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Novel insecticides, New chemistry, Novel mode of action, New group of insecticides, New insect control chemicals, Novel chemicals for insect management
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the repeated use of the same chemical which has the same mode of action that leads to the loss of insect sensitivity and also heritable change would occur in the genome nothing but resistance that means the population not able to control with the normal dose need to develop resistant management strategies
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References
Champ, B.R., Dyte, C.E., 1976. Report of the FAO global survey of pesticide susceptibility of stored grain pests. FAO Plant Production and Protection Series, No. 5, p.297.
Collins, P.J., 1996 – 2006. Unpublished annual reports to the National Working Party on Grain Protection, Australia.
Collins, P.J., Wilson, D., 1987. Efficacy of current and potential grain protectant insecticides against fenitrothion-resistant strain of the sawtoothed grain beetle, Oryzaephilus surinamensis, L. Pesticide Science 20, 93-104.
Collins, P.J., Daglish, G.J., Pavic, H., Kopittke, K.A., 2005. Response of mixed-age cultures of phosphine-resistant and susceptible strains of the lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica, to phosphine at a range of concentrations and exposure periods. Journal of Stored Products Research 41, 373-385.
Collins, P.J., Emery, R.N., Wallbank, B.E., 2003. Two decades of monitoring and managing phosphine resistance in Australia. In: Proceedings of the 8th International Working Conference on Stored Product Protection, July 2002, York, UK, pp 570-575.
Collins, P.J., Lambkin, T.M., Bridgeman, B.W., Pulvirenti, C., 1993. Resistance to grain-protectant insecticides in coleopterous pests of stored cereals in Queensland, Australia. Journal of Economic Entomology 86, 239-245.
Heather, N.W., Wilson, D., 1983. Resistance to fenitrothion in Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.) (Coleoptera: Silvanidae) in Queensland. Journal of Australian Entomological Society 22, 210.
Lorini, I., Collins, P.J., Daglish, G.J., Nayak, M.K., Pavic, H., in press. Detection and Characterisation of strong resistance to phosphine in Brazilian Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (Coleoptera: Bostrychidae). Pest Management Science.
Nayak, M.K., Collins, P.J., Pavic, H., 2003. Developments in phosphine resistance in China and possible implications for Australia. In: Stored grain in Australia 2003, proceedings of the Australian Postharvest Technical Conference, Canberra 25-27 June 2003.
Nayak, M.K., Daglish, G.J., Byrne, V.S., 2005. Effectiveness of spinosad as a grain protectant against resistant beetle and psocid pests of stored grain in Australia. Journal of Stored Products Research 41, 455-467.
Schlipalius, D.I., Cheng, Q., Reilly, P.E.B., Collins, P.J., Ebert, P.R., 2002. Genetic linkage analysis of the lesser grain borer Rhyzopertha dominica identifies two loci that confer high-level resistance to the fumigant phosphine. Genetics 161, 773-782.
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CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTICIDES AND THEIR MODE OF ACTION
1. WELCOME
DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY, COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, PJTSAU ,HYDERABAD
CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTICIDES AND THEIR MODE OF
ACTION
N.RAMYA SRI
RAD/ 2017-12
2. PURPOSE
• The IRAC Mode of Action (MoA) classification provides growers,
advisors, extension staff, consultants and crop protection
professionals with a guide to the selection of acaricides or
insecticides for use in an effective and sustainable acaricide or
insecticide resistance management (IRM) strategy.
• Rules for inclusion of a compound in the MoA list
• Names To be included in the active list, compounds must have,
or be very close to having, a minimum of one registered use in
at least one country.
• when more than one active ingredient in that chemical sub-
group is registered for use, the chemical sub-group name is
used.
• when only one active ingredient is registered for use, the name
of that exemplifying active ingredient may be use
CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTICIDES AND THEIR MODE
OF ACTION
3. CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTICIDES AND THEIR MODE OF
ACTION
Main Group and
Primary Site of Action
Chemical Sub-group or
exemplifying Active
Ingredient
Active Ingredients
1. Acetylcholinesterase
(AChE) inhibitors
Nerve action
1A
Carbamates
Aldicarb, Bendiocarb,,
Carbaryl, Carbofuran,
Carbosulfan etc
1B
Organophosphates
Acephate, Chlorpyrifos,
Dichlorvos,
Monocrotophos,
Triazophos
2 .GABA-gated chloride
channel blockers
Nerve action
2A
Cyclodiene
Organochlorines
Chlordane, Endosulfan
2B
Phenylpyrazoles
(Fiproles)
Ethiprole, Fipronil
6. Main Group and
Primary Site of Action
Chemical Sub-group or
exemplifying Active
Ingredient
Active Ingredients
3 .Sodium channel modulators
Nerve action
3A
Pyrethroids
Pyrethrins
Allethrin,
Bifenthrin,
Cypermethrin,
3B
DDT
Methoxychlor
DDT
Methoxychlor
4.Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor
(nAChR) competitive modulators
Nerve action
4A
Neonicotinoids
Acetamiprid,,
Imidacloprid,
Thiamethoxam,
4B
Nicotine
Nicotine
4C
Sulfoximines
Sulfoxaflor
4D
Butenolides
Flupyradifurone
4E
Mesoionics
Triflumezopyrim
7.
8. Main Group and
Primary Site of Action
Chemical Sub-group or
exemplifying Active
Ingredient
Active Ingredients
5. Nicotinic acetylcholine
receptor (nAChR)
allosteric modulators
Nerve action
Spinosyns Spinetoram, Spinosad
6 .Glutamate-gated
chloride channel
(GluCl) allosteric
modulators
Nerve and muscle action
Avermectins,
Milbemycins
Abamectin, Emamectin
benzoate, Lepimectin,
Milbemectin
7. Juvenile hormone
mimics
Growth regulation
7A
Juvenile hormone
analogues
Hydroprene, Kinoprene,
Methoprene
7B
Fenoxycarb
Fenoxycarb
7C
Pyriproxyfen
Pyriproxyfen
9.
10. Main Group and
Primary Site of Action
Chemical Sub-group or
exemplifying Active
Ingredient
Active Ingredients
8 .Miscellaneous nonspecific
(multi-site)
inhibitors
8A
Alkyl halides
Methyl bromide and other
alkyl halides
8B
Chloropicrin
Chloropicrin
8C
Fluorides
Cryolite (Sodium aluminum
fluoride), Sulfuryl fluoride
8D
Borates
Borax, Boric acid, Sodium
borate
8E
Tartar emetic
Tartar emetic
8F
Methyl isothiocyanate
generators
Dazomet, Metam
11. Main Group and
Primary Site of Action
Chemical Sub-group
or
exemplifying Active
Ingredient
Active Ingredients
9.Chordotonal organ
TRPV channel
modulators
Nerve action
9B
Pyridine azomethine
derivatives
Pymetrozine, Pyrifluquinazon
10.Mite growth inhibitors
Growth regulation
10A
Clofentezine
Diflovidazin
Hexythiazox
Clofentezine, Diflovidazin, Hexythiazox
10B
Etoxazole
Etoxazole
11.Microbial disruptors
of insect midgut
membranes
11A
Bacillus thuringiensis
and the insecticidal
proteins they
produce
Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis
Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai
Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki
Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. tenebrionis
11B
Bacillus sphaericus
Bacillus sphaericus
12.
13. Main Group and
Primary Site of Action
Chemical Sub-group or
exemplifying Active
Ingredient
Active Ingredients
12.Inhibitors of mitochondrial
ATP synthase(Energy metabolism)
12A
Diafenthiuron
Diafenthiuron
12B
Organotin miticides
Azocyclotin, Cyhexatin,
Fenbutatin oxide
12C
Propargite
Propargite
12D
Tetradifon
Tetradifon
13.Uncouplers of Oxidative
phosphorylation via disruption of
the proton gradient
Energy metabolism
Pyrroles Chlorfenapyr
Dinitrophenols DNOC
Sulfluramid Sulfluramid
14.
15. Main Group and
Primary Site of Action
Chemical Sub-group or
exemplifying Active
Ingredient
Active Ingredients
14. Nicotinic
acetylcholine
receptor (nAChR) channel
blockers Nerve action
Nereistoxin analogues Bensultap, Cartap
hydrochloride, Thiocyclam,
Thiosultap-sodium
15.Inhibitors of chitin
biosynthesis, type 0
Growth regulation
Benzoylureas Chlorfluazuron,Diflubenzuon,
Flucycloxuron
16.Inhibitors of chitin
biosynthesis, type 1
Growth regulation
Buprofezin Buprofezin
17.Moulting disruptors,
Dipteran
Growth regulation
Cyromazine Cyromazine
16. Main Group and
Primary Site of Action
Chemical Sub-group or
exemplifying Active
Ingredient
Active Ingredients
18.Ecdysone receptor
antagonists
Growth regulation
Diacylhydrazines Chromafenozide,
Halofenozide,
Methoxyfenozide,
Tebufenozide
19.Octopamine receptor
Agonists (Nerve action)
Amitraz Amitraz
20.Mitochondrial complex
III electron transport
inhibitors
(Energy metabolism)
20A
Hydramethylnon
Hydramethylnon
20B
Acequinocyl
Acequinocyl
20C
Fluacrypyrim
Fluacrypyrim
20D
Bifenazate
Bifenazate
17. Main Group and
Primary Site of Action
Chemical Sub-group or
exemplifying Active
Ingredient
Active Ingredients
21.Mitochondrial complex
I electron transport
Inhibitors Energy
metabolism
21A
METI acaricides and
insecticides
Fenazaquin,
Fenpyroximate, Pyridaben,
Pyrimidifen,
Tebufenpyrad, Tolfenpyrad
21B
Rotenone
Rotenone (Derris)
22.Voltage-dependent
sodium channel blockers
Nerve action
22A
Oxadiazines
Indoxacarb
22B
Semicarbazones
Metaflumizone
23.Inhibitors of acetyl CoA
carboxylase
Lipid synthesis, growth
regulation
Tetronic and Tetramic
acid derivatives
Spirodiclofen,
Spiromesifen,
Spirotetramat
18. Main Group and
Primary Site of Action
Chemical Sub-group or
exemplifying Active
Ingredient
Active Ingredients
24
Mitochondrial complex
IV electron transport
inhibitors
Energy metabolism
24A
Phosphides
Aluminium phosphide,
Calcium phosphide,
Phosphine, Zinc phosphide
24B
Cyanides
Calcium cyanide,
Potassium cyanide, Sodium
cyanide
25.Mitochondrial complex
II electron transport
inhibitors
Energy metabolism
25A
Beta-ketonitrile
derivatives
Cyenopyrafen,
Cyflumetofen
25B
Carboxanilides
Pyflubumide
28.Ryanodine receptor
modulators
Nerve and muscle action
Diamides Chlorantraniliprole,
Cyantraniliprole,
Flubendiamide
19. Main Group and
Primary Site of Action
Chemical Sub-group or
exemplifying Active
Ingredient
Active Ingredients
29.Chordotonal organ
Modulators - undefined
target site
Nerve action
Flonicamid Flonicamid