the repeated use of the same chemical which has the same mode of action that leads to the loss of insect sensitivity and also heritable change would occur in the genome nothing but resistance that means the population not able to control with the normal dose need to develop resistant management strategies
Parasitoids and Predators, their attributes.Bhumika Kapoor
Insect parasitoids have an immature life stage that develops on or within a single insect host, ultimately killing the host, hence the value of parasitoids as natural enemies. Adult parasitoids are free-living and may be predaceous. Parasitoids are often called parasites, but the term parasitoid is more technically correct. Most beneficial insect parasitoids are wasps or flies, although some rove beetles (see Predators) and other insects may have life stages that are parasitoids.
where as the Major characteristics of arthropod predators includes adults and immatures are often generalists rather than specialists, they generally are larger than their prey, they kill or consume many prey males, females, immatures, and adults may be predatory and they attack immature and adult prey.
the repeated use of the same chemical which has the same mode of action that leads to the loss of insect sensitivity and also heritable change would occur in the genome nothing but resistance that means the population not able to control with the normal dose need to develop resistant management strategies
Parasitoids and Predators, their attributes.Bhumika Kapoor
Insect parasitoids have an immature life stage that develops on or within a single insect host, ultimately killing the host, hence the value of parasitoids as natural enemies. Adult parasitoids are free-living and may be predaceous. Parasitoids are often called parasites, but the term parasitoid is more technically correct. Most beneficial insect parasitoids are wasps or flies, although some rove beetles (see Predators) and other insects may have life stages that are parasitoids.
where as the Major characteristics of arthropod predators includes adults and immatures are often generalists rather than specialists, they generally are larger than their prey, they kill or consume many prey males, females, immatures, and adults may be predatory and they attack immature and adult prey.
Role of Synergists in Resistance ManagementJayantyadav94
Any chemical which in itself is not toxic to insects as dosages used, but when combined with an insecticide greatly enhances the toxicity of insecticide is known as synergist. Process of activation is synergism. Helps in penetration and stabilization of insecticides, and prevents the detoxification of insecticides
The successful management of a pest by means of another living organism (parasitoids, predators and pathogens) that are encouraged and disseminated by man is called biological
control. In such programme the natural enemies are introduced, encouraged, multiplied by artificial means and disseminated by the man with his own efforts instead of leaving it to nature.
Role of Synergists in Resistance ManagementJayantyadav94
Any chemical which in itself is not toxic to insects as dosages used, but when combined with an insecticide greatly enhances the toxicity of insecticide is known as synergist. Process of activation is synergism. Helps in penetration and stabilization of insecticides, and prevents the detoxification of insecticides
The successful management of a pest by means of another living organism (parasitoids, predators and pathogens) that are encouraged and disseminated by man is called biological
control. In such programme the natural enemies are introduced, encouraged, multiplied by artificial means and disseminated by the man with his own efforts instead of leaving it to nature.
Public Powerpoint for Animal Biology class 2016-20035 at NSU Broken Arrow campus. Presentation on Pheromones of phyla Chordata, Cnidaria, and Arthropoda using publicly available information and images referenced online.
This presentation was delivered at five vegetable production meetings across Alabama and it consisted of various sub-topics such as new insecticides, trap cropping, pheromone-based monitoring systems, and insect identification and scouting techniques.
Chemoreceptors
Chemoreceptors or organs of chemical sense consist of olfactory organs and organs of taste. Both these organs are stimulated only by chemical substances or odours in air (nostrils) and in solution (tongue).
The medium for dissolving substances for taste is water for aquatic animals and mucus for land animals.
The olfactory organs can respond to a low concentration of the dissolved substance, whereas organs of taste need a higher concentration of the dissolved substance for a response.
Olfactory Organs in Vertebrates:
Odours bind to and activate olfactory receptors located on the dendrites of sensory neurons in the nose. Olfactory organs (olfactory-receptors) are a pair of invaginations of the ectodermal cells of the skin forming olfactory sacs on the anterior end of head.
Their external openings are called nostrils or nares.
In most fishes the olfactory organs consist of a pair of pits lined with folds or ridges of sensory epithelium.
The cyclostomes have a single median olfactory organ. This is a blind pit in the lampreys, but in hagfishes it opens into the pharynx.
Dipnoans resemble higher vertebrates in possessing paired nasal passages that open by means of choanae into pharynx. The nasal passages, therefore, have both internal and external openings. The olfactory epithelium within canals appears in the form of folds.
Sensory systems consist of peripheral receptor cells and integrating neurons in the brain.
Impulses are transmitted from receptors by sensory fibres to the central nervous system where they are interpreted as sensations or messages, which are sent to effector organs through efferent or motor nerve fibres, for responding in an appropriate manner.
A vertebrate has receptors or sense organs for touch, smell, taste, sight, and hearing, which are stimulated by the environment. These sense organs are termed external receptors or exteroceptors.
There are other sense organs found in the body, which detect temperature, pain, hunger, thirst, fatigue, and muscle position. They are spoken of as internal receptors or interoceptors.
Besides these two, third is proprioceptors, which are stretch receptors found in the muscles, joints, tendons, connective tissue and skeletons. All receptors are closely associated with the nervous system and respond to external or internal stimuli.
List of Common Senses:
1. Touch.- It includes contact, pressure, heat and cold, etc.
2. Taste. -Receive stimulus by chemicals in solution.
3. Smell.- Receive volatile chemicals and gases in air.
4. Hearing.- Receive sound vibrations.
5. Sight. -Receive light waves.
10. Cuticular Components
Multiporous
Pores accommodate
olfactory receptors
helps in perception of
smell
10
11. Different Types of Sensillum
Trichoid sensilla
Basiconic sensilla
Coeloconic sensilla
Placoid sensilla
11
(Chapman, 2006)
12. Trichoid Sensilla
Hair like structures (thin walled or thick walled)
eg. Antennae of Bombyx mori
12
13. Basiconic Sensilla
Peg or cone like organs
eg. Maxillary palps of female culicidae
13
14. Coeloconic Sensilla
Cuticular peg is sunk below the general surface of
the cuticle.
Opening at surface of
cuticle
Cavity
Peg
Dendrite
Cuticle
Dendrite sheath
14
15. Placodea Sensilla
Flat or raised in to a slight dome
eg. Antennae of honey bee
Pore
Dendrite
Neuron
15
16. Cellular Components
Cells of olfactory sensilla are derived from the
epidermis
Trichogen cell
16
17. Cellular Components contd…
Number of sensory neurons in olfactory sensilla
varies from 2 to 20
Male moths Grasshopper
17
19. Insect Olfactory Sense
Odorants (smells/volatile chemicals) have to travel
through pores in the cuticle
Distinctive smell from environments like
semiochemicals
19
21. Pheromone
Intraspecific chemical substances that mediate
communication between insects
Ectohormones
1959: Karlson and Butenandt
Silkworm moths
21
22. Sex Pheromone
Pheromone released by one sex only and trigger
behaviour patterns in the other sex that facilitate in
mating
Female insect produce pheromone
eg. Pink bollworm – gossyplure
Helicoverpa armigera - helilure
22
25. Aggregation Pheromone
Pheromones which induce aggregation or
congregation of insects for protection,
reproduction and feeding
Coleoptera and Dictyoptera
Cockroach – periplanone Phloem beetle - ipsenol
25
27. Alarm Pheromone
Chemical substance released by insects to warn
members of same species about the presence or
attack by an enemy
eg. Aphids
27
28. Trail Pheromone
Pheromones laid in form of intermittent or
continuous lines on a soil substrate which trail
followers perceive to reach their destination which
could be a mate or food source
eg. Ants
28
29. Allelochemicals
Interspecific chemicals mediate the communication
between two different species of insects
They are classified in to four categories
29
30. Allomones
Chemical released by one insect that induce a
response in another insect
Helpful to emitter
eg. Sting glands in bees
30
31. Kairomones
Chemical released by one insect that induce a
response in another insect
Helpful to recipient
eg. Heptanoic acid releases by potato tuber moth
31
32. Synamone
Chemical released by one insect that induce a
response in another insect
Helpful to emitter and receiver
eg. Termites and protozoan's
32
33. Apneumones
A chemical substance emitted by non living material
that evoke the behavioural or physiological reaction
adaptively for receiving organism
eg. Oat meal oil
33
34. Insect Attractants
Chemicals that cause insect to make oriented
movements towards their source
Types of attractants are
Pheromone
Natural food lures
34
35. Natural Food Lures
Chemicals present in plant and animal hosts that
attract insect for feeding
Floral scents nectar feeding insect
Decomposing products
35
36. Fish Meal Trap
Sorghum shoot fly is attracted to rotten fish meal
36
38. Insect Repellants
An oriented movement of insects away from
their source of food
38
39. Insect Olfactory Sense contd...
Smell travels through air
Then they diffuse and are
carried by an odorant
binding protein (OBP)
Many odorants are received
by insect olfactory
sensillum and perceived by
the olfactory receptor
neurons (ORNs)
(Galizia and Rossler, 2010)
39
44. Insect Olfactory Sense contd...
Receptor neurons project an axon through the
olfactory nerve into the primary olfactory centers –
olfactory bulb
44
45. Insect Olfactory Sense contd...
Deutocerebrum
Have the olfactory lobe
Receives signal from
glomeruli
Projection neurons will
send the signal to
protocerebrum
45
46. Insect Olfactory Sense contd...
Projection neurons, connecting olfactory lobes to
mushroom bodies and other parts of protocerebrum.
46
47. Insect Olfactory Sense contd...
The physiological characteristics of the projection
neurons vary
They respond only when the antennal receptors are
simulated by a specific odour like a pheromone,
attractant or repellent components
Others are simply ignored or not recognized
47
48. Olfactometer
Specific reaction to olfactory stimuli to be verified
by olfactometer responses
48
50. Repelling mosquitoes by burning neem leaves
along with cow dung
50 (Mandavgane et al., 2005)
51. To repel honey robber, some stingless social bees
erect walls of sticky resin in front of or around the
nest entrance, while other species smear a
repugnant liquid there
51
52. Eucalyptus oil – pleasant smell in human, repellent
effect on insects like mosquitoes and fleas
52 (Lett and Kraus, 1994)
53. Cocoa leaves, eucalyptus oil, garlic extract, olive
oil mixture of these ingredients will repell the ants,
cockroach, mosquitoes and spiders
53
54. Osmeterium, an orange, Y-shaped structure on the
neck of caterpillar gives off a strong, unpleasant
odour when it is threatened
54
56. Conclusion
Odour perception is like visiting a library. Thousands of
books are present in the library. Similarly there are a
number of odorants present in the environment. All
groups of insects have specific odours which they
receive through specific glomeruli.
56
57. Only odour stimuli in the case of insects. They
receive only those known to them
There is nothing like good or bad odour
57
