Leishmaniasis is caused by protozoan parasites of the Leishmania species, which are transmitted through the bite of infected sand flies. It manifests clinically in three main forms: cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and visceral leishmaniasis. Cutaneous leishmaniasis causes skin sores, visceral affects internal organs, and mucocutaneous can destroy nasal and oral tissues. It is diagnosed through microscopic identification of the parasite, culture, serology or PCR. Treatment involves antimony- or amphotericin B-based medications. Prevention relies on protective clothing, repellents and reducing exposure to sand fly bites.
This document provides information on several common pediatric skin disorders:
- Atopic eczema is a chronic, inflammatory skin condition characterized by an itchy red rash that favors skin creases. Its cause involves genetic and environmental factors.
- Seborrheic dermatitis causes flaky, greasy, red rashes in areas with many oil glands. Its cause may involve skin yeasts but it is not contagious.
- Psoriasis causes raised red patches and silvery scales, and has genetic and environmental triggers. It has several clinical forms that vary in appearance and location on the body.
Impetigo is a common bacterial skin infection in children that causes red sores that can break open and ooze fluid. It is often caused by Streptococcus pyogenes or Staphylococcus aureus bacteria entering through broken skin. Symptoms include itchy red sores that form crusty yellow patches. Treatment involves topical or oral antibiotics. Folliculitis is another bacterial skin infection affecting hair follicles, typically caused by Staph. aureus, that causes inflamed pus-filled lesions. Boils (furuncles) and carbuncles are deep skin abscesses linked to Staph. aureus infection of hair follicles that require antibiotics. Burns are classified by depth of skin damage from superficial to full
This document defines and describes common paediatric skin lesions. It discusses primary lesions such as macules, papules, vesicles and pustules. It also covers secondary lesions including scaling, lichenification and crusting. The document provides details on the etiology, pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of common paediatric skin conditions like acne, warts and scabies.
This document discusses several skin diseases and conditions:
- Alopecia (hair loss) can be caused by autoimmune disorders, stress, systemic diseases, medications, hair processing, male/female pattern baldness, and scarring.
- Acne rosacea is a chronic inflammatory skin disease usually beginning in middle age, characterized by redness and papules/pustules on the face. Diet and psychological/menopausal factors may contribute.
- Cellulitis is a bacterial skin infection involving deeper skin layers. It is commonly caused by streptococcus or staphylococcus bacteria and symptoms include swelling, redness, fever and lymph node swelling. Erysipelas is a form of
This document provides information about various skin diseases and infections. It begins with an introduction to pathological skin changes and then discusses different types of primary and secondary skin infections. Specific bacterial infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus and group A streptococci are examined. Common skin infections and their symptoms are defined, including impetigo, ecthyma, folliculitis, furuncles, carbuncles, cellulitis, and acne. Diagnosis and treatment of bacterial skin infections is also covered. The document concludes with information about fungal infections such as tinea.
The document discusses different types of skin diseases, focusing on eczema. It defines eczema as a group of conditions that cause red, itchy, and inflamed skin. The document outlines several types of eczema including atopic dermatitis, contact dermatitis, dyshidrotic eczema, discoid eczema, seborrheic dermatitis, and varicose eczema. It describes the symptoms, causes, diagnosis, and potential complications of each type of eczema. The causes discussed include genes, environmental triggers, allergens, hormones, and immune system overactivity. Diagnosis involves medical history, physical examination, and sometimes patch testing.
This document discusses bacterial infections of the skin. It begins by describing the natural defenses of skin and normal skin flora. It then discusses the different types of primary and secondary skin infections, including impetigo, folliculitis, furuncles, carbuncles, cellulitis, erysipelas, cutaneous abscesses, and necrotizing fasciitis. It provides details on specific bacterial infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus and streptococci. The document concludes with sections on laboratory diagnosis of skin infections and principles of therapy.
This document discusses various bacterial skin infections, including:
- Impetigo, which is caused by Staph aureus or Strep and presents as non-bullous or bullous sores;
- Folliculitis, which is the inflammation of hair follicles that can be caused by Staph;
- Furuncles/boils and carbuncles, which are deep Staph infections of hair follicles;
- Cellulitis, a bacterial infection of subcutaneous tissues, and erysipelas, a superficial streptococcal infection;
- Erythrasma, a chronic infection of the skin caused by Corynebacterium minutissimum.
This document provides information on several common pediatric skin disorders:
- Atopic eczema is a chronic, inflammatory skin condition characterized by an itchy red rash that favors skin creases. Its cause involves genetic and environmental factors.
- Seborrheic dermatitis causes flaky, greasy, red rashes in areas with many oil glands. Its cause may involve skin yeasts but it is not contagious.
- Psoriasis causes raised red patches and silvery scales, and has genetic and environmental triggers. It has several clinical forms that vary in appearance and location on the body.
Impetigo is a common bacterial skin infection in children that causes red sores that can break open and ooze fluid. It is often caused by Streptococcus pyogenes or Staphylococcus aureus bacteria entering through broken skin. Symptoms include itchy red sores that form crusty yellow patches. Treatment involves topical or oral antibiotics. Folliculitis is another bacterial skin infection affecting hair follicles, typically caused by Staph. aureus, that causes inflamed pus-filled lesions. Boils (furuncles) and carbuncles are deep skin abscesses linked to Staph. aureus infection of hair follicles that require antibiotics. Burns are classified by depth of skin damage from superficial to full
This document defines and describes common paediatric skin lesions. It discusses primary lesions such as macules, papules, vesicles and pustules. It also covers secondary lesions including scaling, lichenification and crusting. The document provides details on the etiology, pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of common paediatric skin conditions like acne, warts and scabies.
This document discusses several skin diseases and conditions:
- Alopecia (hair loss) can be caused by autoimmune disorders, stress, systemic diseases, medications, hair processing, male/female pattern baldness, and scarring.
- Acne rosacea is a chronic inflammatory skin disease usually beginning in middle age, characterized by redness and papules/pustules on the face. Diet and psychological/menopausal factors may contribute.
- Cellulitis is a bacterial skin infection involving deeper skin layers. It is commonly caused by streptococcus or staphylococcus bacteria and symptoms include swelling, redness, fever and lymph node swelling. Erysipelas is a form of
This document provides information about various skin diseases and infections. It begins with an introduction to pathological skin changes and then discusses different types of primary and secondary skin infections. Specific bacterial infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus and group A streptococci are examined. Common skin infections and their symptoms are defined, including impetigo, ecthyma, folliculitis, furuncles, carbuncles, cellulitis, and acne. Diagnosis and treatment of bacterial skin infections is also covered. The document concludes with information about fungal infections such as tinea.
The document discusses different types of skin diseases, focusing on eczema. It defines eczema as a group of conditions that cause red, itchy, and inflamed skin. The document outlines several types of eczema including atopic dermatitis, contact dermatitis, dyshidrotic eczema, discoid eczema, seborrheic dermatitis, and varicose eczema. It describes the symptoms, causes, diagnosis, and potential complications of each type of eczema. The causes discussed include genes, environmental triggers, allergens, hormones, and immune system overactivity. Diagnosis involves medical history, physical examination, and sometimes patch testing.
This document discusses bacterial infections of the skin. It begins by describing the natural defenses of skin and normal skin flora. It then discusses the different types of primary and secondary skin infections, including impetigo, folliculitis, furuncles, carbuncles, cellulitis, erysipelas, cutaneous abscesses, and necrotizing fasciitis. It provides details on specific bacterial infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus and streptococci. The document concludes with sections on laboratory diagnosis of skin infections and principles of therapy.
This document discusses various bacterial skin infections, including:
- Impetigo, which is caused by Staph aureus or Strep and presents as non-bullous or bullous sores;
- Folliculitis, which is the inflammation of hair follicles that can be caused by Staph;
- Furuncles/boils and carbuncles, which are deep Staph infections of hair follicles;
- Cellulitis, a bacterial infection of subcutaneous tissues, and erysipelas, a superficial streptococcal infection;
- Erythrasma, a chronic infection of the skin caused by Corynebacterium minutissimum.
This document summarizes several types of fungal infections of the skin, including their causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. Dermatophyte infections like tinea capitis, tinea pedis, and tinea corporis typically present as ring-shaped patches with scaling and are diagnosed by microscopic examination. Candidiasis can cause oral or genital thrush and candidal skin rashes. Pityriasis versicolor is a common fungal infection that causes discolored, scaly skin patches. Treatment involves topical or oral antifungal medications.
A carbuncle is a cluster of boils caused by a Staphylococcus aureus infection entering hair follicles. It presents as a swollen, painful lump with pus-filled openings on the back of the neck, shoulders, or thighs. Carbuncles are deeper infections than single boils (furuncles) and can cause fever and general illness. Treatment involves antibiotics, incision and drainage of large lesions, and preventing further contamination. Complications may include sepsis if bacteria spread through the bloodstream. Noma (cancrum oris) is a rapidly progressing gangrenous infection of the mouth affecting malnourished children in developing countries. It is caused by a combination of malnutrition, poor
Impetigo is a contagious bacterial skin infection that occurs in two main forms: bullous and non-bullous. Bullous impetigo causes large fluid-filled blisters while non-bullous impetigo causes thin-walled vesicles and yellow-brown crusts. Impetigo is generally caused by Staphylococcus aureus or streptococci bacteria and commonly affects the face and limbs, especially in children. Complications can include cellulitis, nephritis, and scarlet fever. Treatment involves topical or oral antibiotics and removing crusts to prevent spread.
Types of skin infections include bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasitic. Common causes are Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Pseudomonas, fungi such as Microsporum and Trichophyton, and viruses like herpes simplex. Skin infections enter through breaks in the skin, hair follicles, mucous membranes, and can be transmitted via direct contact or fomites. Symptoms vary depending on the infecting pathogen but may include rashes, lesions, or pustules. Treatment involves antiviral medications for viruses, antifungals for fungi, and antibiotics for bacteria.
Bacterial & Viral Diseases Of The Skin,Mucosa,Eyes000 07
Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome (SSSS) is a serious bacterial skin infection that mostly affects children under 5 years old. It starts as a localized staph skin infection but the bacteria produce a toxin that affects skin all over the body, causing a fever, blistering rash, and peeling of the top layer of skin. It requires hospitalization and intravenous antibiotics to treat the infection and prevent complications like sepsis. With appropriate treatment, most children recover fully within 5-7 days.
This document provides information on bacterial skin infections (pyodermas). It classifies pyodermas as either primary (caused by underlying conditions like eczema) or secondary (caused by pathogens). Non-follicular pyodermas include impetigo, ecthyma, erysipelas, and cellulitis. Follicular pyodermas include folliculitis, furunculosis, and carbuncle. Treatment involves identifying and treating predisposing factors, supportive measures, and using topical or oral antibiotics with gram-positive coverage depending on the severity and location of the infection. Localized infections are typically treated with topical antibiotics while widespread or deep infections may require oral antibiotics.
Shingles is caused by the reactivation of the varicella zoster virus which causes chickenpox, presenting as a painful rash on one side of the body that is soon followed by blisters. It occurs more often in elderly people and can be prevented with vaccination. Treatment with antiviral drugs within 48 hours can limit post-herpetic neuralgia.
For a majority of people the scalp is something they don't see so often gets ignored. There are several skin conditions that should not be looked over if your scalp is infected. Scalp infections can become very serious often leading to hair loss or significant amount of pain. Learn which common conditions are causing frustration to people in their daily lives.
This document discusses various types of skin infections including bacterial, fungal, and viral infections that commonly affect children. It provides detailed information on specific bacterial infections like impetigo, cellulitis, folliculitis, boils, and carbuncles. It also discusses fungal infections such as candidiasis, tinea infections (ringworm), and tinea versicolor. Finally, it covers some common viral skin infections in children like warts, molluscum contagiosum, and rubella. The document is intended to educate about the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of various pediatric skin infections.
There are many different types of skin disorders that can be temporary or permanent. Temporary skin disorders include contact dermatitis and keratosis pilaris. Contact dermatitis causes itchy rashes from contact with irritants, while keratosis pilaris causes small bumps on the skin. Permanent skin disorders remain for life and include psoriasis, rosacea, and vitiligo. Skin disorders can be caused by genetic factors, illnesses, lifestyle, or environmental exposures. They are commonly treated with topical creams or prescription medications.
dermatological disease caused by bacterial infection (Staphylococcus aureus & Streptococcus pyrogen) contagious disease but it is easy to cure by taking oral antibiotics and topical antibiotic cream
This document provides information about impetigo, a common skin infection seen mostly in children. It defines impetigo and describes how it is transmitted through direct contact. It notes that impetigo occurs more commonly in hot, humid weather and when the skin barrier is disrupted. The document outlines the epidemiology of impetigo, describing who is most affected. It discusses the etiology, describing the bacteria that cause impetigo and the different types. It provides details on clinical manifestations, diagnosis, pathophysiology, treatment options including antibiotics, and concludes by thanking the reader.
Overview skin disease & impetigo pingBigm Gang
Common skin problems in children include impetigo, a bacterial infection of the skin. There are two main types of impetigo - nonbullous and bullous. Nonbullous impetigo presents as small lesions less than 2cm in diameter that can spread to other parts of the body through contact. Bullous impetigo affects infants and young children and presents as fluid-filled blisters that rupture easily. Treatment involves washing lesions, applying topical or oral antibiotics, and educating parents on preventing spread.
Pathology of bacterial infections of skin in animalsishtiaquaf
This document summarizes various bacterial skin infections in animals. It describes the portals of entry for bacteria, locations of infections, causative organisms, and histopathological findings for different types of infections including: superficial pyodermas (impetigo, folliculitis), deep pyodermas (staphylococcal folliculitis, furunculosis, abscesses), granulomatous dermatitis (mycobacterial, botryomycosis), and exudative dermatitides (dermatophilosis, ovine fleece rot, exudative epidermitis). Causative organisms include Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Dermatophilus, Mycobacter
Superficial fungal infections of the skin are common. The document discusses the classification, presentation, and management of several common fungal infections including tinea infections, pityriasis versicolor, candidiasis, and chronic paronychia. For tinea capitis, oral griseofulvin or other systemic antifungals for 6-8 weeks are recommended. Topical antifungals are used for localized fungal infections while systemic antifungals like itraconazole or fluconazole are used for more extensive or resistant cases.
The document discusses skin infections and dermatosis. It defines dermatosis as diseases of the integumentary system, including skin, nails, and hair. It describes four main types of skin infections - bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasitic - listing examples of each type and their symptoms. The document also covers causes, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of skin infections. It then discusses various skin conditions that are considered dermatosis, providing examples of common and less common forms.
This document provides information about common skin conditions and diseases. It begins with an overview of the structure and function of skin, including its two main layers - the epidermis and dermis. It then discusses six common skin conditions in adults: acne, cellulitis, psoriasis, shingles, skin cancers, and vasculitis. Treatment options are provided for each condition. The document also summarizes six common skin conditions in children: chickenpox, eczema, Henoch–Schönlein purpura, impetigo, impetiginized eczema, and miliaria.
The document discusses common bacterial infections of the skin. It begins by describing the skin and its normal bacterial flora. It then covers various pyodermas (skin infections caused by bacteria) including folliculitis, furuncles/boils, carbuncles, impetigo, periporitis, ecthyma, sycosis barbae, cellulitis, erysipelas, pyonychia, scalded skin syndrome, and erysipeloid. For each infection, it discusses causes, symptoms, and treatment. It concludes with principles of therapy for pyodermas, including good hygiene, local and systemic antibiotics, and addressing predisposing factors.
Caterpillars damage plants by chewing leaves, flowers, shoots, and fruit, or boring into wood. While some hidden caterpillars can cause serious damage, many plants can tolerate substantial leaf damage from a few caterpillars. Handpicking caterpillars and their natural predators often provide sufficient control. Early detection and removal of caterpillars prevents excessive damage. Caterpillars have many natural enemies like parasitic wasps, flies, birds, bugs, and diseases that usually keep their numbers low. Less toxic insecticides can be used as a last resort when damage is intolerable and for small, newly hatched caterpillars, but should be avoided on plants that will later become butter
Using a naturally occurring virus to manage insects in turfgrass: Current sit...caprater
Presentation to Society of Invertebrate Pathologists detailing MS research as well as prospects and limitations to baculovirus as a biopesticide in turfgrass
This document summarizes several types of fungal infections of the skin, including their causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. Dermatophyte infections like tinea capitis, tinea pedis, and tinea corporis typically present as ring-shaped patches with scaling and are diagnosed by microscopic examination. Candidiasis can cause oral or genital thrush and candidal skin rashes. Pityriasis versicolor is a common fungal infection that causes discolored, scaly skin patches. Treatment involves topical or oral antifungal medications.
A carbuncle is a cluster of boils caused by a Staphylococcus aureus infection entering hair follicles. It presents as a swollen, painful lump with pus-filled openings on the back of the neck, shoulders, or thighs. Carbuncles are deeper infections than single boils (furuncles) and can cause fever and general illness. Treatment involves antibiotics, incision and drainage of large lesions, and preventing further contamination. Complications may include sepsis if bacteria spread through the bloodstream. Noma (cancrum oris) is a rapidly progressing gangrenous infection of the mouth affecting malnourished children in developing countries. It is caused by a combination of malnutrition, poor
Impetigo is a contagious bacterial skin infection that occurs in two main forms: bullous and non-bullous. Bullous impetigo causes large fluid-filled blisters while non-bullous impetigo causes thin-walled vesicles and yellow-brown crusts. Impetigo is generally caused by Staphylococcus aureus or streptococci bacteria and commonly affects the face and limbs, especially in children. Complications can include cellulitis, nephritis, and scarlet fever. Treatment involves topical or oral antibiotics and removing crusts to prevent spread.
Types of skin infections include bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasitic. Common causes are Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Pseudomonas, fungi such as Microsporum and Trichophyton, and viruses like herpes simplex. Skin infections enter through breaks in the skin, hair follicles, mucous membranes, and can be transmitted via direct contact or fomites. Symptoms vary depending on the infecting pathogen but may include rashes, lesions, or pustules. Treatment involves antiviral medications for viruses, antifungals for fungi, and antibiotics for bacteria.
Bacterial & Viral Diseases Of The Skin,Mucosa,Eyes000 07
Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome (SSSS) is a serious bacterial skin infection that mostly affects children under 5 years old. It starts as a localized staph skin infection but the bacteria produce a toxin that affects skin all over the body, causing a fever, blistering rash, and peeling of the top layer of skin. It requires hospitalization and intravenous antibiotics to treat the infection and prevent complications like sepsis. With appropriate treatment, most children recover fully within 5-7 days.
This document provides information on bacterial skin infections (pyodermas). It classifies pyodermas as either primary (caused by underlying conditions like eczema) or secondary (caused by pathogens). Non-follicular pyodermas include impetigo, ecthyma, erysipelas, and cellulitis. Follicular pyodermas include folliculitis, furunculosis, and carbuncle. Treatment involves identifying and treating predisposing factors, supportive measures, and using topical or oral antibiotics with gram-positive coverage depending on the severity and location of the infection. Localized infections are typically treated with topical antibiotics while widespread or deep infections may require oral antibiotics.
Shingles is caused by the reactivation of the varicella zoster virus which causes chickenpox, presenting as a painful rash on one side of the body that is soon followed by blisters. It occurs more often in elderly people and can be prevented with vaccination. Treatment with antiviral drugs within 48 hours can limit post-herpetic neuralgia.
For a majority of people the scalp is something they don't see so often gets ignored. There are several skin conditions that should not be looked over if your scalp is infected. Scalp infections can become very serious often leading to hair loss or significant amount of pain. Learn which common conditions are causing frustration to people in their daily lives.
This document discusses various types of skin infections including bacterial, fungal, and viral infections that commonly affect children. It provides detailed information on specific bacterial infections like impetigo, cellulitis, folliculitis, boils, and carbuncles. It also discusses fungal infections such as candidiasis, tinea infections (ringworm), and tinea versicolor. Finally, it covers some common viral skin infections in children like warts, molluscum contagiosum, and rubella. The document is intended to educate about the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of various pediatric skin infections.
There are many different types of skin disorders that can be temporary or permanent. Temporary skin disorders include contact dermatitis and keratosis pilaris. Contact dermatitis causes itchy rashes from contact with irritants, while keratosis pilaris causes small bumps on the skin. Permanent skin disorders remain for life and include psoriasis, rosacea, and vitiligo. Skin disorders can be caused by genetic factors, illnesses, lifestyle, or environmental exposures. They are commonly treated with topical creams or prescription medications.
dermatological disease caused by bacterial infection (Staphylococcus aureus & Streptococcus pyrogen) contagious disease but it is easy to cure by taking oral antibiotics and topical antibiotic cream
This document provides information about impetigo, a common skin infection seen mostly in children. It defines impetigo and describes how it is transmitted through direct contact. It notes that impetigo occurs more commonly in hot, humid weather and when the skin barrier is disrupted. The document outlines the epidemiology of impetigo, describing who is most affected. It discusses the etiology, describing the bacteria that cause impetigo and the different types. It provides details on clinical manifestations, diagnosis, pathophysiology, treatment options including antibiotics, and concludes by thanking the reader.
Overview skin disease & impetigo pingBigm Gang
Common skin problems in children include impetigo, a bacterial infection of the skin. There are two main types of impetigo - nonbullous and bullous. Nonbullous impetigo presents as small lesions less than 2cm in diameter that can spread to other parts of the body through contact. Bullous impetigo affects infants and young children and presents as fluid-filled blisters that rupture easily. Treatment involves washing lesions, applying topical or oral antibiotics, and educating parents on preventing spread.
Pathology of bacterial infections of skin in animalsishtiaquaf
This document summarizes various bacterial skin infections in animals. It describes the portals of entry for bacteria, locations of infections, causative organisms, and histopathological findings for different types of infections including: superficial pyodermas (impetigo, folliculitis), deep pyodermas (staphylococcal folliculitis, furunculosis, abscesses), granulomatous dermatitis (mycobacterial, botryomycosis), and exudative dermatitides (dermatophilosis, ovine fleece rot, exudative epidermitis). Causative organisms include Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Dermatophilus, Mycobacter
Superficial fungal infections of the skin are common. The document discusses the classification, presentation, and management of several common fungal infections including tinea infections, pityriasis versicolor, candidiasis, and chronic paronychia. For tinea capitis, oral griseofulvin or other systemic antifungals for 6-8 weeks are recommended. Topical antifungals are used for localized fungal infections while systemic antifungals like itraconazole or fluconazole are used for more extensive or resistant cases.
The document discusses skin infections and dermatosis. It defines dermatosis as diseases of the integumentary system, including skin, nails, and hair. It describes four main types of skin infections - bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasitic - listing examples of each type and their symptoms. The document also covers causes, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of skin infections. It then discusses various skin conditions that are considered dermatosis, providing examples of common and less common forms.
This document provides information about common skin conditions and diseases. It begins with an overview of the structure and function of skin, including its two main layers - the epidermis and dermis. It then discusses six common skin conditions in adults: acne, cellulitis, psoriasis, shingles, skin cancers, and vasculitis. Treatment options are provided for each condition. The document also summarizes six common skin conditions in children: chickenpox, eczema, Henoch–Schönlein purpura, impetigo, impetiginized eczema, and miliaria.
The document discusses common bacterial infections of the skin. It begins by describing the skin and its normal bacterial flora. It then covers various pyodermas (skin infections caused by bacteria) including folliculitis, furuncles/boils, carbuncles, impetigo, periporitis, ecthyma, sycosis barbae, cellulitis, erysipelas, pyonychia, scalded skin syndrome, and erysipeloid. For each infection, it discusses causes, symptoms, and treatment. It concludes with principles of therapy for pyodermas, including good hygiene, local and systemic antibiotics, and addressing predisposing factors.
Caterpillars damage plants by chewing leaves, flowers, shoots, and fruit, or boring into wood. While some hidden caterpillars can cause serious damage, many plants can tolerate substantial leaf damage from a few caterpillars. Handpicking caterpillars and their natural predators often provide sufficient control. Early detection and removal of caterpillars prevents excessive damage. Caterpillars have many natural enemies like parasitic wasps, flies, birds, bugs, and diseases that usually keep their numbers low. Less toxic insecticides can be used as a last resort when damage is intolerable and for small, newly hatched caterpillars, but should be avoided on plants that will later become butter
Using a naturally occurring virus to manage insects in turfgrass: Current sit...caprater
Presentation to Society of Invertebrate Pathologists detailing MS research as well as prospects and limitations to baculovirus as a biopesticide in turfgrass
The document discusses insect pests and methods for their control in agricultural and forestry settings. It defines insects, pests, and control methods. Natural control methods include climatic factors like temperature, rainfall, and wind; topographic factors like rivers and soil type; and biotic factors like predators and parasites. Applied control methods are those implemented by humans, such as silvicultural practices, biological control using other living organisms, mechanical collection, physical changes to the environment, chemicals like insecticides, and integrated pest management. Specific recommendations include raising healthy nurseries, using mixed forests, removing overaged trees, debarking felled logs, phased felling, and controlled burning.
This document discusses various behavioral control methods for managing insect pests, including using pheromones, food attractants, and other chemicals to disrupt mating, attract insects to traps, or repel them from crops. Specific methods mentioned are monitoring with attractants, mating disruption, attract and kill systems, push-pull strategies, mass trapping, and using attractive or toxic lures. The goal of these behavioral controls is to modify insect behavior for pest control without using toxic insecticides.
This document discusses the use of hormones and pheromones in the behavioral control of insect pests. It defines hormones and pheromones, and describes the different types including juvenile hormones, ecdysteroids, gonadal hormones, neurohormones, and sex pheromones. It explains how various hormones regulate insect growth and development. It also outlines several methods of pest management that utilize hormones and pheromones, such as using juvenile hormone analogs, ecdysteroid derivatives, pheromone traps, and mating disruption. The document emphasizes that behavioral control of insects through their hormones and pheromones is an eco-friendly and cost-effective approach in integrated pest management.
This document lists several common insect pests that can infest stored grains, including the rice weevil, cigarette beetle, groundnut beetle, red flour beetle, lesser grain borer, khapra beetle, Indian meal moth, rice moth, Angoumois grain moth, and potato tuber moth. It also notes that the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) studies these pests and is a member of the CGIAR Consortium.
This document provides descriptions of various grain pests, including moths, beetles, and weevils. It discusses the life cycles, physical characteristics, and damage caused by angoumois moth, granary weevil, lesser grain borer, boll weevil, flour weevil, rice weevil, bean weevil, wheat weevil, rose weevil, confused flour beetle, flat grain beetle, Indian meal moth, flour beetles, saw-toothed grain beetle, warehouse beetle, and warehouse moth. The descriptions aim to help identify and understand these common pests of stored grains.
- Genetic manipulation techniques can be used to reduce pest populations by decreasing their fitness or ability to reproduce. The sterile insect technique involves mass rearing pest insects, sterilizing them with radiation or chemicals, and releasing large numbers to mate with wild insects, reducing successful reproduction.
- Edward Knipling first described the sterile insect technique in the 1950s to eradicate screwworm flies in Texas, eliminating the pest within seven weeks. The technique has since been used to eradicate several other insect pests around the world.
- Limitations of the sterile insect technique include the need for isolated target areas, potential resistance evolution in wild populations, high costs, and ensuring sterile insects are as sexually competitive as wild
mechanism of resistance in plant against insectsaylove
The document discusses different mechanisms of resistance in plants against insects, including antixenosis, antibiosis, and tolerance. It provides details on each mechanism:
Antixenosis deters or reduces insect colonization through physical and chemical traits that discourage feeding, oviposition, and orientation. Antibiosis impacts insects after colonization through toxic compounds or nutrient deficiencies that cause death, stunted growth, or other negative effects. Tolerance does not affect insect population growth directly but raises the damage threshold for the plant. The document then focuses on specific antixenotic and antibiotic plant traits and compounds.
This document provides information on common insects that attack stored grains and how to manage them. It identifies key pest types like beetles, weevils and moths. It describes several major pest species in detail with pictures of each life stage. These include granary and rice weevils, grain beetles, flour beetles, and angoumois grain moths. The document outlines the feeding damage caused by each pest. It also discusses integrated pest management methods like sanitation, monitoring, fumigation and improved storage to help reduce post-harvest losses from stored product insects.
This document discusses fungal diseases of medical importance. It begins by describing the morphology and classification of fungi, including molds, yeasts, and dimorphic fungi. It then covers several types of fungal infections caused by Candida albicans, including oral and esophageal candidiasis, vaginal candidiasis, and cutaneous and systemic candidiasis. It also discusses dermatophyte infections like tinea corporis, tinea cruris, tinea pedis, tinea versicolor, and onychomycosis. The document concludes by covering treatment options for candidiasis and dermatophyte infections like topical and oral antifungals.
Leishmaniasis is caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania transmitted by sandfly bites. It presents clinically as cutaneous, mucocutaneous, or visceral leishmaniasis depending on the infecting species. Cutaneous leishmaniasis causes skin lesions while mucocutaneous involvement can also affect mucosal tissues. Visceral leishmaniasis affects internal organs like the liver and spleen and can be fatal if not treated. Diagnosis involves identifying the parasites in tissues or cultures and treatment depends on the clinical form and involves antimonial drugs or amphotericin B.
Leishmaniasis is caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania transmitted by sandfly bites. It presents clinically as cutaneous, mucocutaneous, or visceral leishmaniasis depending on the infecting species. Cutaneous leishmaniasis causes skin lesions while mucocutaneous involvement can also affect mucosal tissues. Visceral leishmaniasis affects internal organs like the liver and spleen and can be fatal if not treated. Diagnosis involves identifying the parasites in tissues or cultures and treatment depends on the clinical form and involves antimonial drugs or amphotericin B. Prevention focuses on reducing sandfly bites and reservoirs.
Leishmaniasis is caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania transmitted by sandfly bites. It presents clinically as cutaneous, mucocutaneous, or visceral leishmaniasis depending on the infecting species. Cutaneous leishmaniasis causes skin lesions while mucocutaneous involvement can also affect mucosal tissues. Visceral leishmaniasis affects internal organs like the liver and spleen and can be fatal if not treated. Diagnosis involves identifying the parasites in tissues or cultures and treatment depends on the clinical form and involves antimonial drugs or amphotericin B.
mycology 12345.pptx development of mmmmmbbbbbsssssssssAnuragKumarKumar4
This document provides an overview of mycology, which is the study of fungi. It discusses the classification of fungi based on morphological forms, sporulation, type of infection, and site of infection. The key classifications described are yeasts, dimorphic fungi, and filamentous fungi. It also covers various fungal infections including superficial mycoses of the skin, subcutaneous mycoses, and systemic mycoses. Laboratory methods for fungal identification and diagnosis are mentioned such as microscopy, culture, and staining techniques.
This document provides an overview of mycology, which is the study of fungi. It discusses the classification of fungi based on morphological forms, sporulation, type of infection, and site of infection. The key classifications described are yeasts, dimorphic fungi, and filamentous fungi. It also covers various fungal infections including superficial mycoses like tinea versicolor and tinea nigra, subcutaneous mycoses like mycetoma and sporotrichosis, and systemic mycoses. Laboratory methods for fungal identification and diagnosis are also mentioned such as microscopy, culture, and staining techniques.
This document summarizes various fungal infections. It describes superficial mycoses including pityriasis versicolor, dermatophytoses such as tinea corporis, tinea cruris, tinea pedis, tinea capitis, tinea barbae, onychomycosis, tinea nigra and piedra. It also discusses subcutaneous mycoses including chromoblastomycosis, mycetoma and sporotrichosis. Key characteristics such as clinical features, histopathology and causative organisms are provided for each infection.
The document discusses Leishmania tropica complex, which includes 3 species that cause old world cutaneous leishmaniasis. It is transmitted by the bite of infected sandflies. The life cycle involves amastigote forms in macrophages and promastigote forms in the sandfly vector. Clinical features include painless papules or nodules that can ulcerate on exposed skin. Diagnosis involves identifying amastigotes microscopically or in culture. Treatment involves antimony compounds. New world leishmaniasis is also discussed, caused mainly by L. mexicana and L. braziliensis complexes, with varying clinical presentations from self-healing skin lesions to destructive mucocutaneous
This document provides information about two types of systemic mycoses: histoplasmosis and Madura mycosis. Histoplasmosis is caused by the fungus Histoplasma capsulatum and can manifest as pulmonary or disseminated disease. It is diagnosed through microscopy, culture, serology and antigen detection. Treatment involves antifungals like amphotericin B and azoles. Madura mycosis is a chronic infection of subcutaneous tissues that forms sinuses. It is caused by fungi or actinomycetes and is characterized by swelling, nodules and discharging sinuses. Diagnosis involves microscopy and culture of exudates or biopsy specimens. Treatment involves antibiotics, antifung
11. MICROORGANISMS SPECIES, RELATED DISEASES AND THEIR EPIDEMIOLOGY - FUNGI_0...GladsonEdson
There are over 50,000 fungal species but only around 150 cause human disease. Fungal infections (mycoses) are generally chronic and opportunistic. Mycoses can be superficial, affecting only the skin, hair and nails. Or they can be subcutaneous beneath the skin or systemic, spreading throughout the body. Common superficial fungi include dermatophytes that cause ringworm (tinea) and Malassezia furfur that causes pityriasis versicolor. Systemic fungi such as Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans, and Histoplasma capsulatum can cause infections of the lungs, brain or other organs, especially in immunocompromised individuals.
This document provides information on subcutaneous mycoses. It discusses several specific subcutaneous mycoses including sporotrichosis, mycetoma, and chromoblastomycosis. For each condition, it summarizes the causative agents, epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis and management. Key points include that these fungi are directly inoculated into subcutaneous tissue through injury, they cause localized infections characterized by granuloma formation and draining sinuses, and treatment involves antifungal medications and sometimes surgery.
This document discusses various subcutaneous and systemic fungal infections. It describes subcutaneous mycoses, which are fungal infections that remain limited to the skin and subcutaneous tissues. Key subcutaneous mycoses discussed include mycetoma, chromoblastomycosis, phaeohyphomycosis, sporotrichosis, and lobomycosis. It provides details on the causative agents, epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis and management of these infections. Specifically, it focuses on describing the characteristics of mycetoma including its clinical features, grain morphology, and treatment approach.
Overview of Skin infections- July 2022.pdfAdamu Mohammad
This document provides an overview of various skin infections. It discusses bacterial infections like cellulitis, erysipelas, folliculitis, impetigo and furunculosis. It also covers fungal infections such as tinea, candidiasis, pityriasis versicolor and deeper fungal infections. Viral infections including warts and herpes are mentioned. Finally, it summarizes parasitic infestations like scabies, larva migrans and head lice. For each condition, it provides details on pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis and treatment.
Black fungi, also known as dematiaceous fungi, are a diverse group of slow-growing fungi found in soil worldwide. They can cause two types of infections in humans: chromoblastomycosis and phaeohyphomycosis. Chromoblastomycosis is a localized fungal infection of the skin caused by fungi such as Fonsecaea pedrosoi. It presents as verrucous lesions on exposed areas like the feet and legs. Phaeohyphomycosis is a subcutaneous or systemic infection caused by various dematiaceous fungi presenting as abscesses or lesions. Both infections are diagnosed by microscopic examination of skin or tissue samples and treated with antifungal
1. Fungi are eukaryotic organisms that do not contain chlorophyll and have cell walls. They can grow as filaments called hyphae and reproduce through spores.
2. Around 300 fungal species are known to be pathogenic to humans, causing infections of the skin, nails, mucous membranes, and various internal organs depending on factors like host immunity.
3. Common pathogenic fungi include Candida, Aspergillus, Cryptococcus, and dermatophytes that cause superficial infections. Opportunistic fungi can cause serious disease in immunocompromised individuals.
This document discusses ulcerative and inflammatory lesions of the oral cavity. It focuses on aphthous ulcers (canker sores), herpesvirus infections, oral candidiasis, and lesions seen in AIDS patients such as Kaposi's sarcoma. Aphthous ulcers are common, painful ulcers caused by various triggers that typically resolve within a few weeks. Herpesvirus infections cause cold sores and fever blisters via virus reactivation. Oral candidiasis (thrush) afflicts those with weakened immunity. Lesions in AIDS patients include opportunistic infections and Kaposi's sarcoma.
Leishmania is a protozoan parasite transmitted by sandflies that causes leishmaniasis. It is endemic in over 80 countries, with the highest burden in India, Bangladesh, Brazil, Nepal and Sudan. In India, Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal and Uttar Pradesh have high risk populations. Leishmaniasis manifests as visceral, cutaneous and mucocutaneous forms. Visceral leishmaniasis can be fatal if untreated, causing fever, enlarged liver and spleen, and pancytopenia. Cutaneous leishmaniasis causes skin lesions that can scar or spread, while mucocutaneous leishmaniasis involves mucosal tissues.
This document describes vesiculo-bullous lesions, which present clinically as vesicles or bullae that often rupture early, appearing as ulcerated or erosive areas. Some key points:
- Vesicles are fluid-filled lesions less than 1 cm, while bullae contain fluid and are over 1 cm.
- Causes include trauma, infection, autoimmunity, and genetic factors.
- Examples described include herpes simplex infection, varicella zoster infection, and hand foot and mouth disease. Clinical features, pathogenesis, management are provided for each. Classification is discussed based on acute vs chronic presentation, clinical presentation, and histopathological location.
Dr. Ali El-ethawi provides an overview of common bacterial skin infections. He discusses the normal skin flora and how changes can allow infections to occur. The most common bacteria that cause skin infections are Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes, which can result in issues like impetigo, cellulitis, and ecthyma. Rarer causes include Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Treatment involves topical or oral antibiotics based on the specific infection as well as treating any predisposing conditions.
Can Allopathy and Homeopathy Be Used Together in India.pdfDharma Homoeopathy
This article explores the potential for combining allopathy and homeopathy in India, examining the benefits, challenges, and the emerging field of integrative medicine.
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TEST BANK For Accounting Information Systems, 3rd Edition by Vernon Richardso...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK For Accounting Information Systems, 3rd Edition by Vernon Richardson, Verified Chapters 1 - 18, Complete Newest Version
TEST BANK For Accounting Information Systems, 3rd Edition by Vernon Richardson, Verified Chapters 1 - 18, Complete Newest Version
TEST BANK For Accounting Information Systems, 3rd Edition by Vernon Richardson, Verified Chapters 1 - 18, Complete Newest Version
MBC Support Group for Black Women – Insights in Genetic Testing.pdfbkling
Christina Spears, breast cancer genetic counselor at the Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, joined us for the MBC Support Group for Black Women to discuss the importance of genetic testing in communities of color and answer pressing questions.
At Apollo Hospital, Lucknow, U.P., we provide specialized care for children experiencing dehydration and other symptoms. We also offer NICU & PICU Ambulance Facility Services. Consult our expert today for the best pediatric emergency care.
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Letter to MREC - application to conduct studyAzreen Aj
Application to conduct study on research title 'Awareness and knowledge of oral cancer and precancer among dental outpatient in Klinik Pergigian Merlimau, Melaka'
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Empowering ACOs: Leveraging Quality Management Tools for MIPS and BeyondHealth Catalyst
Join us as we delve into the crucial realm of quality reporting for MSSP (Medicare Shared Savings Program) Accountable Care Organizations (ACOs).
In this session, we will explore how a robust quality management solution can empower your organization to meet regulatory requirements and improve processes for MIPS reporting and internal quality programs. Learn how our MeasureAble application enables compliance and fosters continuous improvement.
Deep Leg Vein Thrombosis (DVT): Meaning, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and Mor...The Lifesciences Magazine
Deep Leg Vein Thrombosis occurs when a blood clot forms in one or more of the deep veins in the legs. These clots can impede blood flow, leading to severe complications.
International Cancer Survivors Day is celebrated during June, placing the spotlight not only on cancer survivors, but also their caregivers.
CANSA has compiled a list of tips and guidelines of support:
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Let's Talk About It: Breast Cancer (What is Mindset and Does it Really Matter?)bkling
Your mindset is the way you make sense of the world around you. This lens influences the way you think, the way you feel, and how you might behave in certain situations. Let's talk about mindset myths that can get us into trouble and ways to cultivate a mindset to support your cancer survivorship in authentic ways. Let’s Talk About It!
2. LISHMANIASIS
• The leishmaniasis are a group of vector-
borne protozoan diseases caused by
pathogenic Leishmania species which, if
symptomatic, result in clinical
manifestations that range from localised
cutaneous ulcers to disseminated lethal
infection. video
3. Leishmania Parasites and Diseases
SPECIES DISEASE
Leishmania tropica
Leishmania major
Leishmania aethiopica
Leishmania mexicana
Cutaneous leishmaniasis
Leishmania braziliensis Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis
Leishmania donovani
Leishmania infantum
Leishmania chagasi
Visceral leishmaniasis
4. LIFE CYCLE
• The organism is transmitted by the bite of several
species of blood-feeding sand flies (Phlebotomus)
which carries the promastigote in the anterior gut and
pharynx. It gains access to mononuclear phagocytes
where it transform into amastogotes and divides until
the infected cell ruptures. The released organisms
infect other cells. The sandfly acquires the organisms
during the blood meal, the amastigotes transform into
flagellate promastigotes and multiply in the gut until the
anterior gut and pharynx are packed. Dogs and rodents
are common reservoirs.
9. ETIOLOGY
• Leishmaniasis is due to protozoan parasites
from the Leishmania species. leishmaniasis
transmits from bite of an infected called sand
fly.
10. RISK FACTORS
• Geography: India, Bangladesh, South Sudan,
Sudan, Brazil, Ethiopia; tropical or subtropical
areas of these countries and regions.
• Socioeconomic Conditions: According to
the World Health Organization (WHO), poverty is
a determining factor for the disease.
• Other Infections: children who have weakened
immune systems are also at increased risk of this
condition.
11. CLASSIFICATION
Categorization by clinical disease:
• leishmaniasis is divided into 3 primary clinical
forms:
1. Cutaneous leishmaniasis: (localized, diffuse
(disseminated), which causes skin sores
2. Visceral leishmaniasis: which affects several
internal organs (usually spleen, liver, and bone
marrow).
3. Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis: lead to partial or
complete destruction of the mucous
membranes found in your nose, throat, and
mouth.
12. Categorization by geographic occurrence:
1. Old World leishmaniasis (caused
by Leishmania species found in Africa
(ethiopia), Asia, the Middle East, the
Mediterranean,), which produces cutaneous
or visceral disease.
2. New World leishmaniasis (caused by
Leishmania species found in Central and
South America), which produces cutaneous,
mucocutaneous, and visceral disease
14. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
• Cutaneous leishmaniasis :
1. Localized cutaneous leishmaniasis: Crusted papules or
ulcers on exposed skin.
2. Diffuse (disseminated) cutaneous leishmaniasis:
Multiple, widespread nontender, nonulcerating
cutaneous papules and nodules.
3. Leishmaniasis recidivans: Presents as a recurrence of
lesions at the site of apparently healed disease years
after the original infection.
4. Post–kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis: Develops
months to years after the patient's recovery from
leishmaniasis, with cutaneous lesions ranging from
hypopigmented macules to erythematous papules
and from nodules to plaques; the lesions may be
numerous and persist for decades
15. • Visceral leishmaniasis
1. Potentially lethal widespread systemic
disease characterized by darkening of the
skin as well as fever, weight loss,
hepatosplenomegaly, pancytopenia.
2. Nonspecific abdominal tenderness; fever,
rigors, fatigue, malaise, nonproductive
cough, intermittent diarrhea, headache,
arthralgias, myalgias, nausea, adenopathy,
transient hepatosplenomegaly
16. • Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis
1. Excessive tissue obstructing the nares, septal
granulation, and perforation; nose cartilage
may be involved, giving rise to external
changes known as parrot's beak or camel's
nose .
2. Possible presence of granulation, erosion,
and ulceration of the palate, uvula, lips,
pharynx, and larynx .
3. Gingivitis, periodontitis
4. Localized lymphadenopathy
5. Optical and genital mucosal involvement in
severe cases
17.
18. DIAGNOSIS
Laboratory diagnosis include the following:
• Isolation, visualization, and culturing of the
parasite from infected tissue
• Serologic detection of specific antibodies
• Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for
sensitive, rapid diagnosis of Leishmania
species.
• CBC count, coagulation studies, liver function
tests, peripheral blood smear
• Measurements of lipase, amylase, gamma
globulin, and albumin
20. MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
• Liposomal amphotericin B and paromomycin
can treat mucocutaneous leishmaniasis.
• Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis disease
responds to a 20-day course of sodium
antimony gluconate; amphotericin B may be
used to treat advanced or resistant cases.
Pentavalent antimony for a course of 4 weeks
has also been recommended.
21. PREVENTION
• Wear clothing that covers as much skin as
possible. Long pants, long-sleeved shirts
tucked into pants, and high socks are
recommended.
• Use insect repellent on any exposed skin and
on the ends of your pants and sleeves.
• Spray indoor sleeping areas with insecticide.
• Sleep on the higher floors of a building. The
insects are poor fliers.
• Avoid the outdoors between dusk and dawn.
• Use a bed net tucked into your mattress.
22. ONYCHOMYCOSIS
• Onychomycosis is a fungal infection of
the toenails or fingernails that may
involve any component of the nail unit,
including the matrix, bed, or
plate. Onychomycosis can cause pain,
discomfort, and disfigurement and may
produce serious physical and
occupational limitations, as well as
reducing quality of life.
23. ETIOLOGY
• The primary causative dermophytes
are Trichophyton rubrum, T. mentagrophytes,
and Epidermophyton floccosum.
• Trichophyton rubrum being by far the most
likely common.
25. Distal lateral subungual
onychomycosis (DLSO)
• Most common
• Fungi invade the
hyponychium and
grow in the
substance of nail
plate, causing it to
crumble
• Hyperkeratotic debris
causes nail to
separate from the
bed
26. White superficial onychomycosis
(WSO)
• Commonly Trichophyton
mentagrophytes
• Nail - white
• soft
• powdery
• not thickened
• not separated from the
nail bed.
27. Proximal subungual onychomycosis
(PSO)
• Commonly
Trichophyton Rubrum
• Invade the substance
of nail plate, not the
surface
• Hyperkeratotic debris
causes the nail plate
to separate from the
nail bed
28. Candidal onychomycosis.
• Almost exclusively in
chronic
mucocutaneous
candidiasis
• Generally infect all
fingernails
• Linear yellow or
brown streaks grow
and advance
proximally
29. CLINICAL MANIFESTATION
• Onychomycosis is usually asymptomatic
• interfere with standing, walking, and
exercising.
• Paresthesia, pain, discomfort, and loss of
dexterity.
• The nail shows usually yellow-white in color.
• Nail becomes roughened and crumbles easily.
30.
31. DIAGNOSIS
• Culture – gold standard
• Histological examination by periodic
acid-Schiff (PAS) staining – equal to
culture
33. –Antibiotics suppress bacterial
contaminants
–Medium turn from yellow to red in 7-
14 days – alkaline released by
dermatophytes turn phenol (pH
indicator) red
• ID the organism
• PAS staining: stain fungal elements
pinkish-red
34. COMPLICATIONS
• Skin injury adjacent to the nail may
allow organisms to colonize, thereby
increasing the risk of infectious
complications. Reports of
complications with diabetes include
cellulitis, osteomyelitis, sepsis, and
tissue necrosis.
35. MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
• Fluconazole (Diflucan): 150-mg dose each
week for 9 months
• Itraconazole (Sporanox): 200 mg/day for
12 weeks for toenails, 6 weeks for
fingernails.“Pulse dosing”: 400 mg/day for
first week of each.
• Terbinafine: 250 mg/day (12 weeks for
toenails, 6 weeks for fingernails)
36. MECHANICAL REMOVAL
• Surgery: Remove the entire nail or cut the
affected portion, followed by curetting to
normal nail in 7-10 days
37. DERMATOPHYTOSIS
• Dermatophyte infections are common
worldwide, and dermatophytes are the
prevailing causes of fungal infection of the
skin, hair, and nails. These infections lead to a
variety of clinical manifestations, such as tinea
pedis, tinea corporis, tinea cruris.
38. ETIOLOGY
• Dermatophytes are fungi in the genera
Trichophyton, Microsporum, and
Epidermophyton. Dermatophytes
metabolize and subsist upon keratin in the
skin, hair, and nails.
39. RISK FACTORS
• Age (most common in pre-pubescent
children).
• Overcrowding (households or schools).
• Hairdressing salons.
• Use of shared combs.
• Ethnicity.
40. MAJOR CLINICAL SUBTYPES
• Tinea corporis – Infection of body
surfaces other than the feet, groin, face,
scalp, hair, or beard hair.
• Tinea pedis – Infection of the foot.
• Tinea cruris – Infection of the groin.
41. TINEA PEDIS
• Tinea pedis (also known as athlete's foot)
is the most common dermatophyte
infection. Tinea pedis may manifest as an
interdigital, hyperkeratotic, or
vesiculobullous eruption, and rarely as an
ulcerative skin disorder.
42. ETIOLOGY
• Tinea pedis usually occurs in adults and
adolescents (particularly young men) and
is rare prior to puberty Common causes
are T. rubrum, T. interdigitale (formerly T.
mentagrophytes), and E. floccosum.
43. CLINICAL FEATURES
• Interdigital tinea pedis – Interdigital tinea pedis
manifests as pruritic, erythematous erosions or scales
between the toes, especially in the third and fourth
digital interspaces. Associated interdigital fissures may
cause pain.
• Hyperkeratotic tinea pedis – Hyperkeratotic tinea
pedis is characterized by a diffuse hyperkeratotic
eruption involving the soles and medial and lateral
surfaces of the feet, There is a variable degree of
underlying erythema.
• Vesiculobullous (inflammatory) tinea pedis –
Vesiculobullous tinea pedis is characterized by a
pruritic, sometimes painful, vesicular or bullous
eruption with underlying erythema . The medial foot is
often affected.
44.
45. DIAGNOSIS
• The diagnosis is confirmed with the detection
of fungi in skin scrapings from an affected area
with a potassium hydroxide (KOH) preparation
• A fungal culture is an alternative diagnostic
procedure.
46. TREATMENT
• Topical antifungal therapy include azoles,
allylamines, butenafine, ciclopirox, tolnaftate,
and amorolfine applied once or twice daily and
continued for four weeks.
• Hyperkeratotic tinea pedis can benefit from
combining antifungal treatment with a topical
keratolytic, such as salicylic acid. Burow's (1%
aluminum acetate or 5% aluminum subacetate)
wet dressings.
• Placing gauze or cotton between toes may be
helpful as an adjunctive measure for patients
with vesiculation.
• Treatment of shoes with antifungal powder, and
avoidance of occlusive footwear.
47. TINEA CORPORIS
• Tinea corporis is a cutaneous
dermatophyte infection occurring in sites
other than the feet, groin, face, or hand.
48. ETIOLOGY
• T. rubrum is the most common cause
of tinea corporis. Other notable
causes include T. Interdigitale & T.
Tonsurans.
49. CLINICAL FEATURES
• Tinea corporis often begins as a pruritic, circular
or oval, erythematous, scaling patch or plaque
that spreads centrifugally. The result is an annular
(ringshaped)plaque from which the disease
derives its common name (ringworm).
• Pustules occasionally appear, intensely
inflammatory.
• Extensive tinea corporis should raise concern for
an underlying immune disorder; HIV & Diabetes
50.
51. DIAGNOSIS
• The diagnosis is confirmed with the detection
of fungi in skin scrapings from an affected area
with a potassium hydroxide (KOH) preparation
• A fungal culture is an alternative diagnostic
procedure.
52. TREATMENT
• Topical antifungal drugs, such as azoles,
allylamines, butenafine, ciclopirox, and
tolnaftate once or twice per day for one to
three weeks.
• Topical corticosteroids for inflammation.
53. TINEA CRURIS
• Tinea cruris (also known as jock itch)
is a dermatophyte infection involving
the crural fold.
54. ETIOLOGY
• The most common cause is T. rubrum.
Other frequent causes include E.
floccosum and T. interdigitale
• Common in men than women.
• Predisposing factors include copious
sweating, obesity, diabetes, and
immunodeficiency.
55. CLINICAL FEATURES
• The infection spreads centrifugally, with
partial central clearing and a slightly
elevated, erythematous, sharply
demarcated border that may have tiny
vesicles on the proximal medial thigh.
• Infection may spread to the perineum
and perianal areas, into the gluteal cleft,
or onto the buttocks. In males, the
scrotum is typically spared.
56.
57. DIAGNOSIS
• The diagnosis is confirmed with the detection
of fungi in skin scrapings from an affected area
with a potassium hydroxide (KOH) preparation
• A fungal culture is an alternative diagnostic
procedure.
58. TREATMENT
• Topical therapy with antifungal agents such as
azoles, allylamines, butenafine, ciclopirox, and
tolnaftate is effective
• daily use of desiccant powders in the inguinal
area and avoidance of tightfitting clothing and
noncotton underwear
59. TINEA CAPITIS
• Tinea capitis, or scalp ringworm, is an
exogenous infection caused by the
dermatophytes Microsporum .
and Trichophyton . These originate from a
number of possible sources children or adults
(anthropophilic), animals (zoophilic) or soil
(geophilic).
60. CLINICAL FEATURES
• Infection in the hair and scalp skin is
associated with symptoms and signs of
inflammation and hair loss (mainly in
prepubertal children). The main signs are
scaling and hair loss but acute
inflammation with erythema and pustule
formation can occur..
• tinea capitis can affect nails and skin in
other parts of the body (only very rarely
the feet or groins).
61.
62.
63. DIAGNOSIS
• Scalp scrapings - including hairs and hair
fragments.
• Microscopic examination of the infected hairs
may provide immediate confirmation of the
diagnosis of ringworm .
• Culture may take several weeks. Culture
provides precise identification of the species
• Ultraviolet light (Wood's light) Fluorescence is
produced by the fungus.
64. MANAGEMENT
• Topical treatment (usually selenium sulfide or
ketoconazole shampoo but, occasionally, also
topical antifungals like terbinafine cream
• Children - griseofulvin (1 month-12 years 15-
20 mg/kg, maximum 1 g) once daily or in
divided doses.
• Fluconazole2-5 mg/kg/day. Weekly treatment
with 8 mg/kg may be as effective.
65. COMPLICATIONS
• Severe hair loss.
• Scarring alopecia.
• Psychological impact (ridicule, bullying,
isolation, emotional disturbance, family
disruption).
• The main complication is secondary bacterial
infection.
• Pain and difficulty with shoes.
67. PREVENTION
• Good skin hygiene.
• Good nail hygiene.
• Avoiding prolonged wetting or dampness of the
skin and feet.
• Avoiding trainers, which can retain sweat and
promote a warm, moist environment.
• Treatment of tinea pedis - helps prevent
onychomycosis.[8]
• Wearing clean, loose-fitting underwear.