This document provides information about bacteria. It describes bacteria as among the smallest living organisms that usually band together in colonies and can be autotrophic or heterotrophic. It discusses their basic shapes of rod, round, or spiral and their structures including cell walls, flagella, pili, and capsules. The document also covers how some bacteria move and feed, their importance in industry and nutrient cycles, and how certain bacteria can cause harmful diseases. It emphasizes the need to wash hands and properly store and cook food to avoid pathogenic bacteria.
Biology I Presentation
FUNGI
We will learn
General characteristics of fungi
Structure of fungi
Economic Importance
Pathogenicity
Brief intro of some fungi
THE SIX KINGDOMS
Fungi are placed in a separate kingdom called the kingdom fungi
OF FUNGI
CHARACTERISTICS
The Characteristics of Fungi
Fungi are NOT plants
Nonphotosynthetic
Eukaryotes
Nonmotile
Most are saprobes (live on dead organisms)
The Characteristics of Fungi
Absorptive heterotrophs (digest food first & then absorb it into their bodies
Release digestive enzymes to break down organic material or their host
Store food energy as glycogen
The Characteristics of Fungi
Important decomposers & recyclers of nutrients in the environment
Most are multicellular, except unicellular yeast
Lack true roots, stems or leaves
fungi as a decomposers
The Characteristics of Fungi
Cell walls are made of chitin (complex polysaccharide)
Body is called the Thallus
Grow as microscopic tubes or filaments called hyphae
The Characteristics of Fungi
Some fungi are internal or external parasites
A few fungi act like predators & capture prey like roundworms
The Characteristics of Fungi
Some are edible, while others are poisonous
The Characteristics of Fungi
Produce both sexual and asexual spores
Classified by their sexual reproductive structures
The Characteristics of Fungi
Grow best in warm, moist environments
Mycology is the study of fungi
Mycologists study fungi
A fungicide is a chemical used to kill fungi
The Characteristics of Fungi
Fungi include puffballs, yeasts, mushrooms, toadstools, rusts, smuts, ringworm, and molds
The antibiotic penicillin is made by the Penicillium mold
FUNGI SIZE
NON-REPRODUCTIVE
Vegetative Structures
Hyphae
Tubular shape
ONE continuous cell
Filled with cytoplasm & nuclei
Multinucleate
Hard cell wall of chitin also in insect exoskeletons
Hyphae
Stolons – horizontal hyphae that connect groups of hyphae to each other
Rhizoids – rootlike parts of hyphae that anchor the fungus
Hyphae
Cross-walls called SEPTA may form compartments
Septa have pores for movement of cytoplasm
Form network called mycelia that run through the thallus (body)
Absorptive Heterotroph
Fungi get carbon from organic sources
Tips of Hyphae release enzymes
Enzymatic breakdown of substrate
Products diffuse back into hyphae
Modifications of hyphae
Fungi may be classified based on cell division (with or without cytokinesis)
Aseptate or coenocytic (without septa)
Septate (with septa)
Modifications of hyphae
Hyphal growth
Hyphae grow from their tips
Mycelium is an extensive, feeding web of hyphae
Mycelia are the ecologically active bodies of fungi
ASEXUAL & SEXUAL SPORES
REPRODUCTIVE STRUCTURES
REPRODUCTION
Most fungi reproduce Asexually and Sexually by spores
ASEXUAL reproduction is most common method & produces genetically identical organisms
Fungi reproduce SEXUALLY when conditions are poor & nutrients
Biology I Presentation
FUNGI
We will learn
General characteristics of fungi
Structure of fungi
Economic Importance
Pathogenicity
Brief intro of some fungi
THE SIX KINGDOMS
Fungi are placed in a separate kingdom called the kingdom fungi
OF FUNGI
CHARACTERISTICS
The Characteristics of Fungi
Fungi are NOT plants
Nonphotosynthetic
Eukaryotes
Nonmotile
Most are saprobes (live on dead organisms)
The Characteristics of Fungi
Absorptive heterotrophs (digest food first & then absorb it into their bodies
Release digestive enzymes to break down organic material or their host
Store food energy as glycogen
The Characteristics of Fungi
Important decomposers & recyclers of nutrients in the environment
Most are multicellular, except unicellular yeast
Lack true roots, stems or leaves
fungi as a decomposers
The Characteristics of Fungi
Cell walls are made of chitin (complex polysaccharide)
Body is called the Thallus
Grow as microscopic tubes or filaments called hyphae
The Characteristics of Fungi
Some fungi are internal or external parasites
A few fungi act like predators & capture prey like roundworms
The Characteristics of Fungi
Some are edible, while others are poisonous
The Characteristics of Fungi
Produce both sexual and asexual spores
Classified by their sexual reproductive structures
The Characteristics of Fungi
Grow best in warm, moist environments
Mycology is the study of fungi
Mycologists study fungi
A fungicide is a chemical used to kill fungi
The Characteristics of Fungi
Fungi include puffballs, yeasts, mushrooms, toadstools, rusts, smuts, ringworm, and molds
The antibiotic penicillin is made by the Penicillium mold
FUNGI SIZE
NON-REPRODUCTIVE
Vegetative Structures
Hyphae
Tubular shape
ONE continuous cell
Filled with cytoplasm & nuclei
Multinucleate
Hard cell wall of chitin also in insect exoskeletons
Hyphae
Stolons – horizontal hyphae that connect groups of hyphae to each other
Rhizoids – rootlike parts of hyphae that anchor the fungus
Hyphae
Cross-walls called SEPTA may form compartments
Septa have pores for movement of cytoplasm
Form network called mycelia that run through the thallus (body)
Absorptive Heterotroph
Fungi get carbon from organic sources
Tips of Hyphae release enzymes
Enzymatic breakdown of substrate
Products diffuse back into hyphae
Modifications of hyphae
Fungi may be classified based on cell division (with or without cytokinesis)
Aseptate or coenocytic (without septa)
Septate (with septa)
Modifications of hyphae
Hyphal growth
Hyphae grow from their tips
Mycelium is an extensive, feeding web of hyphae
Mycelia are the ecologically active bodies of fungi
ASEXUAL & SEXUAL SPORES
REPRODUCTIVE STRUCTURES
REPRODUCTION
Most fungi reproduce Asexually and Sexually by spores
ASEXUAL reproduction is most common method & produces genetically identical organisms
Fungi reproduce SEXUALLY when conditions are poor & nutrients
Microbes known as bacteria have simpler cell structures than many other types of creatures. One DNA loop serves as their command hub and houses all of their genetic data. Instead of a nucleus, some bacilli contain an additional ring of genetic material called a plasmid. Genes that offer the bacterium a competitive edge over other bacilli are frequently found on the plasmid. For instance, it could have a gene making the bacilli immune to a specific antibiotic.
According to their fundamental morphologies, bacilli can be divided into five groups: spherical (cocci), rod-shaped (bacilli), spiral-shaped (spirillum), comma-shaped (vibrio), or corkscrew-shaped (spirochetes). They may occur as single cells, pairs, chains, clusters, or chains of cells.
Unicellular creatures, like contemporary bacteria, were likely one of the first species to develop on Earth. Since then, over thousands of years, life has developed into a wide variety of life forms. However, we can still identify this single-celled organism as our ancestor.
Every ecosystem on Earth has bacilli , including soil, rock, seas, and even polar snow. Some creatures live in or on other living things, such as plants, animals, and people. In the human body, there are around ten times more bacterial cells than human cells. These bacterial cells are prevalent in the digestive system's lining. Some bacilli are found in the soil or on dead plant matter, where they are vital to the nutrient cycle. Others are immensely helpful in the manufacture of fermented foods like yoghurt and soy sauce, while certain species ruin food and harm crops. There are very few bacilli that are pathogens or parasites that afflict plants and animals with illness.
Bacteria Definition
According to Wikipedia, "Bacilli are prokaryotic, unicellular organisms without a true nucleus and a few organelles."
Ultrastructure of a Bacteria Cell
Bacilli are noted for having straightforward body plans. Bacilli are prokaryotic creatures because they are single-celled microorganisms without a nucleus or other cell organelles.
They are also exceptionally adaptable creatures, able to endure in hostile environments. Extremophiles are such creatures. Extremophiles are further divided into many categories according to the habitats they live in:
Thermophiles Acidophilus
Alkaliphiles
Osmophilia
Basophiles
Cryophiles
The protective cell wall of bacteria, which is composed of a unique protein called peptidoglycan, is another intriguing aspect of bacteria. A crucial foundation for dividing bacteria is provided by the elements of the bacterial cell wall. The only other place this specific protein may be found in nature is in the bacterial cell walls.
Classification of Bacilli
Based on their traits and characteristics, bacteria may be divided into a number of types. The following factors are mostly used to classify bacteria:
Cell wall composition and shape
Microbes known as bacteria have simpler cell structures than many other types of creatures. One DNA loop serves as their command hub and houses all of their genetic data. Instead of a nucleus, some bacilli contain an additional ring of genetic material called a plasmid. Genes that offer the bacterium a competitive edge over other bacilli are frequently found on the plasmid. For instance, it could have a gene making the bacilli immune to a specific antibiotic.
Microbes known as bacteria have simpler cell structures than many other types of creatures. One DNA loop serves as their command hub and houses all of their genetic data. Instead of a nucleus, some bacilli contain an additional ring of genetic material called a plasmid. Genes that offer the bacterium a competitive edge over other bacilli are frequently found on the plasmid. For instance, it could have a gene making the bacilli immune to a specific antibiotic.
According to their fundamental morphologies, bacilli can be divided into five groups: spherical (cocci), rod-shaped (bacilli), spiral-shaped (spirillum), comma-shaped (vibrio), or corkscrew-shaped (spirochetes). They may occur as single cells, pairs, chains, clusters, or chains of cells.
Unicellular creatures, like contemporary bacteria, were likely one of the first species to develop on Earth. Since then, over thousands of years, life has developed into a wide variety of life forms. However, we can still identify this single-celled organism as our ancestor.
BACTERIA - DEFINITION, DIAGRAM, AND CLASSIFICATION.pdfMaitri Sharma
The first organism to evolve on Earth was probably a single-celled organism, similar to modern bacteria. Since then, life has evolved into many forms of life over many millennia. However, we can still trace our ancestors back to this single-celled organism. Today, bacteria are considered the oldest life forms on Earth.
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http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
2. What are bacteria?
Bacteria are among the smallest
living organisms.
They usually band together in
colonies.
Bacteria can be autotrophic, E. Coli O157:H7
can make you
make their own food
very sick.
or
heterotrophic, feed off of other
organisms.
This E. coli helps you digest
food.
3. Characteristics of Bacteria
Three basic shapes
Rod shaped called bacilli (buh-sill-eye)
Round shaped called cocci (cox-eye)
Bacilli
Spiral shaped
Spiral
Cocci
4. Structure of Bacteria
Bacteria have these features:
Cell wall
resists osmotic pressure
Flagella
movement
Pili
Attachment
Capsule
protection and biofilms
6. Structure of Bacteria
Cell Wall made of Peptidoglycan
May have a sticky coating called the Capsule for attachment to host or
other bacteria
Have small rings of DNA called Plasmids Unicellular
Small in size (0.5 to 2μm)
7. Structure of Bacteria
Capsule
Some bacteria (often pathogens) are surrounded by a
thick polysaccharide capsule.
This is a loose jelly-like or mucus-like layer.
It helps prevent immune system cells from reaching the
bacteria, and it forms part of biofilms.
8. Structure of Bacteria
Pili are hairs projecting from the surface. They are
composed of pilin protein.
There are several types:
DNA can be transferred between bacteria by
conjugation, which is initiated when sex pili on the donor
cell attach to and draw in the recipient cell.
Fimbriae are pili used to attach the bacteria to target cells
(in infection) or to surfaces, where they form a biofilm.
9. Structure of Bacteria
Flagella
Flagella are long hairs used to propel the cells.
They are composed of flagellin protein.
At the base of each flagellum is a motor embedded in
the membrane and cell wall.
The suffix “-trichous” is used to describe the
placement of flagella: e.g. lophotrichous = several
flagella all clustered at one end
10. Structure of Bacteria
Chemotaxis: Bacteria move toward the source of
nutrients by swimming up the chemical gradient.
When moving up the gradient, bacteria rarely tumble,
but when moving across it, or in the opposite direction,
tumbling is frequent.
This produces a net motion in the proper direction.
11. Structure of Bacteria
Spores
Some bacteria can form very tough spores, which are
metabolically inactive and can survive a long time under very
harsh conditions.
Allegedly, some bacterial spores that were embedded in
amber.
Panspermia: the idea that life got started on Earth due
to bacterial spores that drifted in from another solar.
Spores survive very high or low temperatures.
12. Movement and feeding
Bacteria get around in
many ways.
Some bacteria move using
flagella.
Others have a slimy layer to
grip surfaces.
Some are carried by the
movement of air or liquids.
.
13. Movement and feeding
Photosynthetic bacteria can
make their own food from
sunlight and carbon dioxide, just
like plants.
Bacteria that break down dead
organisms get their food by
absorbing it.
These blue green
bacteria use sunlight to
make food.
14. The importance of bacteria
Bacteria are useful in many
areas of industry.
Yogurt and cheese are made
with certain types of bacteria.
Bacteria break down waste
products in sewage.
Bacteria can help clean up oil
spills.
15. The importance of bacteria
Bacteria are an
important part of
the nutrient cycles
that all life depends
upon.
17. Harmful effects of bacteria
Certain bacteria act as pathogens and cause tetanus,
typhoid fever, pneumonia, syphilis, cholera,
food-borne illness and tuberculosis.
Streptococcus bacteria may cause small infections
like strep throat and some serious diseases like
pneumonia.
Some of the stomach bacteria enter the body through
the mouth, and they can survive in the acidic conditions
in the stomach.
19. Harmful effects of bacteria
Campylobacter is a group of bacteria that can create
illnesses in humans and is a common cause of food
poisoning.
Harmful bacteria in food cause botulism, which can
cause paralysis or even death if even one-millionth of
the bacterium is ingested.
Yersinia pestis or bubonic plague, is a rod-shaped
type of bacterium which is well-known for its harmful
nature.
20. Harmful effects of bacteria
Bacteria-carrying fleas
found on animals such as
rats and mice transmit the
bacteria that are believed to
have caused the deaths of
millions of people in human
history.
Antibiotics are widely used
to kill harmful bacteria.
21. Where do you get a pathogen ?
Contact with people who are sick
Direct or indirect
Food, Water, or other Surfaces that are contaminated
Foods that could be
contaminated Direct contact Indirect contact
22. Where do you get a pathogen?
Direct
Contact
Indirect
Contact
Foods and water
may be
contaminated
23. How can I avoid pathogens?
Wash your hands often so you won’t transfer
bacteria to your mouth or food
Warm water with soap for 20 seconds, rub hard
between fingers and nails
• Cook food thoroughly to kill any pathogens that may be
in your food
• Store food properly to limit pathogen growth
– Cold temperatures (40F)