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Similar to Activity 11 arthropods2
Activity 11 arthropods2
- 2. PHYLUM ARTHROPODA Gr. Arthron,joint, + pous, podos, foot Most numerous animals on earth (900,000 species) Spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites, crustaceans, millipedes, centipedes, insects and some smaller groups.
- 3. STRUCTURE AND ORGANIZATION Segmentedbody, metameric body Segments are specialized for a variety of purposes, forming functional groups (Tagmata) Head and thorax are two tagmata Head, thorax and abdomen Cephalothorax and abdomen Triploblastic coelomates with well developed organ systems
- 4. No backbone Cuticular exoskeleton(chitin and tanned protein) ecdysis (or molting) Skeletal support • each somite bears a single pair of jointed appendages -sensory activities, food gathering and feeding, reproduction and walking or swimming Locomotion
- 5. with complete digestivesystem Mouthparts are modified from appendages and adapted for different methods of feeding exhibit all modes of feeding: carnivorous, herbivorous, scavengers, filter-feeding Nutrition Reproduction • are dioecious and undergo internal fertilization • may be oviparous or ovoviviparous • life cycle involves metamorphosis which include molting process or ecdysis (shedding of exoskeleton) • Few species exhibit parthenogenesis
- 6. Respiration by bodysurface, gills, tracheae or book lungs Open circulatory system Poikilothermic Respiration and Circulation • excretory organs – malpighian tubules – excretory glands such as antennal, coxal, and maxillary glands Excretion Nervous System • similar to annelid plan • Dorsal ganglia connected to double ventral chain of ganglia
- 7. I. SUBPHYLUM TRILOBITOMORPHA(LATIN: THREE- LOBED FORM) extinct trilobites consist of three tagmata: head, thorax, and pygidium each somite (except for the last) has two lobes or biramous type of appendages inner lobe/endopod: walking outer lobe/exopod: burrowing, swimming, filter-feeding, respiration
- 8. II. SUBPHYLUM CHELICERATA(GREEK: CLAW) body with two tagmata: cephalothorax (prosoma) and Abdomen (opisthosoma) with six pairs of appendages all attached to prosoma first pair: chelicerae which are feeding organs, second pair: pedipalps which could be feeding or sensory structures last four pairs as walking legs members do not have antennae includes spiders, ticks, scorpions, sea spiders, mites, harvestmen (daddy longlegs) and horseshoe crabs
- 9. II. SUBPHYLUM CHELICERATA ClassMerostomata Prosoma and opisthosoma Appendages on the opisthosoma are flattened and modified for gas exchange as ‘book gills’ Elongated terminal portion called telson Includes horseshoe crabs (Limulus polyphemus) and extinct giant water scorpions
- 10. II. SUBPHYLUM CHELICERATA Class Arachnida (Gr.arachne, spider) Segmented or unsegmented abdomen (opisthosoma) with or without appendages and generally distinct from cephalothorax Chiefly oviparous No true metamorphosis Includes scorpions, spiders, ticks, and mites Dust mites Black widow spider tarantula Tick (engorged)
- 11. Class Arachnida a. Scorpion b.Pseudoscorpion c. Red spider mite d. Black-legged tick e. Tick f. Solpugid g. Jumping spider h. Common spider i. Opilionid (harvestmen or daddy long-legs) Pechenik, 2005
- 12. II. SUBPHYLUM CHELICERATA ClassPycnogonida (Greek: thick knee) Body not divided into tagmata Unique proboscis at anterior end, with an opening at its tip to suck fluid from cnidarians Variable number of walking legs among species Includes sea spiders
- 13. III. SUBPHYLUM CRUSTACEA(LATIN: A CRUST) mostly marine and few are terrestrial and freshwater with carapace as their exoskeleton which is composed of chitin and calcium carbonate body is divided into cephalothorax and abdomen Head bears 5 pairs of appendages 2 pairs of antennae 1 pair of mandibles 2 pairs of maxillae Thorax 3 pairs of maxillipeds 5 pairs of pereopods (walking legs) Abdomen 5 pairs of pleopods (swimming legs) appendages are biramous (two-lobed) use gills for respiration Includes brachiopods, ostracods, isopods, amphipods, copepods,
- 14. a. General anatomy b.Biramous appendages Pechenik, 2005
- 15. III. SUBPHYLUM CRUSTACEA ClassMalacostraca - isopods (pill bugs, sow bugs, woodlice), amphipods (sand fleas), decapods (crabs, lobsters, shrimps, hermit crabs), krills Class Branchiopoda - brine (fairy) shrimp, clam shrimp, water fleas Class Ostracoda – the ostracods Class Copepoda – the copepods Class Cirripedia – the barnacles
- 16. III. SUBPHYLUM CRUSTACEA ClassMalacostraca isopods (pill bugs or sow bugs, woodlice), amphipods (sand fleas), krills decapods (crabs, lobsters, shrimps, hermit crabs), woodlicepill bug sand fleas krills
- 17. III. SUBPHYLUM CRUSTACEA Class Branchiopoda brine(fairy) shrimp, clam shrimp, water fleas brine (fairy) shrimp clam shrimpwater fleas
- 18. III. SUBPHYLUM CRUSTACEA ClassOstracoda – the ostracods Class Copepoda – the copepods Class Cirripedia – the barnacles ostracod copepod barnacles
- 19. IV. SUBPHYLUM UNIRAMIA(LATIN: A BRANCH) all are terrestrial includes millipedes, centipedes and insects body is divided into three tagmata (body segments): head, thorax and abdomen their exoskeleton contains tanned protein head with only one pair of antennae appendages are uniramous and are present on head and thorax but may be reduced or absent in the abdomen use tracheae for respiration possess malpighian tubules for excretion of body wastes
- 20. IV. Subphylum Uniramia ClassChilopoda ‘100 legs’ live in moist places and are carnivorous with flattened bodies with each segment bearing a pair of jointed walking legs the appendages of first somite form poison claws possess a pair of antennae, a pair of mandibles and one to two pairs of maxillae oviparous Centipedes Class Diplopoda ‘1000 legs’ body consists of 25 to 100 segments, each bearing two pairs of legs head with a pair of antennae and two pairs of mouthparts are herbivorous and live in a leaf mold oviparous Millipedes Class Insecta insects
- 21. IV. Subphylum Uniramia ClassInsecta insects are the most diverse species of arthropods mostly found in the tropics consist of three tagmata: head, thorax and abdomen Head: six fused somites thorax: 3 somites Abdomen: variable number of somites, usually 11 somites the head bears a pair of compound eyes, with a pair of antennae and three ocelli Mouthparts modified for different food habits Thorax with 2 pairs of wings (sometimes 1 pair or none) and 3 pairs of jointed legs Usually oviparous Gradual or abrupt metamorphosis
- 22. MOUTHPARTS MODIFIED FORDIFFERENT FOOD HABITS Honeybee Housefly Wallace and Taylor, 1997
- 23. Mosquito Butterfly MOUTHPARTS MODIFIED FORDIFFERENT FOOD HABITS Wallace and Taylor, 1997
- 24. Mouthparts modified fordifferent food habits
- 25. IV. Subphylum Uniramia ClassInsecta Subclass Apterygota – wingless; silverfishes and springtails Subclass Pterygota – ‘true’ or winged insects Order Odonata - dragonflies and damselflies Order Orthoptera - grasshoppers, crickets, locusts Order Isoptera - termites Order Lepidoptera- butterflies and moths Order Diptera - true flies such as mosquitoes Order Coleoptera - beetles Order Anoplura - sucking lice Order Hymenoptera - ants, bees, wasps Order Siphonaptera - fleas Order Hemiptera - true bugs like water striders, aphids, cicadas Order Blattaria – cockroaches Order Mantodea – preying mantids
- 26.
- 27. TAXONOMIC SUMMARY Phylum Arthropoda SubphylumTrilobitomorpha Class Trilobita -trilobites Subphylum Chelicerata Class Merostomata - horseshoe crabs Class Arachnida - scorpions, spiders, ticks, and mites Class Pycnogonida - sea spiders Subphylum Crustacea Class Branchiopoda - brine (fairy) shrimp, clam shrimp, water fleas Class Ostracoda - ostracods Class Copepoda - copepods Class Cirripedia - barnacles Class Malacostraca -isopods (pill bugs, sow bugs, wood lice), amphipods (sand fleas), decapods (crabs, hermits crabs, lobsters, shrimps), krills Subphylum Urinamia Class Chilopoda -centipedes Class Diplopoda - millipedes Class Insecta Subclass Apterygota (wingless insects) Subclass Pterygota (winged insects) Orders (see previous page)
Editor's Notes
- #6 Parthenogenesis -A form of reproduction in which an unfertilized egg develops into a new individual, occurring commonly among insects and certain other arthropods; virgin origin Most animal species that reproduce parthenogenetically also display a phase of sexual behaviour and sexual reproduction. In most cases, parthenogenetic reproduction occurs when environmental conditions are favourable and there is plenty of food that can sustain the generation of large numbers of individuals in a short period of time. When external conditions change and food supplies become less abundant, or when the environment becomes unpredictable, these species shift to a sexual mode of reproduction. Although sexual reproduction is considerably slower and generates fewer organisms, it gives rise to individuals containing variations in their genetic material. Some of these individuals might be at an advantage over their predecessors, because they might be more able to adapt to new conditions. In some species of insects, such as the aphids, parthenogenetic reproduction occurs in the spring and summer, when conditions are favourable for rapid population growth. As time goes by and conditions become less favourable, the parthenogenetically born individuals mate and lay fertilized eggs. These eggs hatch the following spring, when conditions are again favourable for another cycle of parthenogenetic reproduction. In some species of ants, bees, and wasps, the ability to reproduce both sexually and asexually is part of the mechanism establishing sexual differences. Usually, females develop from unfertilized eggs, containing only half of the genetic material of the mother, whereas males develop from fertilized eggs, containing the genetic contributions of both mother and father.
- #7 Nervous system similar to annelid plan, with dorsal brain connected by a ring around the pharynx to a double nerve chain of ventral ganglia; fusion of ganglia in some species; well- developed sensory organs.