The document discusses prescriptions and electronic prescribing. It defines a prescription as an order from a medical practitioner for medicine or treatment for a patient. It explains the parts of a prescription including patient information, medication, and instructions. Electronic prescribing allows doctors to transmit prescriptions directly to pharmacies digitally, improving accuracy and reducing errors compared to handwritten prescriptions. While it provides benefits, electronic prescribing also faces challenges such as accidental errors and security issues.

2. At the end of the lecture the students will be able to:
 Define prescription.
 Explain the different parts of prescription.
 Interpret the information on the prescription.
 Process the prescription order / Handle the prescription.
 Define the different types of prescription.
 Define Electronic prescribing and how it works.
 Compare the advantages and disadvantages of Electronic
prescribing.

3. Prescription is an order from a physician,
dentist or any other registered medical
practitioner to a pharmacist for the supply of
medicine ,dressing or appliance for the
patient.

4.  The concept of prescriptions dates back to the beginning of
history. So long as there were medications and a writing
system to capture directions for preparation and usage, there
were prescriptions.
 Modern prescriptions are actually "extemporaneous
prescriptions" from the Latin (ex tempore) for "at/from
time"."Extemporaneous" means the prescription is written on
the spot for a specific patient with a specific ailment. This is
distinguished from a non-extemporaneous prescription which
is a generic recipe for a general ailment.

5.  Prescribers office information
 Patient information
 Date
 Rx symbol or Superscription
 Medication prescribed or Inscription
 Dispensing directions to the pharmacist or
Subscription
 Direction for patient or Signatura
 Refill ,special labeling ,and /or other instructions
 Signature and registration number of prescriber

7.  The patient’s name , address and age if under 12
years.
 The names and quantities of the medicaments to be
supplied.
 Instructions for the patient.
 The prescriber’s profession ,address and signature.
 The date on which the prescription was written or
signed.
 Proper name labeling requirement(NP)

8.  Receiving
 Reading and checking
 Numbering and dating
 Collecting the materials
 Dispense the medicine
 Counsel the patient
 Endorse the prescription
 Collect any fee
 Dispose of the prescription
 Make the appropriate records and filing
 Pricing

9.  NHS prescription
 Private prescription
 Prescription for hospital inpatients
 Prescription for hospital outpatients
 Prescription for patients discharged from the
hospital.

10.  NHS form -------------Retain until the end of month
 Private form for prescription only medicine
----------------------- Retain to 2 years
 Hospital inpatient form ------------- Return to ward
 Hospital outpatient form --------------- Retain in
pharmacy (usually 2 years)

11.  Medication errors affect more then 1.5 million Americans
each year in hospitals alone, according to the Institute of
Medicine.
 Error can be made in the following areas:
 Similar spellings / pronunciations / names
 Inderal and Adderrall
 Zyrtec and Zantac
 Celebrex and Cerebyx
 Others include Aciphex (for stomach reflux) and Aricept (for
memory), Allegra (for allergies) and Viagra (for erectile
dysfunction) or Fosomax (for bone) and Flomax (for veins
and arteries).

12.  Incorrect dosage
 Drug interactions
 Human error
 Doctors, notorious for bad handwriting, may choose the right
drug, but the pharmacist may read it incorrectly.
 Sometimes the prescription gets transferred by phone from
the doctor's office to the pharmacy, but the people making or
receiving the phone calls make mistakes.

13. Electronic prescribing or e-prescribing is the
electronic transmission of prescription
information from the prescriber's computer to
a pharmacy computer.

15.  The doctor logs on to the system and authenticates their
identity.(i.e. log on their passwords)
 The doctor looks up the patient in the system.
 A drug is chosen, with parameters including strength,
quantity, directions, and number of refills .
 The patient's active medication list and known allergies are
reviewed for potential adverse drug reactions

16.  The software may suggest alternative drugs that are either
more effective or less costly.
 Select a pharmacy that will process the order, and place the
order.
 The connection may be direct peer-to-peer, but usually it is
indirectly routed over a commercial network of pharmacies
such as Sure Scripts or eRx Network.

17.  Orders take the form of standardized electronic messages that
both the prescriber's system and the pharmacist's system must
implement.
 The order appears in the pharmacists computer system, where
it may be filled.
 The patient shows up at the pharmacy to pick up and pay for
their medications.

18.  It improves beneficiary health outcomes
 It improves quality and efficiency
 It helps in reducing costs by actively promoting
appropriate drug usage
 It speeds up the process of renewing medications
 It reduces the incidence of drug interaction
 It saves the time of pharmacist

19.  Each prescription can be checked electronically
 Reducing / eliminating the error.
 Information on prescription can be linked with the
patient’s medical records.
 Refill request can be expedited.
 Facilitation of data transfer between physician and
pharmacist.

20.  Accidental data entry errors such as selecting the wrong
patient or clicking on the wrong choice in a menu of dosages.
 Inadvertently divulging protected health information on the
internet through inadequate security practices
 Inability to use electronic prescribing when the power is out

22. THANX FOR ATTENTION
REFERENCES:
 Pharmaceutical practice
DM Collett
Pg # 61 -72
 The science and practice of pharmacy
Remington
Pg #1823-1839