Host plant resistance refers to the inherent ability of a plant to resist insect damage. There are three main types of resistance: antixenosis, antibiosis, and tolerance. Antixenosis makes the plant an unattractive host for feeding or oviposition. Antibiosis causes adverse effects on the insect such as reduced growth or increased mortality. Tolerance allows the plant to withstand or recover from insect damage through mechanisms like increased tillering. Resistance can be controlled by single genes or polygenes and can be specific to certain insect biotypes or provide more durable, general resistance.
Content:
Introduction
Importance of Host Plant Resistance
Historical perspectives
Advantages and Disadvantages of HPR
Mechanisms of Resistance
Adaptation of Resistance in Plant to Insect
Morphological
Anatomical
Biochemical
Assembly of plant species - Gene Pool
Behavior in Relation to Host Plant Factor
Content:
Introduction
Importance of Host Plant Resistance
Historical perspectives
Advantages and Disadvantages of HPR
Mechanisms of Resistance
Adaptation of Resistance in Plant to Insect
Morphological
Anatomical
Biochemical
Assembly of plant species - Gene Pool
Behavior in Relation to Host Plant Factor
In this PPT slides you will come to know about the different kinds of pest which is infesting in WHEAT plant. And also you will come to know about their management practices and also you will have an knowledge about some common chemicals which is being uses to eradicate the pests/diseases infesting in wheat plant.
Mechanism of insect resistance in plants (non preference, antibiosis, tolerance and avoidance) – nature of insect resistance – genetics of insect resistance – horizontal and vertical – genetics of resistance – sources of insect resistance – breeding methods for insect resistance – problems in breeding for insect resistance – achievements.
This Presentation includes various tactics of IDM like Cultural control, Physical control, Chemical control, Biological control of plant disease. Useful for UG, PG Botany and Agriculture students
Allelopathy is the chemical inhibition of one plant (or other organism) by another, due to the release into the environment of substances acting as germination or growth inhibitors.
Parasitoids and Predators, their attributes.Bhumika Kapoor
Insect parasitoids have an immature life stage that develops on or within a single insect host, ultimately killing the host, hence the value of parasitoids as natural enemies. Adult parasitoids are free-living and may be predaceous. Parasitoids are often called parasites, but the term parasitoid is more technically correct. Most beneficial insect parasitoids are wasps or flies, although some rove beetles (see Predators) and other insects may have life stages that are parasitoids.
where as the Major characteristics of arthropod predators includes adults and immatures are often generalists rather than specialists, they generally are larger than their prey, they kill or consume many prey males, females, immatures, and adults may be predatory and they attack immature and adult prey.
Manipulation of cultural practices at an appropriate time for reducing or avoiding disease damage to crops
The cultural practices make the environment less favorable for the plant pathogen and or more favorable for its bio control agents.
According to Stevens(1960) , the cultural methods of disease control involve agricultural cropping, harvesting and storage, tillage, crop rotation, soil management, growing of resistant varieties, planning of land use, and other related practices.
list of cultural practices
1.Soil solarization
2.Deep summer ploughing
3.Organic and inorganic amendments
4.Fallowing
5. Crop rotation
6. Green manure crops
7.Irrigation practices
and others Roughing
Strip farming
Trap and decay crops
Burning crop residue
Fertilizers usage
Time of sowing
Sanitation
In this PPT slides you will come to know about the different kinds of pest which is infesting in WHEAT plant. And also you will come to know about their management practices and also you will have an knowledge about some common chemicals which is being uses to eradicate the pests/diseases infesting in wheat plant.
Mechanism of insect resistance in plants (non preference, antibiosis, tolerance and avoidance) – nature of insect resistance – genetics of insect resistance – horizontal and vertical – genetics of resistance – sources of insect resistance – breeding methods for insect resistance – problems in breeding for insect resistance – achievements.
This Presentation includes various tactics of IDM like Cultural control, Physical control, Chemical control, Biological control of plant disease. Useful for UG, PG Botany and Agriculture students
Allelopathy is the chemical inhibition of one plant (or other organism) by another, due to the release into the environment of substances acting as germination or growth inhibitors.
Parasitoids and Predators, their attributes.Bhumika Kapoor
Insect parasitoids have an immature life stage that develops on or within a single insect host, ultimately killing the host, hence the value of parasitoids as natural enemies. Adult parasitoids are free-living and may be predaceous. Parasitoids are often called parasites, but the term parasitoid is more technically correct. Most beneficial insect parasitoids are wasps or flies, although some rove beetles (see Predators) and other insects may have life stages that are parasitoids.
where as the Major characteristics of arthropod predators includes adults and immatures are often generalists rather than specialists, they generally are larger than their prey, they kill or consume many prey males, females, immatures, and adults may be predatory and they attack immature and adult prey.
Manipulation of cultural practices at an appropriate time for reducing or avoiding disease damage to crops
The cultural practices make the environment less favorable for the plant pathogen and or more favorable for its bio control agents.
According to Stevens(1960) , the cultural methods of disease control involve agricultural cropping, harvesting and storage, tillage, crop rotation, soil management, growing of resistant varieties, planning of land use, and other related practices.
list of cultural practices
1.Soil solarization
2.Deep summer ploughing
3.Organic and inorganic amendments
4.Fallowing
5. Crop rotation
6. Green manure crops
7.Irrigation practices
and others Roughing
Strip farming
Trap and decay crops
Burning crop residue
Fertilizers usage
Time of sowing
Sanitation
what is Antixenosis, Antibiosis, and Tolerance.pptxRamshaShaikh11
what are the mechanism resistance in plants(Antixenosis, Antibiosis and Tolerance), their adaptation resistances like morphological, anatomical and biochemical basis etc.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
2. Relative amount of heritable qualities
possessed by the plant which
influence the ultimate degree of
damage done by the insect is called
‘Host plant resistance’
- Maxwell F.G.1972
3. Those characters that enable a plant
tolerate or recover from attack of insect
under conditions that would cause greater
injury to the other plant of the same spp.
called ‘Host plant resistance’
-Painter R.H. 1951
4. A. Ecological Resistance or Pseudo
Resistance or Apparent Resistance
Ecological resistance relies more on
environmental conditions
Certain crop varieties may overcome the
most susceptible stage rapidly and thus
avoid insect damage
5. Pseudoresistance may be classified of the
following:
1. Host evasion:
Under some conditions , a host plant may pass through the
most susceptible stage quickly or at time when insects are
less in number
Eg: 1.Early planting of paddy in kharif minimize the
infestation of stem borer Scirpophaga incertulas .
2.Sowing of sorghum soon after onset of monsoon in
June helps to overcome shoot fly infestation
6. 2. Induced resistance:
A form of temporarily increased resistance as
resulting from some conditions of plant or its
environment
Such as changes in the amount of nutrients or
water applied to the crop.
Eg: Application of potassium fertilizers.
7. 3. Host escape:
It refers to lack of infestation or
injury to the host plant because of
transitory circumstances like
incomplete infestation.
8. B. Genetic Resistance
The factors that determine the
resistance of host plant to insect
establishment include the presence of
structural barriers, allelochemicals and
nutritional imbalance.
9. Genetic resistance may be grouped based on,
A. Number of genes
i) Monogenic resistance: When resistance is controlled by a
single gene, it is called monogenic resistance
ii) Oligogenic resistance: When resistance is governed by a
few genes, it is called oligogenic resistance.
iii) Polygenic resistance: When resistance is governed by
many genes, it is called polygenic resistance. This is also
termed as horizontal resistance.
10. B. Major or minor genes
I. Major gene resistance:
The resistance is controlled by one or few major
genes.
Major genes have a strong effect and these can
be identified easily.
This is also called Vertical resistance.
11. II. Minor gene resistance
The resistance is controlled by a number of
minor genes,
Minor gene having a small effect.
This is also referred to as horizontal
resistance.
12. C. Biotype reaction
Vertical resistance:
If a series of different
cultivars of a crop show
different reactions when
infested with different
insect biotypes,
resistance is vertical.
Horizontal resistance
If a series of different
cultivars of a crop show no
differential interaction
when infested with
different biotypes of an
insect
13. It is also referred a
qualitative or biotype-
specific resistance.
Vertical resistance
controlled by a major
genes or oligo genes.
It is considered less
stable.
Biotype-non-specific
resistance, general
resistance or quantitative
resistance.
Horizontal resistance is
controlled by several poly
genes or minor genes.
More durable or stable.
Vertical resistance Horizontal resistance
14. Mechanisms of Host Plant Resistance
R. H. Painter (1951) has grouped the mechanisms of host
plant resistance into three main categories.
1. Antixenosis (Non-preference )
2. Antibiosis
3. Tolerance
Kogan and Ortman (1978) proposed that the term non
preference should be replaced by antixenosis
15. 1. Antixenosis (Non-preference )
The term ‘Non-preference’ refers to the
response of the insect to the characteristics
of the host plant, which make is
unattractive to the insect for feeding,
oviposition or shelter.
16. Some plants are not chosen by insects for
food shelter or oviposition because of either
the absence of desirable characters in that
plant like texture, hairiness taste, flavor, or
presence of undesirable characters.
Such plants are less damaged by that pest
and the phenomenon is called non preference
17. • Eg.
• Hairy varieties of soybean and cotton are not
preferred by leafhoppers for oviposition
• Open panicle of sorghum supports less Helicoverpa
armigera
• Wax bloom on crucifers deter diamondback moth
Plutella xylostella
18. 2.Antibiosis:
Antibiosis refers to the adverse effect of host plant
on the insect due to the presence of some toxic
substances or absence of required nutritional
components hence do not suffer as much damage as
normal plants.
19. The adverse effects may be
Reduced fecundity
Decreased size
Long life cycle
Failure of larva to pupate
Failure of adult emergence
Increased mortality.
20. Eg:
The most classical example is DIMBOA (2,4 Di
hydroxy -7- methoxy – 1,4 benzaxin – 3)
content in maize which imparts chemical
defense against the European corn borer
Ostrinia nubilalis.
Gossypol ( polyphenol ) against helicoverpa
armigera ( American bollworm)
21. 3.Tolerance
Some plants withstand the damage caused by the
insect by producing more number of tillers ,roots,
leaves etc in the place of damaged plant parts such
plants are said to be tolerant to that particular pest .
22. Tolerance usually results from one or more
of the following factors
1. General vigor of the plant,
2.Regrowth of the damaged tissues
3.Strength of stems and resistant to lodging
4. Production of additive branches
5. Efficient utilization of non vital plant parts by the insect.
6. Compensation by growth of neibhouring plants
23. Eg:
Early attack by the sorghum shoot fly on
main shoot induced the production of a few
synchronous tillers that grow rapidly and
survive to produce harvestable ear heads.
LRG 41 Red gram for Helicoverpa
armigera