principle, precautions, solution and assay method for vitamin B series.
Presented by: P. VENKATESH (Department of pharmaceutical analysis),
RIPER, anantapur
JOURNAL CLUB PRESENTATION (20L81S0402-PA & QA)
Presented by: K VENKATSAI PRASAD (Department of pharmaceutical analysis and quality assurance).RIPER, anantapur
Toxic effects of heavy metals : Lead and Arsenicsanjana502982
Heavy metals are naturally occuring metallic chemical elements that have relatively high density, and are toxic at even low concentrations. All toxic metals are termed as heavy metals irrespective of their atomic mass and density, eg. arsenic, lead, mercury, cadmium, thallium, chromium, etc.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Salas, V. (2024) "John of St. Thomas (Poinsot) on the Science of Sacred Theol...Studia Poinsotiana
I Introduction
II Subalternation and Theology
III Theology and Dogmatic Declarations
IV The Mixed Principles of Theology
V Virtual Revelation: The Unity of Theology
VI Theology as a Natural Science
VII Theology’s Certitude
VIII Conclusion
Notes
Bibliography
All the contents are fully attributable to the author, Doctor Victor Salas. Should you wish to get this text republished, get in touch with the author or the editorial committee of the Studia Poinsotiana. Insofar as possible, we will be happy to broker your contact.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
1. RIPER
AUTONOMOUS
NAAC &
NBA (UG)
SIRO- DSIR
Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research - Autonomous
K.R.Palli Cross, Chiyyedu, Anantapuramu, A. P- 515721 1
TARGET VALIDATION
A Seminar as a part of curricular requirement
for I year M. Pharm II semester
Presented by
Ms. B. Mary Vishali
(Reg. No. 20L81S0104)
Department of Pharmacology
Under the guidance/Mentorship of
Dr. P. Ramalingam., Ph.D.
Director- R&D Division,
Professor of Pharmaceutical Analysis
and Medicinal Chemistry.
2. RIPER
AUTONOMOUS
NAAC &
NBA (UG)
SIRO- DSIR
Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research - Autonomous
K.R.Palli Cross, Chiyyedu, Anantapuramu, A. P- 515721 2
• Introduction
• Drug discovery
• Target identification and validation
• Target validation and techniques
• References
CONTENTS:
3. RIPER
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Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research - Autonomous
K.R.Palli Cross, Chiyyedu, Anantapuramu, A. P- 515721 3
Introduction
oA drug discovery program initiates because there is a disease or
clinical condition without suitable medical products available
oThe aim is to achieve registration by one or more regulatory
authorities, to allow the drug to be marketed legally as a medicine for
human use.
oDeveloping a new drug is a complex process which can take 12–15
years and cost in excess of $1 billion.
4. RIPER
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Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research - Autonomous
K.R.Palli Cross, Chiyyedu, Anantapuramu, A. P- 515721 4
Drug Discovery and Development:
5. RIPER
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K.R.Palli Cross, Chiyyedu, Anantapuramu, A. P- 515721 5
6. RIPER
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NAAC &
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Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research - Autonomous
K.R.Palli Cross, Chiyyedu, Anantapuramu, A. P- 515721 6
Target identification and validation
oOne of the most important steps in developing a new drug is target
identification and validation.
oA target is a broad term which can be applied to a range of biological
entities which may include for example proteins, genes and RNA.
oA good target needs to be efficacious, safe, meet clinical and
commercial needs and, above all, be ‘druggable’.
oEx: Proton pump (H+K +ATPase) of parietal cells of stomach
7. RIPER
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Strategies used in target discovery
Two main strategies are employed;
1. Molecular approach: Target discovery through understanding of
cellular mechanisms (ex: Tissues, cell lines)
2. Systems approach: Target discovery through the study of disease in
whole organism (Clinical sciences, patient/animal models)
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Target validation
o Once a gene target or a mechanistic pathway is identified, the next
step is to demonstrate that it does play a critical role in disease
initiation, perpetuation, or both.
o The role of target validation, therefore, is to demonstrate the
functional role of the potential target in the disease phenotype.
o The target validation normally require that the;
Target is expressed in the disease-relevant cells/tissues, and
Target modulation in cell and/or animal models ameliorates the
relevant disease phenotype
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K.R.Palli Cross, Chiyyedu, Anantapuramu, A. P- 515721 9
1. mRNA modulation (antisense strategies)
Oligonucleotides
ribozymes and small interfering RNA (siRNA)
2. Zinc finger printing
3. Transgenic animals
Techniques used in target validation
10. RIPER
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K.R.Palli Cross, Chiyyedu, Anantapuramu, A. P- 515721 10
Antisense Technologies
Antisense technology is a potentially
powerful technique which utilizes a strand
of nucleic acid (DNA, RNA or a chemical
analogue) which are designed to be
complimentary to a region of a target
mRNA molecule.
Binding of the antisense oligonucleotide to
the target mRNA results in its inactivation
and hence, effectively turning off the gene.
11. RIPER
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Types of antisense strategies
Antisense oligonucleotides
They usually consist of 15– 20 nucleotides, which are complementary
to their target mRNA. They block translation of the mRNA or induce
its degradation by RNase H
12. RIPER
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K.R.Palli Cross, Chiyyedu, Anantapuramu, A. P- 515721 12
1st Generation 2nd Generation 3rd Generation
Here one of the
nonbridging oxygen
atoms in the
phosphodiester bond is
replaced by sulphur.
The modification
improves;
• nuclease resistance,
• Half life (from 1h to
10hrs),
• activate RNase H,
• 2’-O-methyl and 2’-
O-methoxy-ethyl
RNA are the most
important members of
this class.
• They are less toxic
than phosphorothioate
DNAs and have a
slightly enhanced
affinity towards their
complementary RNAs
DNA and RNA
analogues with modified
phosphate linkages or
riboses as well as
nucleotides with a
completely different
chemical moiety
substituting the furanose
ring (5 membered ring)
have been developed
13. RIPER
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K.R.Palli Cross, Chiyyedu, Anantapuramu, A. P- 515721 13
Ribozymes (RNA enzymes) and Small interfering RNA
(siRNA)
o Ribozymes are unique RNA enzymes that can recognize complementary
mRNA targets and cleave them at “GUC” sites in a sequence-specific
fashion.
o This makes ribozymes powerful tools for studying the functional
consequences of suppressed gene expression.
o RNAi is a natural process that occurs in many organisms ranging from
plants to mammals.
o In this process, double-stranded RNA or hairpin RNA is cleaved by a Rnase
IIItype enzyme called Dicer into small interfering RNA duplex.
o This then directs sequence-specific, homology-dependent,
posttranscriptional gene silencing by binding to its complementary RNA
and triggering its elimination through degradation or by inducing
translational inhibition.
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15. RIPER
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Zinc Finger Proteins (ZFP)
o Zinc fingers are small protein domains in which zinc plays a
structural role contributing to the stability of the domain.
oBased on the structural properties in the vicinity of the zinc‐binding
site they are grouped into 8 fold groups.
1. C2H2 ‐like finger
2. Gag knuckle
3. Treble clef finger
4. Zinc ribbon
5. Zn2/Cys6‐like finger
6. TAZ2 domain‐like
7. Short zinc‐binding loops
8. Metallothioneins
16. RIPER
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Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research - Autonomous
K.R.Palli Cross, Chiyyedu, Anantapuramu, A. P- 515721 16
• Proteins bind zinc as a cofactor for catalysis or as a structural
stabilizer.
• In zinc fingers, the role of zinc is structural and zinc ions typically do
not participate in the function directly.
• Other parts of a zinc‐binding molecule bear functional importance. •
Small protein domains assembled around zinc ions are versatile
structural templates that perform various functions.
• They are involved in;
nucleic acid (DNA and RNA) binding,
protein–protein interactions,
binding small ligands (lipids) and
sometimes also possess enzymatic properties
Functional properties of ZFP
17. RIPER
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• Transgenic technology represents an attractive approach to
• reduce the attrition rate of compounds entering clinical trials
• increases the quality of the target and compound combinations making the transition from
discovery into development.
• Transgenic technology influences decision making in target identification, target validation,
and can also provide better models for human diseases, Also as model designed to alert
researchers early about potential issues with drug metabolism and toxicity.
• There is a need for in vivo target validation data before large amounts of resource are
invested in the potential target. • Considerable efforts are being made to identify rapid,
reliable and general tools for in vivo validation, but, so far, only transgenic animals work
reliably on a wide range of targets. • A common requirement in the target validation phase is
the production of genetically modified animals that either overexpress (gene addition) or no
longer possess the target (knockout animals). • These animals provide in vivo functional data
on a potential target which are often lacking.
Transgenic animals in drug discovery
18. RIPER
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Alzheimer’s disease
• No animal models existed for the disease before transgenic
technology was employed.
• Today, several transgenic models have been established. These
models resemble much of the human pathology and are frequently
used in the search for new therapeutic opportunities.
• Immunisation of Amyloid precursor protein (APP) transgenic mice
with the protein Aβ42 before disease became established resulted in
disease prevention and, if performed on older animals, inhibited
disease progression.
• This study using transgenic mice suggests that vaccination against
Alzheimer’s disease could have potential as a therapeutic approach.
19. RIPER
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K.R.Palli Cross, Chiyyedu, Anantapuramu, A. P- 515721 19
1. Boscha, F., Rosich, L. (2008), The Contributions of Paul Ehrlich to
Pharmacology, 171-179.
2. Terstappen, G., Schlupen, C., Raggiaschi, R., & Gaviraghi,
G.(2007), Target deconvolution strategies in drug discovery, 891-
903.
3. Choe, g., Horvath, S., Cloughesy, T. F., et al. (2003) Analysis of the
phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling pathway in gliblastoma
patients in vivo. Cancer Res. 63(11), 2742-2746.
REFERENCES :
20. RIPER
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NAAC &
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K.R.Palli Cross, Chiyyedu, Anantapuramu, A. P- 515721 20