This document discusses different methods of biological control including conservation, augmentation, and classical biological control. Conservation involves improving habitats and reducing pesticide use to encourage natural enemy populations. Augmentation involves purchasing and releasing natural enemies when populations are not adequate. Classical biological control imports and establishes natural enemies of invasive pests. The document provides examples of each approach and emphasizes selecting insecticides and managing habitats that protect natural enemies.

1. Conservation and Augmentation
of Biological Control Agent
Reporters (Group IV)
Liezyl Obrador Kemuel Punzalan
Diane Olarve Desierin Rodrin
Lucille Paredes

2. • Biological control uses natural enemies to
keep unwanted pests at low levels.
• Intentional manipulation of populations of
living beneficial organism in order to limit
population of pest.

3. • Classical / Introduction
• Conservation
• Augmentation

4. • Involves the importation, screening, and
release of natural enemies to permanently
established effective natural enemies in new
areas. Classical biological control usually
targets introduced (non-native) pests, most
of which arrive here without the natural
enemies that control their population.

5. • Native pest that are not adequately
controlled by existing naturally enemies may
be also be the target of classical biological
control.
• These activities are tightly regulated and are
conducted solely by federal and state
agencies.

6. • Improve the effectiveness of natural enemies
through farming and gardening practices that
provide necessary resources for their survival
and protect them from toxins and other
adverse condition.

7. • Typically involves the purchase and release of
natural enemies present in the Philippines
but may not be numerous enough to
adequately control pests in a particular
location.
• The goal augmentative biological control is to
temporarily increase the number of natural
enemies.

8. • Many centuries ago, Chinese farmers
observed that ants were helping to control
insect pest in their citrus orchards by feeding
on caterpillars, beetles, and leaf feeding bug.
The farmers discovered that collecting the
papery nests of these ants in the countryside
and moving them in their orchard improved
control of some orchard pests.

9. • They also provided aerial bamboo runaways
among the citrus trees to help the ants move
freely from tree to tree.

10. • In the mid-1880’s, southern California’s
developing citrus industry experience
devastating losses from an introduced pest
called cottony cushion scale. Growers tried
every available chemical control but none are
sufficient control. After determining that the
scale insect was native in Australia and New
Zealand.

11. • USDA sent an entomologist to look for
effective natural enemies. The entomologist
found vedalia beetle.

12. • Predators
• Parasitoids
• Parasites
• Pathogens

14. Encourages existing natural enemy
populations to flourish in the area and suppress
pests. This involves reducing practices that
harm natural enemies as well as implementing
practices that improve natural enemy longevity,
reproductive rate and effectiveness.

15. It is perhaps the least disruptive of the
approaches to biological control because it does
not attempt to intervene in the ecology of the
System, simply to maintain it. There are two
aspects to maintaining parasitoid populations;
insecticide selectivity and Habitat
manipulatuon.

16. To conserve natural enemies in the home
landscape,
We need to reduce insecticide use. The
chemicals we spray to get caterpillars off broccoli
also kill or reduce the livelihood of natural
enemies. Using pesticides may also create new
pests because it kills natural enemies that are
suppressing minor pests without our knowledge.
When the natural enemies are killed by a
pesticide, these minor pests can become major
problems.

17. Insecticide Selectivity
The first aspect to conservation is
that of insecticide use and selectivity
(Mills1990).
This can be considered from both
the physiological and ecological
perspective(Hull and Beers 1985).

18. Physiological refers to the type of
insecticide used and the relative résistance
of parasitoids to such insecticides while
Ecological refers to the timing, placement,
dosage, and technique of applying the
insecticide.

19. Examples of broad-spectrum pesticides
include most organophosphate (e.g.,
malathion, dimethoate), carbamate (e.g.,
carbaryl–Sevin, methomyl–Lannate),
pyrethroid (e.g., beta-cyfluthrin–Baythroid,
fenpropathrin–Danitol), and foliar-applied
neonicotinoid (imidacloprid–Provado,
acetamiprid–Assail) insecticides.

20. When an insecticide causes less harm
to some insects than others, it is a selective
insecticide. For example, some selective
insecticides cause less harm to many
natural enemies than to the target pest.
Insecticides that are not selective, or kill a
wide range of insects including natural
enemies, are called broad-spectrum.

21. If broad-spectrum insecticides are used in
a selective manner, such as in baits, spot
treatments, or applied systemically through
irrigation water, some of the detrimental effects
on natural enemies can be avoided.

22. Managing the habitat to meet the needs of
predators and parasitoids is an excellent way
to conserve these garden friends and
minimize the harmful effects of crop
production on them.

23. • this can reduce weed growth while providing
humid, sheltered hiding places for nocturnal
predators (spiders and gournd beetles).
• using mulches, it is harder for flying insects
(aphids and leafhoppers) to see the crop by
reducing the visual contrast between the
foliage and the soil surface.

24. • flowering borders, hedges and other perennial
habitats be provided for natural enemies.
• this vegetative sites insulate natural enemies
from the winter chill.
• when parts of the garden include undisturbed
perennial plantings, natural enemies are more
likely to survive the winter.

25. • having certain flowering plants available can
greatly increase the longevity and fertility of
many natural enemies.
• lady bug and lacewings adults often feed on
pollen, many natural enemies that can benefit
from floral nectar are small parasitic wasps.
• flowers that are good for them are usually
small, not overly tubular and relatively open.

26. • planting a mixture of
plants that bloom for long
periods and overlap in
time will ensure that food
sources are available when
natural enemies are active.
• plantings of dills, coriander
and caraway can provide a
continous source of
valuable flowers.

27. caraway - Carum carvi
coriander (cilantro) - Coriandrum sativum
dill - Anethum graveolens
fennel - Foeniculum vulgare

28. bishop's flower - Ammi majus
wild carrot - Daucus carota
toothpick ammi - Ammi visnaga
wild parsnip - Pastinaca sativa
Compositae (aster
family)
blanketflower - Gaillardia spp.
coneflower - Echinacea spp.
coreopsis - Coreopsis spp.

29. cosmos - Cosmos spp.
goldenrod - Soliado spp.
sunflower - Helianthus spp.
tansy - Tanacetum vulgare
yarrow - Achillea spp.

30. • leguminous cover crops improve soil fertility
and provide shelter, floral food sources and
alternate prey for a wide variety of natural
enemies.
• consider altering gardening practices such as
planting times, selecting cultivars and mixing
crops together to prevent pests and enhance
natural enemy survival.

31. Augmentation of Biological
Control

32. • Augmentation is the direct manipulation of natural
enemies to increase their effectiveness.
• The release of natural enemies (predators, parasites,
pathogens)
• Augmentation is used where populations of a natural
enemy are not present or cannot respond quickly enough
to the pest population.
• Augmentation usually does not provide permanent
suppression of pests

33. • Release of reared natural enemies
• Temporary control
• Natural enemy should be adapted to focus area
• Easy to culture
• Preference for pest species
• Higher reproductive rate than pest
• Good response to pest density
• Nat.enem. Should not attack others Nat. enem.

34. • In England in 1895 the egg parasitoid
Trichogramma became the first natural enemy
to be reared and release to control arthropod
pests.
• After this the techniques to rear natural
enemies increase but it is only in the 1970s
than mass rearing escalated correlating with
the increase of their use in greenhouses.

35. • When natural enemies are absent or occur at
low numbers
• When natural enemies appear late

36. 1. Periodic Colonization Procedures
a. Inundative releases
b.Inoculative releases
2. Development of Adapted Strains of Natural
Enemies

37. • Inundative release involves releasing large numbers of
natural enemies for immediate reduction of a damaging
or near-damaging pest population.
• This type of control is similar to that obtained through
the use of pesticides since the mortality of the pest is
basically immediate and there is no prolonged
interaction of the populations.
• These are made to control a pest mainly through the
mortality caused by the natural enemies released and
not their progeny.

38. • The mass release of the
egg parasite
Trichogramma for
controlling the eggs of
various types of moths.

39. • Inoculative release involves releasing small numbers of
natural enemies at prescribed intervals throughout the pest
period, starting when the pest population is very low.
• The natural enemies are expected to reproduce themselves
to provide more long-term control
• The expected outcome of inoculative releases is to keep the
pest at low numbers, never allowing it to approach an
economic injury level
• Control is dependent upon the progeny being produced for
more than one generation following the colonization of
individuals of the beneficial species.

40. • Release of predatory mites
• Inoculation of soil with
Bacillus popilliae to control
Japanese beetle grubs

41. • Most effort has been on the development of
pesticide resistant strains of natural enemies
(predators and parasitoids) to reduce the impacts of
pesticides that contribute to pest outbreaks via
resurgences and secondary upsets.
• Example: Selection of the predatory mite
Metaseiulus occidentalis for resistance to pesticides
such as to carbaryl, methomyl, dimethoate,
permethrin, and fenvalerate has been achieved.

42. • De Bach, P. (1974). Biological Control by Natural Enemies.
Cambridge, University Press, London.
http://nature.berkeley.edu/biocon/BC%20Class%
20Notes/141-144%20Augmentation.pdf
• Frodsham, A.C., and Hoffman, M.P. (1993). What is
Biological Control? Cornell University Ithaka, New
York. http://www.biocontrol.entomology.cornell.ed
u/what.html
• Landis, D.A., and Orr, D. B (n.d). Biological Control:
Approaches and Application. University of Minnesota
http://ipmworld.umn.edu/chapters/landis.htm

43. • http://migarden.msu.edu/uploads/files/e2719
.pdf
• http://www.northcentralsare.org/content/do
wnload/65517/920816/file/LNC05-
262%20Biological%20Control%20of%20Insect
s%20and%20Mites.pdf