Basics of SPSS, Part 2

Part 2:
Summarising Data using Descriptive StatisticsDr.ChristinePereira

 Choose appropriate graphical summaries
 Charts and graphs in SPSS
 Choose appropriate numerical summaries
 Descriptive statistics in SPSS
 Frequency tables in SPSS
Dr. Christine Pereira ASK at Brunel (2014) 2

 Log into Blackboard
 Under “My Organisations” click “Academic Skills”
 In the left column under “Workshop presentations”
 Click Statistics and SPSS
 Find the Basics of SPSS Workshop
 Download and save the SPSS data file: EmployeeSurvey.sav

Representing Data Graphically

All
variables
listed here
Select
chart
type
Select
chart
format
Build your
chart here

Simple Bar Chart

Pie Chart

What is your ethnicity?
(please tick one)
White/European
Asian
West Indian
African
Other
Create a Bar chart and/or Pie chart for the variable Ethnicity
1

Clustered Bar Chart Stacked Bar Chart

Create a Clustered bar chart to summarise
Organisational Commitment by Gender
“I am very committed to this organisation.”
Strongly Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly
Disagree Agree
1 2 3 4 5
1
Gender
(please tick one)
Male
Female
2

Simple Histogram

1D Boxplot

Create a Histogram or Boxplot to summarise Annual Income
What is your gross annual income?1

Simple Scatterplot

Create a Scatterplot to summarise the relationship between
Annual Income and Age
Age last birthday (in years)?2

Simple Bar Chart

Simple Line Chart

Create a Chart of means to summarise employees total competency
at all 3 time points: Start, 6 months, 12 months
Competency score at start of job.1
2 Competency score at 6 mos. on the job.
3 Competency score at 12 mos. on the job.

Simple Bar Chart

Simple Line Chart

Create a Chart of means to summarise the relationship between
Annual Income and Rated Skill
2 Rated Skill of work:
Unskilled Semi-Skilled Fairly Skilled Highly Skilled
1 2 3 4

Right Click
-> Edit Content
-> In Separate Window

Reduce chart size
and Apply changes

Right Click
to view more options
E.g., Transpose Chart

There’s much more in Chart Editor
You can change:
 Colours
 Fonts
 Axis labels
 Data labels
 Insert trend lines
 Rearrange (or remove) variables
 …the list goes on

 More resources available on Blackboard
 Go to Academic Skills under My Organisations
 In the left side column
 Under Resources click on Statistics and SPSS
 Here you can find videos, power point slides and
guides for charts and graphs in SPSS

Representing Data Numerically

(All Descriptives)
Mean, Median, Mode
(Limited Descriptives) (Limited Descriptives)

(All Descriptives)
Mean, Median, Mode
Stdev, Variance
Range, Percentiles,
Min, Max, etc…
(Limited Descriptives) (Limited Descriptives)

(All Descriptives)
Mean, Median, Mode
Stdev, Variance
Range, Percentiles,
Min, Max, etc…
(Limited Descriptives)
Frequency Table,
Median, Mode
Frequency Table,
Mode

(All Descriptives)
Mean, Median, Mode
Stdev, Variance
Range, Percentiles,
Min, Max, etc…
Frequency Table,
Median, Mode
Frequency Table,
Mode
Treating ORDINAL data
like SCALE data

 Ordinal data
 Mean and stdev OR frequencies and percentages?
Strongly
Disagree
Strongly
Agree
NeutralDisagree Agree
1 2 3 4 5
12% 22.7% 21.3% 13.3% 30.7%
Mean = 3.28
Stdev = 1.41
1.87 4.69

Use descriptive statistics to summarise responses for
Organisational Commitment
Disagree Agree
1 2 3 4 5
1

Use to obtain
Descriptives
Frequency tables
Charts
• Bar
• Pie
• Histogram

14 out of 70
is 20.0%
Percent
Out of the total sample size (e.g., 70)

16 out of 70
is 22.9%
Percent

68 out of 70
is 97.1%
Percent

14 out of 68
is 20.6%
Valid Percent
Out of the total number of responses (e.g., 68)

16 out of 68
is 23.5%
Valid Percent
Out of the total number of responses (e.g., 68)

Same as 1st
Valid Percent
Cumulative Percent
Sum of Valid Percents

Sum of 1st two
Valid Percents
Cumulative Percent

Sum of 1st three
Valid Percents
Cumulative Percent

Annual Income

Use to obtain
Descriptives
Frequency tables
Charts
• Bar
• Pie
• Histogram

Annual Income

Use a cross tabulation table to summarise
Disagree Agree
1 2 3 4 5
Gender
(please tick one)
Male
Female
1
2

Use to obtain
Crosstabs table
• Observed count or %
• Expected count
Crosstab statistics
• Chi-square
• Correlations
Clustered bar charts

Observed count
Frequency observed
in the sample

Row %
% of participants
Uses row totals

Total %
% of participants
Uses sample size

Column %
% of participants
Uses column totals

4 Females
Strongly Agreed

8 Males
Agreed

19 Participants
were Undecided

4 of 38 Females
Strongly Agreed
10.5% of females

8 of 30 Males
Agreed
26.7% of males

19 of 68 Respondents
were Undecided
27.9% of respondents

Two methods:
1. ‘Explore’ option
2. Split file, then ‘Frequencies’
option We will use the
2nd method.

Use descriptives to summarise the relationship between
Annual Income split by Gender
2 Gender
(please tick one)
Male
Female

Categorical
Variable
Output for males
and females will
be in one table
Separate output
tables for males
and females
File must
be sorted!

The file is sorted
All females are listed
first, then all males

Now get stats for Annual Income
• Use ‘Frequencies’
• Output will be split by Gender

Split File Option to
Compare Groups
Output for males and
females is in one table

Separate output
tables for males
and females

Split File Option to Organise Output by Groups
Separate output table for males and females

When finished, return
the file to normal.

 Choose your numerical and graphical summaries
based on the level of measurement of each variable.
 Likert scale data is ORDINAL not scale.
 In a frequency table, use the Valid Percent rather
than the Percent.
 In a crosstab table,
 Choose the correct percentage(s) (row, column or total)
based on what you are trying to emphasize or draw
attention to.
 Make sure you interpret the percentage(s) correctly.

Dr. Christine PereiraASK at Brunel (2013) 83
Short video
tutorials on all
these topics

 SPSS Survival Manual, 4th Edition (2010) by Julie Pallant.
 SPSS Survival Manual, 5th Edition (2013) by Julie Pallant.
 Discovering Statistics Using SPSS, 3rd Edition (2009) by
Andy Field.
 Discovering Statistics Using SPSS, 4th Edition (2013) by
Andy Field.

Basics of SPSS, Part 2

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Basics of SPSS, Part 2