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Drug Literature and Publications (Pharmacognosy) MANIK

The document discusses the definitions and distinctions between drugs and medicines, highlighting that drugs are active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) while medicines are formulated forms of drugs with specific dosages. It also addresses sources of drugs, the role of pharmacopoeias and formularies, and classifies drugs as official, unofficial, and non-official based on their recognition and use. Additionally, it explains concepts such as treatises, monographs, and international non-proprietary names (INN) for drugs.

Health & Medicine◦
Pharmacognosy-I (Phrm 1103)
Drug: Drug may be defined as any natural or synthetic substance which when acts on the living body alter the physiological process having therapeutic and medicinal properties and used in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment or prevention of disease in man and other animals. ➢ Drug is called “Active pharmaceutical ingredients” = API Medicine: Medicine is a preparation used in treatment of disease. Medicine = API + Excipients A medicine is the formulated form of the drug having definite dose and dosages form that is used in treatment, diagnosis, or prevention of disease. M d . I m r a n N u r M a n i k
3 According to the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act The term “drug” means (1): articles recognized in an official pharmacopoeia or formulary (2): articles intended for use in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease in man or other animals (3): articles (other than food) intended to affect the structure or any function of the body of man or other animals (4): articles intended for use as a component of a medicine but not a device or a component, part, or accessory of a device M d . I m r a n N u r M a n i k
4 DRUG MEDICINE The word “Drug” is derived from Greek “Pharmacon” meaning “Drug”. The word “Medicine” is derived from Latin “Medicus” meaning "healing, or physician". A Drug is any chemical substance which when acts on the living body alter the physiological process and is used for prevention, diagnosis, control, and treatment of disease. A Medicine is the formulated form of drug having definite dose and dosages form which is used for prevention, diagnosis, control, and treatment of disease. A Drug is only active pharmaceutical ingredients (API). A Medicine is the formulation of API with excipients or without excipients. Drug has no appropriate dosage form and dose. Medicine has an appropriate dosage form and dose. Generally, a drug is not used directly for treatment because it needs to be designed suitable dosage form and dose. A Medicine is used for treatment directly. Source of drugs are plants, animals, microorganisms, minerals, synthetic source, semisynthetic source, recombinant DNA technology. Source of Medicine is drug and excipient. All medicines are drugs. All drugs are not medicines. As for example Paracetamol, also known as Acetaminophen (Analgesic and Antipyretic); Morphine (Analgesic); Ampicillin (Antibiotic). As for example Paracetamol tablet, Paracetamol syrup, Paracetamol elixir. M d . I m r a n N u r M a n i k
Natural Substances: The term natural substances refers to those substances found in nature which comprise of whole plants or animals, their anatomic parts or organs, saps or secretions, extracts, and other constituents and substances that have not had changes made in their molecular structure as found in nature. M d . I m r a n N u r M a n i k
Pharmacopoeia: Pharmacopoeia is a reference book which contains  list of drugs and preparation,  their description, formulation, analytic composition, and main chemical properties  (which in tern is )used in identification, standards for strength, purity and dosage, chemical tests for determining identity and purity etc. Most of the developed countries have their own pharmacopoeia For Example: BP – British Pharmacopoeia USP- United States Pharmacopoeia JP- Japanese Pharmacopoeia Drug Literatures and Publications M d . I m r a n N u r M a n i k
Codex: Codex is a Latin word used to mean "book of laws" although it's literally “tree trunk.” A codex is an ancient type of book which was written by hand, not printed. M d . I m r a n N u r M a n i k
Formulary: Formulary is a publication, which contains a list of patent medicines with their ingredients and brief notes on their pharmacological properties and therapeutic uses, published by the relevant authority of a country as a guide for practitioners of medicine and pharmacy. For example: BDNF - Bangladesh National Formulary BNF - British National Formulary M d . I m r a n N u r M a n i k
Official Drug: Any substance or drug (crude or prepared), which is included in the current issue of the pharmacopoeia of a country and is officially used for the therapeutic purposes is called an “Official drug”. For example: Quinine, Digitoxin. Unofficial Drug: A drug, that was recognized earlier in the pharmacopoeia, but not included in the current issue of pharmacopoeia or any official drug literature, due to severe toxic effects on humans is designated as an “unofficial drug’’. For example: Sucralfate (hyperacidity), Thalidomide Non-official Drug: A non-official drug is a substance, which possesses some medicinal properties and is unofficially used for therapeutic purposes, but has never been included as a therapeutic item in the pharmacopoeia or any official drug literature of any country.For example: Curcumine (sinusitis). Bohera, Kalmegh. M d . I m r a n N u r M a n i k
Treatise: Treatise is a book written on a single tropic and also the background and historical data of that tropic are included in it. Monograph: Monograph is a treatise written on single tropic including the recent information. In monograph background and historical data are not included. INN drugs (International Non proprietary Drugs) : The INN drugs are the most recent drugs which have not been included in the pharmacopoeia but are being used. e.g. Nimesulide. Dispensatory: A book or medicinal formulary containing a systematic description of the drugs and preparations used in medicine. M d . I m r a n N u r M a n i k
M d . I m r a n N u r M a n i k